section ii -- the revolutionary era and the new republic, 1740s-1815 colonial warfare commerce and...

Section II -- The Revolutionary Era and the New Republic, 1740s-1815

Colonial Warfare Commerce and Culture Loyal Englishmen to Revolutionaries Revolutionary War Founding a new nation A Political Party system Jeffersonian Democracy European entanglements & the War of 1812

English colonies in N. America England’s attempt to centralize

control over the colonies: Royalization of colonies Navigation Acts Dominion of New England Salutary Neglect Parent-Child Metaphor

Navigation Acts

Limited colonies’ trade Colonial imports must pass

through England first Imposed duties on trade

between colonies Appointed customs officials

European Wars

England vs. France

French & Indian War, 1754-1763 Iroquois Confederation Fort Necessity, 1754 William Pitt

Seven Years War / French-Indian War

Loyal Englishmen Proud to be Englishmen View of colonials toward British Islanders View of British Islanders toward colonials

Proclamation Line of 1763

From loyal Englishmen to Revolutionaries

Troops remain George Grenville Taxation to help pay for present troop

deployment Grenville’s Program: Sugar Act, Quartering

Act, Stamp Act

Stamp Act, 1765

Affected many colonials Creation of the Sons of

Liberty Debate over Parliament’s

“right” to tax Concept of “Virtual

representation”

Stamp Act protests Daniel Dulany, Maryland lawyer

Disputed “Virtual Representation” argument Ben Franklin, Well-respected Colonial,

living in London-- Pushes for Stamp’s repeal

Thomas Hutchinson, British official in Boston-- Privately opposes Act, publicly enforces it

Stamp Act protests John Dickinson, Penn. Lawyer “Declaration of Rights and

Grievances”

“Stamp duties have a manifest tendency to subvert the rights and liberties of the colonials”

Loyal Englishmen to Revolutionaries Parliament repeals Stamp

Act, Feb. 1766 Parliament passes

Declaratory Act, 1766

Townshend Acts, 1767-1770 Colonists Boycott taxed items

No taxation without Representation

John Dickinson“Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer”

“the single question is, whether the Parliament can legally impose duties to be paid by the people of these colonies only, for the sole purpose of raising a revenue…. If they can, our boasted liberty is but

Vox et proeterea hihil.

A sound and nothing else.”

“No taxation without representation” argument

Boston Massacre, March 1770 Scuffle between a soldier &

civilian Mass. Gov. Hutchinson

wants England to withdraw some of the troops to prevent provocation

John Adams defends soldiers

Loyal Englishmen to Revolutionaries 1770-1773

Lull in violence & protests Most of Townshend Acts repealed Colonists create Committees of Correspondence

Boston Tea Party, Dec. 1773 Tea Act of 1773 passed East India Tea Co. was

bankrupt Equivalent of 3 cents / lb. Colonists viewed Act as

forced taxation Dressed as Indians,

dumped 340 chests of tea

Aftermath of Tea Party Ben Franklin disgraced for

stealing Hutchinson’s letters Hutchinson relieved, Gen.

Thomas Gage made Gov. and commander of armed forces in N. America

Parliament enforces the Coercive Acts

Coercive Acts / Intolerable Acts Closed port of Boston No town meetings w/o approval Trials of British officials moved outside

locations

Loyal Englishmen to Revolutionaries James Wilson, “Considerations on the

authority of Parliament”, Aug. 1774 Penn. Lawyer; studied w/Dickinson

Argued that because Colonials were not represented in Parliament, then they were not bound by its laws

This represents a significant change in rhetoric

Colonial Arguments Debate over concept of “Virtual Representation” –

Dulany No one questioned Parliament’s authority over the

colonies; Dulany said Parliament could legislate, but not tax because colonists had no direct representation in Parliament

“No taxation without representation” argument – Dickinson Stronger sentiment of the illegality of taxing the colonists

“Not bound by the laws of Parliament” – Wilson Questions Parliament’s authority to govern the colonies

Loyal Englishmen to Revolutionaries

Influence of John Locke, “Two Treatises of Government” (1690)

Sovereignty presided with the people, not the state

Natural law, property rights To revolt against a tyrannical state was an

obligation of the people


Thomas Jefferson, VA planter“A summary view of the rights of British-America”, Aug. 1774 Concluded that the Acts of Parliament proved a deliberate

and systematical plan of reducing us to slavery

“That settlements having been thus effected in the wilds of American, the emigrants thought proper to adopt that system of laws under which they had hitherto lived in the mother country, and to continue their union with her by submitting themselves to the same common Sovereign, who was thereby made the central link connecting the several parts of the empire thus newly multiplied."

