I would save this Union if I could; but it is my deliberate impression that it cannotnow be done.

Louis T. Wigfall, U.S. senator from Texas, December 6, 1860

302 ✯ Chapter 14

The Civil War1860–1865 SECTION 1 Texas Secedes

SECTION 2 Texans Fight for the Confederacy

SECTION 3 The Civil War Affects Life at Home

1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865

VIEW THE Texas on TapeCHAPTER 14 VIDEO LESSON.

1865 General Robert E. Lee surrenders; war ends

1865 Last battle in Texas occurs at Palmito Ranch

1863 Confederates recapture Galveston1863 Sam Houston dies1863 Battle of Sabine Pass takes place

1862 Galveston Island is captured by Union troops

1861 Texans approvesecession from theUnited States

Kurz & Allison, Battle of Kenesaw Mountain

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Before You ReadThink about an issue affecting the United Statestoday that is important to you. Perhaps you areconcerned about how much the environmentshould be protected or how to help children whoare living in poverty. Has anyone ever challengedyour belief in the importance of this issue? Howdid it make you feel? Were you hurt, angry, orconfused? Did you try to understand the otherperson’s point of view, or did you jump todefend your beliefs?

Think about

• political and social issues that affect theUnited States today

• different viewpoints on these issues

• ineffective ways to handle differences ofopinion

• effective ways to handle differences of opinion

As You ReadIn 1860 states’ rights and slavery were twoissues that divided the nation. Southern states,including Texas, depended on slave labor tomaintain their agricultural economy. Northernstates were more industrialized and opposed toslave labor. Many Texans, like other Southerners,strongly believed that their first loyalty belongedto their state. In fact, many Texans were willingto go to war in the defense of these beliefs.Completing this graphic organizer will help youto understand the different points of view onissues related to the Civil War.• Make three copies of this diagram in your

Texas Notebook.• As you read, list three issues that sparked

debate during the 1860s in the ovals.• Then summarize the different points of view

on each of the three issues.

Organizing Information

Aga

inst

For

ISSUE

Supporting ReasonsSupporting Reasons

Confederate soldier Union soldier

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Texas Secedes 1 Texas Secedes

304 ✯ Chapter 14

Why It Matters Now Issues that led to the Civil War,such as civil rights and states’rights, continue to affect us today.

TERMS & NAMES OBJECTIVES MAIN IDEARepublican Party, tariff, Democratic Party, ordinance, Sam Houston,Abraham Lincoln, Edward Clark

1. Identify the significance of the year1861.

2. Analyze the events that led up to Texas’ssecession from the United States.

Political and social issues dividedthe country in the early 1860s.Many Southern states, includingTexas, decided to separate them-selves from the United States.

Write your response to Interact with History in your Texas Notebook.

WHAT Would You Do?

tariff a tax placed on importedor exported goods

Imagine that you are a Texas citizen who wants to voice your opinionabout the political issues in 1860. You know that Texans will soon voteon whether or not to secede from the Union. Will you vote for oragainst secession? What reasons support your decision?

A Nation DividedBy 1860 Texas and several other Southern states were threatening to

secede from the Union. The nation was clearly divided between theNorthern and Southern states. Both sides were willing to fight for whatthey believed in, and the country soon found itself close to war.

The Republican Party was formed in 1854 with one main goal—tostop the western spread of slavery. Party members believed slavery was

counter to democracy and American ideals. Some members alsohoped to end slavery in states where it already existed. In addition,the Republican Party supported economic changes and a highertariff. A tariff would benefit American industry by raising prices oncompeting imports. Most industry was located in the North.

Most Texans were Democrats who opposed the newRepublican Party. They feared that Republican measures woulddestroy the Southern economy, which depended on foreign tradeand slave labor. The Democrats hoped to prevent the Republicansfrom gaining control of the U. S. government.

The debate between the Republicans and Democrats led toother arguments over states’ rights. Many people in the South

felt that the federal government should not have the power to decidewhether to allow slavery in the states. They also claimed that each stateshould have the right to withdraw from the Union if the citizens voted

National Republican Party flier andcampaign poster

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TEXAS VOICES

to do so. Northern leaders disagreed. They said thatfederal laws applied to all states and that states could notlegally separate from the Union. These issues werestrongly debated in the 1860 presidential election.

The Presidential Election of 1860The Democratic Party held its convention in

Charleston, South Carolina, to select a candidate for pres-ident. Delegates did not agree on whether their partyshould officially support slavery. Northern Democratswould not support slavery. As a result, most Southerndelegates, including those from Texas, left the conventionin protest.

The rest of the delegates met a month later inBaltimore, Maryland. They nominated Senator StephenA. Douglas of Illinois for president. Some of those whohad left the convention in Charleston were joined by otherSoutherners at another convention in Richmond, Virginia.They chose Vice-President John C. Breckinridge as their candidate.Republicans met in Chicago, Illinois, and nominated Abraham Lincoln.

