section 1 the five themes of geography. geography is the study of the earth’s surface, the...
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Chapter 1 The World of Geography
Section 1 The Five Themes of Geography
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Geography is the study of the Earth’s surface, the connection between places, and the relationships between people and their environment.
Geographers look at distances between places, but also oceans, plant life, landforms, and people.
What is Geography?
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Good Geographers always ask two questions:◦ Where are things located?◦ Why are they there?
To get answers, they use the five themes of Geography. The themes help the geographers to organize information.
Geographer’s Main Two Questions
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Location◦ Geograpers being to study a place by finding where it
is, or its location. ◦ There are two types of location.
Absolute location: exact location on Earth (EX. 39.95°N 75.17°W - Philadelphia) Determined by position of longitude and latitude lines and
measured in degrees. Longitude Lines: (AKA meridians) series of imaginary lines
that run north and south through both North and South Poles Latitude Lines: (AKA parallels) series of imaginary lines
that circle the Earth and are parallel to the Equator Degrees: a unit of measure used to determine absolute
location
The 5 Themes of Geography
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◦ Prime Meridian: the longitude line at 0 degrees, runs through Greenwich, England.
◦ Equator: the latitude line that circles the globe at its widest point. Measured at 0 degrees.
The 5 Themes of Geography
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Location (Cont.) Relative Location: location by describing what is near
EX. I live in Newtown Square. It is 13 miles west of Philadelphia.
Place◦ Studying the physical and human features
Physical features include climate (hot, cold) and land (hilly).
Human features include information like how many people live there, and what kind of work do they do
The 5 Themes of Geography
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Human-Environment Interaction◦ Studies three things
How people affect their environment. EX. People take out parts of the land to build roads and highways.
Physical characteristics of their surroundings EX. Turkey receives little rainfall
How their environment affects them EX. People must build irrigation systems in order to grow food in
Turkey
Movement◦ Movement is important because it helps explain how
people, goods, and ideas get from one place to another. Ex. Immigrants bring their traditional food to a new way of
life.
The 5 Themes of Geography
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Regions◦ Geographers use regions to make comparisons
between areas.◦ Regions have a unifying characteristic such as
climate, land, population, or history. Example: The Mid-Atlantic Region
◦ Plain: a flat piece of land
The 5 Themes of Geography
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Chapter 1 The World of Geography
Section 2The Geographer’s Tools
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Globes◦ Early maps only showed where people lived and
traveled. They often left off information.◦ As people explored the Earth, maps became more
accurate.◦ The best way to show a map is a globe.
Globe: a round model of the Earth Map makers can show the shape of an area
according to scale on a globe. Scale: the size or proportion of something on a map
as compared to its actual size.
Globes and Maps
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Maps◦ Maps were invented because of two problems
with globes. Tough to transport Can’t make one big enough to show great detail of a
small place.◦ Flat Maps solve those problems, but create their
own. Distortion: in maps, a misrepresentation of the
original shape and size. An area may look bigger or smaller Example on Next Slide
Globes and Maps
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In order to deal with distortion, we have to look at projections.
Projection: a representation of the Earth’s rounded surface on a flat piece of paper.
3 of the Best Know Projections◦ Mercator Projection
Correct shapes, but incorrect distances and sizes
Globes and Maps
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◦ Peters Projection Correct sizes, incorrect shapes
◦ Robinson Projection Most shapes and sizes correct, most distance
accurate
Globes and Maps
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Parts of a Map
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Compass Rose: a map feature that usually shows the four cardinal directions
Cardinal Direction: one of the four compass points: north, south, east, and west
Intermediate Direction: one of the four secondary compass points: northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest
Scale: the size or proportion of something on a map as compared to its actual size.
Key: the section of a map that explains the map symbols Title: The name (usually at the top) of a map that
identifies what the map is picturing. Grid: Lines drawn on a map to help identify specific
places on a map
Parts of a Map