section 1 cultures clash on the prairie the cattle industry booms in the late 1800s, as the culture...
TRANSCRIPT
Section 1
Cultures Clash on the PrairieThe cattle industry booms in the late 1800s, as the culture of the Plains Indians declines.
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The Culture of the Plains Indians
Life on the Plains• Great Plains—grasslands in west-central portion
of the U.S.• East: hunting, farming villages; west: nomadic
hunting, gathering
Cultures Clash on the Prairie1SECTION
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The Horse and the Buffalo• Horses, guns lead most Plains tribes to nomadic
life by mid-1700s• Trespassing others’ hunting lands causes war;
count coup for status• Buffalo provides many basic needs:
- hides used for teepees, clothes, blankets- meat used for jerky, pemmican
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Continued . . .
Family Life• Form family groups with ties to other bands that
speak same language• Men are hunters, warriors; women butcher meat,
prepare hides• Believe in powerful spirits that control natural world
- men or women can become shamans• Children learn through myths, stories, games,
example• Communal life; leaders rule by counsel
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continued The Culture of the Plains Indians
Settlers Push Westward
Clash of Cultures• Native Americans: land cannot be owned; settlers:
want to own land• Settlers think natives forfeited land because did not
improve it• Since consider land unsettled, migrants go west to
claim it
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The Lure of Silver and Gold• 1858 discovery of gold in Colorado draws tens of
thousands• Mining camps, tiny frontier towns have filthy,
ramshackle dwellings• Fortune seekers of different cultures, races; mostly
men
Map
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The Government Restricts Native Americans
Railroads Influence Government Policy• 1834, government designates Great Plains as
one huge reservation• 1850s, treaties define specific boundaries for
each tribe
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Massacre at Sand Creek• Troops kill over 150 Cheyenne, Arapaho at Sand
Creek winter camp
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continued The Government Restricts Native Americans
Death on the Bozeman Trail• Bozeman Trail crosses Sioux hunting grounds
- Red Cloud asks for end of settlements; Crazy Horse ambushes troops
• Treaty of Fort Laramie—U.S. closes trail; Sioux to reservation
• Sitting Bull, leader of Hunkpapa Sioux, does not sign treaty
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Bloody Battles Continue
Red River War• 1868, Kiowa, Comanche engage in 6 years of raiding• 1874–1875, U. S. Army crushes resistance on Plains
in Red River War
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Gold Rush• 1874 George A. Custer reports much gold in
Black Hills, rush begins
Custer’s Last Stand• 1876, Sitting Bull has vision of war at sun dance• Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, Gall crush Custer’s troops• By late 1876, Sioux are defeated; some take refuge
in Canada- people starving; Sitting Bull surrenders 1881
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The Government Supports Assimilation
The Dawes Act• 1881, Helen Hunt Jackson exposes problems in
A Century of Dishonor• Assimilation—natives to give up way of life,
join white culture• 1887, Dawes Act to “Americanize” natives,
break up reservations- gives land to individual Native Americans- sell remainder of land to settlers- money for farm implements for natives
• In the end, Natives Americans receive only 1/3 of land, no money
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Continued . . .
continued The Government Supports Assimilation
The Destruction of the Buffalo• Destruction of buffalo most significant blow to
tribal life• Tourists, fur traders shoot for sport, destroy buffalo
population
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Map
The Battle of Wounded Knee
Wounded Knee• Ghost Dance—ritual to regain lost lands
- spreads among Sioux on Dakota reservation• Dec. 1890, Sitting Bull is killed when police try to
arrest him • Seventh Cavalry takes about 350 Sioux to
Wounded Knee Creek• Battle of Wounded Knee—cavalry kill 300
unarmed Native Americans• Battle ends Indian wars, Sioux dream of regaining
old life
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Section 3
Farmers and the Populist MovementFarmers unite to address their economic problems, giving rise to the Populist movement.
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Farmers Unite to Address Common Problems
Economic Distress• Farmers buy more land to grow more crops to pay
off debts• After Civil War, government takes greenbacks out
of circulation• Debtors have to pay loans in dollars worth more
than those borrowed• Prices of crops fall dramatically• 1870s, debtors push government to put more
money in circulation• 1878 Bland-Allison Act—money supply increase
not enough for farmers
Farmers and the Populist Movement
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Continued . . .
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continued Farmers Unite to Address Common Problems
Problems with the Railroads• Lack of competition lets railroads overcharge to
transport grain• Farms mortgaged to buy supplies; suppliers
charge high interest
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The Farmers’ Alliances• 1867, Oliver Hudson Kelley starts Patrons of
Husbandry or Grange• Purpose is educational, social; by 1870s, Grange
fighting railroads• Farmers’ Alliances—groups of farmers and
sympathizers- lectures on interest rates, government control of railroads, banks- gain over 4 million members
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The Populist Party Platform• Populism—movement of the people; Populist
Party wants reforms• Economic: increase money supply, graduated
income tax, federal loans• Political: Senate elected by popular vote; secret
ballot; 8-hour day• 1892, Populist candidates elected at different
levels of government- Democratic Party eventually adopts platform
The Rise and Fall of Populism
Continued . . .
