Section 14.2 page 458

Social, economic, & religious conflicts challenge European

political order.

Economic & Social Crises In Europe Economic problem: inflation

– Influx of gold & silver from Americas– growing pop -increased demand for land/food

which increased prices Failing economies in Europe

Witchcraft Trials Witchcraft - nothing new Inquisition & militant religions-

charged many w/ heresy Over 100,000 charged/executed

– Targets-Commoners & women • tortured

Hysteria fades 1650 b/c:– Stronger Gov.– Belief in old world spirits

fades

The 30yrsWar (1618-1648) “last of the religious wars” Peace of Augsburg (1555)-

– didn’t recognize Calvinism• Religious disputes –Holy Roman Empire (HRE-

Germany) Events:

– 1618 Catholic Hapsburg of HRE vs. Protestant nobles (Calvinists)

– All major powers besides England• Goal-territory & European leadership

Result– Peace of Westphalia: Ended war 1648

• France & allies –new territory• HRE divided into 300 states- Religious Freedom

Revolutions in England Elizabeth I died (1603) - Tudor dynasty done James I -king Revolution Causes

– King James I• divine right of kings- only answer to God

– Parliament disagreed– Religion

• Puritans- Want Church of England more Protestant - too many rituals

• House of Commons -Puritans– King Charles I (James’s son)

• Added rituals to Church of England– angered Puritans–some go to America

• Rejected Petition of Right-no taxes without Parliament’s consent

English Revolution 1642 King’s supporters (Cavaliers ) vs. parliaments forces

(Roundheads) Parliament wins b/c …….

• Oliver Cromwell (military genius)• New Model Army: extreme Puritans (Independents)

fight for God. Results: Parliament ……..

– Executes Charles I– abolished monarchy & House of Lords

• Declared England a commonwealth (republic)– Cromwell later creates military dictatorship

English Restoration

– Cromwell died, Parliament set up monarchy • (Charles II )king -Protestant

–Sympathetic to Catholics–Created Habeas Corpus- case

brought before judge• Charles II died 1685 & Catholic brother

James II became king–Has Catholic son–Parliament fears Catholic monarchy

• Ask William the Orange to invade

Glorious Revolution William of Orange: Dutch leader & hubby of

James II’s daughter (Mary) Invade– Glorious Revolution” no bloodshed– James II & family fled - Catholic France– William & Mary take over & adopt English

Bill of Rights• Parliament -make laws & levy taxes• armies raised with Parliament’s consent• Citizens right

–to keep arms–a jury trial

Sorry Dad- But you picked him