The split of the Democratic Party gave the new Republican Party abetter chance to win the election. Southerners threatened to secede fromthe Union if a Republican were elected president. To keep this fromhappening, a fourth candidate, John Bell of Tennessee, was nominatedby a new party, the Constitutional Union Party. This party hoped to keepthe Union together by getting enough votes to keep any candidate fromreceiving enough votes to win the election. If this were to happen, theHouse of Representatives would choose the new president.

Governor Sam Houston, who wanted to keep the Union together,tried to win the nomination of the Constitutional Union Party. Whenhe was not nominated, Houston thought about running as an independ-ent. He had worked hard to make Texas part of the Union and had seenlives lost in war.

To secede from the Union and set up another government would cause war. Ifyou go to war with the United States, you will never conquer her, as she has themoney and men. If she does not whip you by guns, powder, and steel, she willstarve you to death. It will take the flower of the country—the young men.

Governor Sam Houston, speech

Texans voted in great numbers for Breckinridge. He received 47,548votes in Texas. Bell, the fourth candidate, received 15,463 of Texans’votes. Douglas received only 410 votes. Lincoln did not receive any votesin Texas. His name was not even on the Texas ballot. Nevertheless, hereceived the most Northern votes and won the election. Lincoln becamethe sixteenth president of the United States. Democratic Party flier

In his inaugural address AbrahamLincoln spoke of his desire to main-tain the Union. ● What did Lincoln’spresidential election victory mean tomany Texans?

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306 ✯ Chapter 14

0 200 Miles

400 Kilometers0

Counties for secession

Counties against secession

No return/unorganized county

Most counties voted to secedefrom the Union. ● How manycounties voted against secession?Geographically, what did thesecounties have in common?

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ordinance an official order

Reaction to Lincoln’s ElectionSoon after Lincoln was elected, South Carolina became the first state

to secede. On December 20, the Charleston Mercury announced “TheUnion Is Dissolved.” Within six weeks, five other states—Georgia,Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana—also decided to withdrawfrom the United States. They joined together as the Confederate Statesof America.

Most Texans wanted to secede as well. They asked for a conventionso delegates could vote on the issue, but Governor Houston ignored theirrequest. Other leaders in the state called the convention anyway. Houstonordered a special meeting of the legislature, hoping to stop the conven-tion. However, the legislature approved the convention, and delegateswere elected.

The Secession Convention in TexasDelegates gathered in Austin on January 28, 1861. They elected

Judge Oran M. Roberts of the Texas Supreme Court to lead the conven-tion. The meeting was tense, although the likely outcome was clear. Thedelegates voted 166 to 8 to adopt an ordinance of secession.

On February 23, Texas citizens approved the ordinance by a vote of46,129 to 14,697. This was almost the same margin by which Texanshad voted for Breckinridge for president. Voters in a few counties votedagainst secession. Ten counties in Central Texas where the German influ-ence was strong, some counties located along the Red River, andAngelina County in East Texas voted against secession.

The Constitution of 1845 was then changed to reflect Texas’s vote.The revised constitution changed “United States of America” to“Confederate States of America.” The new document, the Constitution

Texans voted 46,129 to 14,697in favor of secession. ● If youround both numbers to thenearest thousand, what is theapproximate ratio of Texans whovoted for secession to those whovoted against it?

To Mathematics

Texas Secession Vote, 1861

In 1861 most Texans wereimmigrants. Those who votedin favor of secession weremainly from the Deep South,where slavery was a tradition.Most Texans who were againstsecession were from upperSouthern states such as Ten-nessee, where slavery was notas important to the economy.Most European migrants alsoopposed secession. ● Whymight Texans from the upperSouth and Europe opposesecession?

MIGRATION

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of 1861, defended states’ rights and slavery. It stated that the freeing ofslaves was illegal. Texas’s secession from the United States became offi-cial on March 2, 1861. Texas became the seventh state to secede.

Governor Houston’s ResponseGovernor Houston had not been able to prevent secession. After it

was approved, he hoped that Texas would remain independent ratherthan join the Confederacy. Word was sent to the new Confederategovernment that Texas had seceded. The state was immediately acceptedinto the Confederacy.

On March 16 the Secession Convention required all officials to takea new oath of office to the Confederacy. Governor Houston stayedawake the night before he was to take the oath. When the time came,he sat silently while his name was called three times to take the oath.When he did not respond, the office of governor was declared vacant.Lieutenant Governor Edward Clark became the first ad interim gover-nor of Confederate Texas.

During the process of secession, president-elect Abraham Lincolnhad offered Governor Houston the use of 2,700 federal troopsstationed in Texas to keep the state in the Union. Houston refused.He had fought for Texas, he said, and would not fight against itnow. Houston left Austin and stayed for a while in Galvestonbefore settling in his “steamboat house” in Huntsville. He diedthere on July 26, 1863.

