section 2.1: organisms and their environment section 2.2: nutrition and energy flow 1

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CHAPTER 2PRINCIPLES OF ECOLOGY

Section 2.1: Organisms and Their Environment

Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow

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Priority Academic Student Skills: P.A.S.S.

Content Standard 4: The Interdepedence

of organisms --- Interrelationship and

interactions between and among

organisms in an environment is the

interdependence of organisms.

Objective 1: Matter on the earth cycles

among the living and nonliving

components of the biosphere.

Objective 2: Organism both cooperates and

competes in ecosystem (i.e. parasitism and

symbiosis)

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Objectives: DISTINGUISH between the biotic and

abiotic factors in the environment. COMPARE the different levels of

biological organization and living relationships important in ecology.

EXPLAIN the difference between a niche and a habitat.

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New Vocabulary and Review Vocabulary on page 35

Student is responsible for defining and understanding the vocabulary for this section.

Failure to learn shall result in a decrease in grade.

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I. Organisms and Their EnvironmentA. Sharing the World

1. Studying natureB. What’s ecology?

1. Definition of ecology2. Ecology research

C. The Biosphere1. Structure of the biosphere2. The nonliving environment3. The living environment

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A. Sharing the World

1. Studying nature

The study of plants and animals, including where they grow and live, what they eat, or what eats them, is called natural history.

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B. What is ecology?

1. Definition of ecology

2. Ecological research

ECOLOGY is the study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment.

Ecological research combines information and techniques from many scientific fields, including mathematics, chemistry, physics, geology, and other branches of biology.

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C. Biosphere

1. Structure of the biosphere

2. The nonliving environment

3. The living environment

The BIOSPHERE is the portion of the Earth that supports living things.

ABIOTIC FACTORS are the nonliving parts of an organism’s environment such as the air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil.

BIOTIC FACTORS are all the living organisms that inhabit an environment.

Consider both factors when viewing a biosphere.

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I. Organisms and Their Environment

D. Levels of Organization1. Interaction within populations2. Interaction within

communities3. Biotic and abiotic factors form

ecosystemsE. Organisms in Ecosystems

1. Niche

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D. Levels of Organization1. Interaction within populations

Levels include the organism by itself, populations, communities, and ecosystems.POPULATION is a group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same area at the same time.

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D. Levels of Organization2. Interaction within communities

BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITY is made up of interacting populations in a certain area at a certain time.Refer to Figure 2.3 page 39 and Figure 2.4 page 40.

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D. Levels of Organization

3. Biotic and abiotic factors form ecosystems

An ECOSYSTEM is made up of interacting populations in a biological community and the community’s abiotic factors.Two major types of kinds of ecosystems --- terrestrial ecosystems and aquatic ecosystem. Refer to Figure 2.5 and Table 2.1 on page 41

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E. Organisms in Ecosystems1. Niche

A HABITAT is the place where an organism lives out its life.

A NICHE is all strategies and adaptations a species uses in its environment --- how it meets its specific needs for food and shelter, how and where it reproduces.

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I. Organisms and Their Environment

F. Survival Relationships1. Mutualism2. Commensalism3. Parasitism

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F. Survival Relationships: three types SYMBIOSISIC RELATIONSHIPS

1. Mutualism2. Commensalism3. Parasitism

SYMBIOSIS is the relationship in which there is a close and permanent association between organisms of different species.Also means living together.

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F. Survival Relationships1. Mutualism2. Commensalism3. Parasitism

MUTUALISM is a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit. Ex: ants and acacia tree – Figure 2.7 page 44COMMENSALISM is a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefited. Ex: Figure 2.8 page 45.PARASITISM is a symbiotic relationship in which a member of one species benefits at the expense of another species. Ex: Figure 2.9 page 45 is a tick.

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Section Assessment page 45

Understanding Main Ideas

Answer all questions: #1 to #4

Thinking CriticallyAnswer #5 question

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Objectives: COMPARE how organisms satisfy

their nutritional needs. TRACE the path of energy and

matter in an ecosystem. ANALYZE how matter is cycled in

the abiotic and biotic parts of the biosphere.

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New Vocabulary and Review Vocabulary on page 46

Student is responsible for defining and understanding the vocabulary for this section.

Failure to learn shall result in a decrease in grade.