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continued The Rise and Fall of Populism
The Panic of 1893• Railroads expand faster than markets; some go
bankrupt• Government’s gold supply depleted, leads to rush
on banks- businesses, banks collapse- panic becomes depression
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Continued . . .
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continued The Rise and Fall of Populism
Silver or Gold• Political divisions also regional:
- Republicans: Northeast business owners, bankers- Democrats: Southern, Western farmers, laborers
• Bimetallism—system using both silver and gold to back currency
• Gold standard—backing currency with gold only• Paper money considered worthless if cannot be
exchanged for metal• Silverites: bimetalism would create more money,
stimulate economy• Gold bugs: gold only would create more stable,
if expensive currency
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continued The Rise and Fall of Populism
Bryan and the “Cross of Gold”• 1896, Republicans commit to gold, select
William McKinley• Democrats favor bimetallism, choose William
Jennings Bryan• Populists endorse Bryan, choose own VP to
maintain party identity
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The End of Populism• McKinley gets East, industrial Midwest; Bryan
South, farm Midwest • McKinley elected president; Populism collapses;
leaves legacy: - the powerless can organize, have political impact- agenda of reforms enacted in 20th century
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Section 3
Big Business and LaborThe expansion of industry results in the growth of big business and prompts laborers to form unions to better their lives.
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Carnegie’s Innovations
Carnegie Makes a Fortune• Andrew Carnegie one of first moguls to make
own fortune
Big Business and Labor3SECTION
New Business Strategies• Carnegie searches for ways to make better
products more cheaply• Hires talented staff; offers company stock;
promotes competition• Uses vertical integration—buys out suppliers to
control materials• Through horizontal integration merges with
competing companies• Carnegie controls almost entire steel industry
Chart
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Social Darwinism and Business
Principles of Social Darwinism• Darwin’s theory of biological evolution: the best-
adapted survive• Social Darwinism, or social evolution, based on
Darwin’s theory• Economists use Social Darwinism to justify
doctrine of laissez faire
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A New Definition of Success• Idea of survival, success of the most capable
appeals to wealthy• Notion of individual responsibility in line with
Protestant ethic• See riches as sign of God’s favor; poor must be
lazy, inferior
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Growth and Consolidation• Businesses try to control industry with mergers—
buy out competitors• Buy all others to form monopolies—control
production, wages, prices• Holding companies buy all the stock of other
companies• John D. Rockefeller founds Standard Oil
Company, forms trust- trustees run separate companies as if one
Fewer Control More
Continued . . .
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continued Fewer Control More
Rockefeller and the “Robber Barons”• Rockefeller profits by paying low wages,
underselling others- when controls market, raises prices
• Critics call industrialists robber barons- industrialists also become philanthropists
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Continued . . .
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Sherman Antitrust Act• Government thinks expanding corporations stifle
free competition• Sherman Antitrust Act: trust illegal if interferes
with free trade • Prosecuting companies difficult; government stops
enforcing act
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continued Fewer Control More
Business Boom Bypasses the South• South recovering from Civil War, hindered by lack
of capital• North owns 90% of stock in RR, most profitable
Southern businesses • Business problems: high transport cost, tariffs,
few skilled workers
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Labor Unions Emerge
Long Hours and Danger• Northern wages generally higher than Southern• Exploitation, unsafe conditions unite workers
across regions• Most workers have 12 hour days, 6 day workweeks
- perform repetitive, mind-dulling tasks- no vacation, sick leave, injury compensation
• To survive, families need all member to work, including children
• Sweatshops, tenement workshops often only jobs for women, children- require few skills; pay lowest wages
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Continued . . .
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continued Labor Unions Emerge
Early Labor Organizing• National Labor Union—first large-scale national
organization• 1868, NLU gets Congress to give 8-hour day to
civil servants• Local chapters reject blacks; Colored National
Labor Union forms• NLU focus on linking existing local unions• Noble Order of the Knights of Labor open to
women, blacks, unskilled• Knights support 8-hour day, equal pay, arbitration
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Union Movements Diverge
Craft Unionism• Craft unions include skilled workers from one or
more trades• Samuel Gompers helps found American
Federation of Labor (AFL) • AFL uses collective bargaining for better wages,
hours, conditions• AFL strikes successfully, wins higher pay, shorter
workweek
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Continued . . .
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Industrial Unionism• Industrial unions include skilled, unskilled workers
in an industry• Eugene V. Debs forms American Railway Union;
uses strikes
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Section 3
Politics in the Gilded AgeLocal and national political corruption in the 19th century leads to calls for reform.
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The Emergence of Political Machines
The Political Machine• Political machine—organized group that controls
city political party• Give services to voters, businesses for political,
financial support• After Civil War, machines gain control of major cities• Machine organization: precinct captains, ward
bosses, city boss
Politics in the Gilded Age3SECTION
Continued . . .
