section 3 new nations in africa after world war ii, african leaders throw off colonial rule and...
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Section 3
New Nations in Africa After World War II, African leaders throw off colonial rule and create independent countries.
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Achieving Independence
Growing Unrest • Negritude movement—pre-World War II celebration
of African culture• War effort emboldens Africans; Europeans question
colonial policy too• Colonies take different paths to freedom; some
peaceful, some violent• Many African colonies become new nations in years
after World War II • Most new African nations struggle to become stable
and strong
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3 New Nations in Africa
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Ghana Leads the Way
The First Independent Nation• British colony, Gold Coast, is first to gain
independence in 1957 • Kwame Nkrumah—leader ousts Britain from
Gold Coast• Nkrumah serves as first president, attempts to
modernize country• His policies hurt economy; he is eventually
ousted from power • Army begins long rule in 1966; first free elections
held in 2000
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Kwame Nkrumah
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Fighting for Freedom
Kenya Claims Independence• Jomo Kenyatta—leader of Kenyan
independence movement• Mau Mau—secret society of Kenyans who fight
against British rule• Kenya wins independence in 1963; Kenyatta
becomes president• Daniel arap Moi follows Kenyatta, ruling harshly,
corruptly• Moi resigns in 2002; new party gains power
through free elections
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Continued . . .
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Algeria Struggles with Independence• Algeria wins independence from France in 1962
after armed struggle• Ahmed Ben Bella—first leader of Algeria,
overthrown in 1965• Nation faces many problems; causes
dissatisfaction among citizens• Spurs rise of Islamic fundamentalists; group wins
elections in 1991• Government does not cede power, prompts
continual civil war
continued Fighting for Freedom
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Civil War in Congo and Angola
Freedom and Turmoil for Congo• Congo wins independence from Belgium in 1960• Army leader Mobutu Sese Seko rules from 1965
to 1997• Rule is repressive and corrupt; overthrown by
rebel forces• Rebel leader takes control; rival groups continue
to fight for power
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War Tears at Angola• Angolans fight for and win independence from
Portugal in 1975• Two rival groups battle for power; civil war finally ends
in 2002
The Challenge of Democracy in Africa
Section 2
As the recent histories of Nigeria and South Africa show, ethnic and racial conflicts can hinder democracy.
Short-Lived Democracies• Post-independence governments fragile, vulnerable
to military coups
European Policies Cause Problems• Borders of colonies in Africa ignore ethnic, cultural
divisions• As a result, national identity is slow to develop in
Africa • Colonial rule produces economic problems • Colonial rule also disrupts family, community life
Colonial Rule Limits Democracy
The Challenge of Democracyin Africa
A Land of Many Peoples• Nigeria has people from three ethnic groups, each
with own state• Country adopts federal system—state, central
governments share power
Civil War in Nigeria
War with Biafra• In 1960s, country torn by ethnic fighting• Military imposes martial law—temporary military
rule—in 1966• In 1967, eastern region leaves Nigeria, forms new
country of Biafra• War ends in 1970 with Biafra defeated, Nigeria
reunited
Nigeria’s Nation-Building
Federal Government Restored• In 1970s and 1980s military tries to create stable
federal system
A Return to Civilian Rule• General Sani Abacha overturns election results of
1993, takes power• He punishes dissidents—government opponents• In 1999, civilian government finally gains power
President Obasanjo• Obasanjo tries to build strong, unified Nigeria by
ending corruption• Promotes idea of forgiveness of Nigeria’s debt to
rebuild country
South Africa Under Apartheid
Minority Rule• South Africa gains independence in 1931; white
minority rules Apartheid Segregates Society• In 1948, National Party enacts apartheid—
separation of races• Government sets up reserves, called homelands, for
blacks in 1959
Blacks Protest• In 1912, blacks form African National Congress
(ANC) to protest• Nelson Mandela—ANC leader imprisoned for 27
years• Protests rise in 1970s and 1980s, sometimes
resulting in violence
Struggle for Democracy
Pressure for Change• Religious leader Desmond Tutu urges economic
pressure on government• He asks other countries not to trade with South
Africa
The First Steps• In 1990, F. W. de Klerk legalizes ANC, frees
Mandela from prison• Parliament repeals apartheid laws, grants rights to
blacks• De Klerk agrees to elections open to all races to be
held in 1994
continued Struggle for Democracy
Majority Rule• In 1994, ANC wins majority of Parliament;
Mandela elected president
A New Constitution• In 1996, new constitution adopted giving equal rights
to all
South Africa Today• In 1999, Thabo Mbeki elected president• He faces challenges: high crime, unemployment,
rampant poverty• He hopes to increase trade with other countries• Major problem facing South Africa is high number of
people with AIDS
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