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I. Nutrition and Energy Flow

A. How Organisms Obtain Energy1. The producers: Autotrophs2. The consumers: Heterotrophs

B. Flow of Matter and Energy in Ecosystems

1. Food chains: Pathways for matter and energy

2. Trophic levels represent links in the chain

3. Food webs4. Energy and trophic levels:

Ecological pyramids

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A. How Organisms Obtain Energy

1. The producers: Autotrophs2. The consumers: Heterotrophs

AUTOTROPHS is an organism that uses light energy or energy stored in chemical compounds to make energy-rich compounds.HETEROTROPHS is an organism that cannot make its own food and feeds on other organisms.Three kinds of HETEROTROPHS: herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores (also scavengers)DECOMPOSERS are organisms that break down the complex compounds of dead and decaying plants and animals into simpler molecules that can be easily absorbed.

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1. Food chains: Pathways for matter and energy

FOOD CHAIN is a simple model that scientists use to show how matter and energy moves through an ecosystem. Refer to Figure 2.12 pages 48-49.

Notice that the order is autotrophs to first-order heterotrophs to second-order heterotrophs to third-order heterotrophs to decomposers (which is at every level of the food chain)An arrow is used to show the movement of energy through a food chain.

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2. Trophic levels represent links in the chain

Each organism in a food chain represents a feeding step,

or TROPIC LEVEL, in passage of energy and materials.

Refer to Figure 2.12 on pages 48 to 49Notice that the order is

autotrophs to first-order heterotrophs to second-order heterotrophs to third-order heterotrophs to decomposers (which is at every level of the food chain)

An arrow is used to show the movement of energy through a food chain.

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B. Flow of Matter and Energy in Ecosystems3. Food webs

A FOOD WEB shows all the possible feeding

relationships at each tropic level in a community. The

FOOD WEB is more realistic model than the web

chain because most organisms depend on more than

one other species for food.

Refer to Figure 2.13 page 51.

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4. Energy and trophic levels: Ecological pyramids

An ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID can show how energy flows through an ecosystem.Refer to Figures 2.14, 2.15, and 2.16 on pages 52 and 53.BIOMASS is the total weight of living matter at each tropic level.

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I. Nutrition and Energy Flow

C. Cycles in Nature1. Introduction2. The water cycle or

hydrologic cycle3. The carbon cycle4. The nitrogen cycle5. The phosphorus cycle

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C. Cycles in Nature

1. Introduction

Sunlight is the primary source of all this energy, and is always being replenished by the sun.Matter, in the form of nutrients, also moves through, or is part of, all organisms at each tropic level. Matter is constantly recycled. It is never lost.Recall the conservation of energy and mass concept from 8th grade General Science.

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C. Cycles in Nature

2. The water cycle or hydrologic cycle3. The carbon cycle

Student shall be able to draw, label and explain

seven parts of the WATER CYCLE as shown on

Figure 2.17 page 53.

Student shall be able to draw, label and explain a

minimum five parts of the CARBON CYCLE as

shown on Figure 2.18 page 55.

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C. Cycles in Nature

4. The nitrogen cycle5. The phosphorus cycle

Using Figure 2.19 on page 56, student shall be able to explain and describe the NITROGEN CYCLE.

Using Figure 2.20 on page 57, student shall be able to explain and describe the both the short-term cycle and long-term cycle of the PHOSPHORUS CYCLE.

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Section Assessment page 57

Understanding Main Ideas

Answer all questions: #1 to #4

Thinking CriticallyAnswer #5 question

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CHAPTER 2ASSESSMENT

STUDY GUIDE page 61

KEY CONCEPTSStudent is responsible for

knowing and understanding key concepts .

VOCABULARYStudent is responsible for

defining , knowing and understanding all

the vocabulary.

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CHAPTER 2 ASSESSMENTMust turn into teacher

Vocabulary Review page 62Answer questions #1 to #5Understanding Key ConceptsAnswer questions #6 to #9Constructed Response pg 62Pick one question and

answer.Thinking Critically page 62Pick one question and

answer

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CHAPTER 2 ASSESSMENTMust turn into teacher

Standardized Test Practice

page 63Answer questions #17 to

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section 2.1: organisms and their environment section 2.2: nutrition and energy flow 1

Documents

organisms environment

living organisms

interdepedence of organisms

interdependence of organisms

group of organisms

populations levels

abiotic factors

ecology researchc