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continued The Emergence of Political Machines
The Role of the Political Boss• Whether or not city boss serves as mayor, he:
- controls access to city jobs, business licenses- influences courts, municipal agencies- arranges building projects, community services
• Bosses paid by businesses, get voters’ loyalty, extend influence
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Immigrants and the Machine• Many captains, bosses 1st- or 2nd-generation
Americans• Machines help immigrants with naturalization,
jobs, housing
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Election Fraud and Graft• Machines use electoral fraud to win elections• Graft—illegal use of political influence for
personal gain• Machines take kickbacks, bribes to allow legal,
illegal activities
Municipal Graft and Scandal
The Tweed Ring Scandal• 1868 William M. Tweed, or Boss Tweed, heads
Tammany Hall in NYC• Leads Tweed Ring, defrauds city of millions of dollars• Cartoonist Thomas Nast helps arouse public outrage
- Tweed Ring broken in 1871Image
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Civil Service Replaces Patronage
Patronage Spurs Reform• Patronage—government jobs to those who help
candidate get elected• Civil service (government administration) are all
patronage jobs• Some appointees not qualified; some use position
for personal gain• Reformers press for merit system of hiring for
civil service
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Section 2
Expanding Public EducationReforms in public education lead to a rise in national literacy and the promotion of public education.
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Expanding Public Education
Schools for Children• 1865–1895, states pass laws requiring school
attendance for children• Kindergartens—originally childcare for working
women—become popular• 1880, 62% white children, 34% black children in
elementary school
Expanding Public Education2SECTION
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The Growth of High Schools• Industrial economy demands technical,
managerial skills• 1900, more than half a million students in high
school• Expanding education changes American society
Continued . . .
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continued Expanding Public Education
Racial Discrimination• Small percentage of black teenagers attend
high school• Most attend private schools that get no
government support
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Education for Immigrants• Immigrants encouraged to attend school, be
Americanized• Some resent suppression of their native languages• Many public school systems have readings from
Protestant Bible- Catholics have parochial schools
• Adults attend night school, some day programs at work- unionists object to employer programs
Expanding Higher Education
Changes in Universities• By turn of century, 2.3% of youth attend college• 1880–1920, college enrollment more than
quadruples• Research universities emerge, offer new
curriculum• Professional law, medical schools established• Private universities have entrance exams
- some state colleges want high school diploma
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Continued . . .
continued Expanding Higher Education
Higher Education for African Americans Not enough black college graduates to meet
needs of communities Booker T. Washington—racism will end if
blacks get labor skills Heads Tuskegee Normal and Industrial
Institute, now a university W. E. B. Du Bois, first African American to get
Harvard doctorate - disagrees with Washington
Founds Niagara Movement to encourage liberal arts study - believes well-educated future leaders needed
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Section 3
Segregation and DiscriminationAfrican Americans lead the fight against voting restrictions and Jim Crow laws.
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African Americans Fight Legal Discrimination
Voting Restrictions• For at least 10 years after Reconstruction, Southern
blacks can vote• By 1900, all Southern states restrict voting, deny
equality• Some limit vote to those who can read; officials give
literacy tests• Some have poll tax that must be paid annually to vote• Some add grandfather clause to constitution to let
poor whites vote- can vote if self, father, grandfather voted before 1867
Segregation and Discrimination3SECTION
Continued . . .
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continued African Americans Fight Legal Discrimination
Jim Crow Laws• 1870s, 1880s, Supreme Court allows poll tax,
grandfather clause • Racial segregation laws separate races in
private, public places• Segregation laws called Jim Crow laws after old
minstrel song
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Plessy v. Ferguson• 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson—segregation legal in
public places• Allows “separate but equal” doctrine if provide
equal service
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Opposing Discrimination• Racial etiquette—informal rules for black-white
relations- enforce second-class status for blacks
• Moderate reformers, like Booker T. Washington, get white support
• W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells think problems too urgent to postpone
• Born a slave, Ida B. Wells becomes teacher, newspaper editor- campaigns for racial justice
Turn-of-the-Century Race Relations
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Violence• African Americans who do not follow etiquette are
punished, lynched- more than 1,400 killed 1882–1892
continued Turn-of-the-Century Race Relations
Discrimination in the North• Many blacks migrate North for better paying jobs,
social equality• Are forced into segregated neighborhoods• Rejected by labor unions; hired last, fired first by
employers• Competition between blacks, working-class whites
sometimes violent
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Mexican Workers• More Mexicans build railroads in Southwest than
other ethnic groups- forced to work for less than other groups
• Mexicans major force in Southwest agricultural industries
• Some Southwest Mexicans, African Americans forced into debt peonage:- system of slavery to work off debt to employer- 1911, Supreme Court declares unconstitutional
Discrimination in the West
Excluding the Chinese• Whites fear job competition, push Chinese to
separate areas, schools• Opposition to Chinese immigration leads to Chinese
Exclusion Act