Colonial Arguments Debate over concept of “Virtual Representation” – Dulany

Parliament could legislate, but not tax “No taxation without representation” argument – Dickinson

Stronger sentiment of the illegality of taxing the colonists

“Not bound by the laws of Parliament” – Wilson Questions Parliament’s authority to govern the colonies

T.J.’s “Summary View” Says Parliament has no authority over the colonies,

only the King does; implied that colonies may be driven to separate, unless King did something

Colonial Perspectives

George Washington John Dickinson Ben Franklin Thomas Hutchinson A slave Benedict Arnold A loyalist in South Carolina

Loyal Englishmen to Revolutionaries Continental Congress

Sept. 1774, Philadelphia 50+ delegates from the colonies Colonists initially distrusted one another

Agreed to arm themselves Sent a letter to King George III affirming

their loyalty to the Crown, but notifying him of their decision to arm for protection

The English View King George III and

Parliament viewed colonists as rebellious children

Sent more troops to Boston to quell revolt

King George III

Loyal Englishmen to Revolutionaries Lexington Green, April, 1775

Loyal Englishmen to Revolutionaries Siege of Boston, Spring 1775 Clashes at Fort Ticonderoga & Crown Pointe,

Summer 1775 2nd Continental Congress meets in Emergency

Session Militia surrounding Boston becomes the

default Continental Army w/Washington as its commander

Loyal Englishmen to Revolutionaries Thomas Jefferson, “Declaration of the Causes

and Necessities of Taking Up Arms,” July 6, 1775 Presented to King by the (2nd) Continental Congress

“...we assure them that we mean not to dissolve the Union which has so long and so happily subsisted btn us, and which we sincerely wish to see restored. Necessity has not yet driven us into that desperate measure.... We have not raised armies with ambitious designs of separating from Great Britain, and establishing independent states."


Majority of the delegates to Continental Congress still opposed outright independence

King George III declares that the colonies are in a state of rebellion


Thomas Paine writes Common Sense January, 1776

Blames King Wins populace over

to Independence Movement

Colonial Arguments – Loyal Englishmen to Revolutionaries

“Virtual Representation” – Dulany debated concept Parliament could legislate, but not tax

“No taxation without representation” argument – Dickinson “Not bound by the laws of Parliament” – Wilson

Questions Parliament’s authority to govern the colonies Thomas Jefferson, “Summary View”

Says Parliament has no authority over the colonies, only the King does; implied that colonies may be driven to separate, unless King did something

Thomas Paine, “Common Sense” Blames the King; Old World vs. New World; justifies

independence movement

War for Independence Declaration of Independence Drafted by Jefferson, Adams & Franklin Approved by Congress, July 4, 1776

Declaration of Independence

Parliament is missing from arguments; King is identified as the enemy

Struggle for all mankind John Locke influence Continental Congress

becomes National Gvt. Articles of Confederation

American Revolutionary War 1776-1783

Loyalists, Neutrals and Patriots

1st British strategy: isolate

New England Thomas Paine, “The Crisis”


Battle of Saratoga Oct. 1777 Gates & Arnold defeat

the British Stops the British plans

of dividing the colonies in two parts

France decides to enter the war on the side of the colonials; Feb. 1778


British win at Brandywine & Germantown, then occupy Philadelphia, the colonial capital

Valley Forge, PA – Winter of 1777-1778

Arrival of

Prussian

Officer

Wilhelm von Steuben;

helps train Continental Army


Britain’s Southern strategy, 1778 – Pacification

To exploit loyalist strength Utilize possible Indian allies Foment a slave uprising Capture tobacco


May 1780 Charleston surrenders

Aug. 1780 Battle of Camden, British victory

Benedict Arnold defects, Sept. 1780

In the South the British are led deeper into the interior

Atrocities committed by Loyalists, Patriots and outlaws


War for Independence becomes an international war with France & Spain entering against Britain

Colonial army under Nathaniel Greene eludes British under command of Gen. Cornwallis

Cornwallis leads troops to Yorktown, VA to be re-supplied


French commanders: Marquis de Lafayette Comte de Rochambeau

British and colonial use

of slaves


Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown in Oct. 1781


Treaty of Paris, Sept. 3, 1783 British recognized American independence Boundaries from Canada in the North, the Mississippi

River to the West, and Florida in the South

Losers: Britain France Native Americans Slaves in the South

section ii -- the revolutionary era and the new republic, 1740s-1815 colonial warfare commerce and...

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