Although Houston had refused to use federal troops tokeep Texas in the Union, the troops remained in the state.Dealing with those soldiers became the first goal of the newConfederate state of Texas.

STEAMBOAT HOUSE

After Sam Houston gave upthe governor’s seat, he retiredto Huntsville, where he livedin an oddly designed home. Itwas built by college professorRufus W. Bailey. The housewas nicknamed the “steam-boat house” because it lookedlike a nineteenth-century river-boat with its front twin towersand outer hallways, one oneach side. Houston died in1863 in the downstairs front

room of thehouse.

Terms & NamesIdentify:• Republican Party• tariff• Democratic Party• ordinance• Sam Houston• Abraham Lincoln• Edward Clark

Organizing InformationUse a chart like the oneshown to analyze the differ-ent political parties in

1860. Tell what each partystood for and who its presi-dential candidate was.

Critical Thinking1. Why was the year 1861

significant to Texans? 2. What events prompted the

secession of Texas fromthe United States?

Interact with HistoryReview your response toInteract with History in yourTexas Notebook. Given theoutcome of the secessionvote, would you havechanged your decision? Why or why not?

A C T I V I T YCitizenship Research the views of the Republican and Democratic Parties in 1860. Pick one candidate of either

party and create a campaign poster and buttons for the candidate.

Go to www.celebratingtexas.com to research the Activity topic.

1

PARTY WHO WHAT

Republican

Democratic

Constitutional Union

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Sam Houston, the first president of the Repu-blic of Texas, was an experienced politician andleader. He arrived in Texas in 1832 and helpedTexas become a republic and later a state. Heonce said, “I made the state of Texas.”

Born March 2, 1793, in Virginia, SamHouston moved to Tennessee with his widowedmother at age 13. As a young boy, he spentmuch time with the Cherokees and at age 16left home to live with them. His Cherokeename, Colonneh, meant “the raven.” At 18 heleft to teach school.

At 20 Houston joined the U.S. Army tofight against the British in the War of 1812,where he quickly earned the rank of lieutenant.In 1814, fighting under Andrew Jackson, hereceived three nearly fatal wounds, one ofwhich never fully healed. In 1817 he becamean agent to the Cherokees and helped arrange

for land west of the Mississippi to be given togroups who left voluntarily.

Houston later studied law in Tennessee andopened a successful legal practice. In 1823 hewas elected to Congress, where he served twoterms. He returned to Tennessee in 1827 andwas elected governor. Two years later, while upfor reelection, Houston married. Shortly after-ward, his new bride unexpectedly left him. Hou-ston withdrew from the race and left Tennessee.

Houston went to live among the Cherokees in what is now Oklahoma. He married a Cherokeewoman and became the Cherokees’ ambassadorto the U.S. Congress. In 1832 Houston moved to Texas. He applied for a land grant and quicklybecame involved in Texas politics. He came to be a delegate to the Convention of 1833 and ageneral in the Texas Revolution.

Houston served two terms as president of theRepublic. In 1844 he was chosen as one of thenew state’s first U.S. senators. He was reelectedin 1847 and in 1853. In 1857 Houston ran forgovernor of Texas but was defeated. He ran asecond time in 1859 and won, becoming theonly politician in U.S. history to serve as gover-nor of two states.

When Texas seceded from the UnitedStates, Houston refused to take the Confederateoath. He settled in Huntsville. In 1863 hebecame ill with pneumonia. His last words to hiswife of 23 years were “Texas—Texas! Margaret.”

LINKING TO HISTORYCreate a time line of Sam Houston’s life from birth to death. Discuss with your classmates how SamHouston contributed to Texas and U.S. history.

LINKING TO TODAYMany Texas places, including buildings, streets, and acity, are named for Sam Houston. Make a two-columnchart and label the columns Item and Location.Research places named for this great statesman. Listeach place in the first column and its location in thesecond column. Draw a star next to things named“Houston” located near where you live.

308 ✯ Chapter 14

Sam HoustonSam Houston

William G. M. Samuel, Portrait of Sam Houston

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Texans Fight for the Confederacy

2Texans Fight for the Confederacy

The Civil War ✯ 309

Why It Matters Now Texans’ connection to the Southwas strengthened during theConfederacy and remains strongtoday.

TERMS & NAMES OBJECTIVES MAIN IDEAFrancis R. Lubbock, FortSumter, Hood’s TexasBrigade, draft, John B.Magruder, blockade, Battleat Sabine Pass, RichardDowling, Battle at PalmitoRanch

1. Describe Texas’s transition from a Unionto a Confederate state.

2. Explain why a military draft was needed. 3. Identify military campaigns involving

Texans.

Texas contributed to Confederatemilitary efforts by supplying soldiersto fight in important battles anddefending the Gulf Coast.

After Lincoln’s inauguration in 1861, four morestates joined the Confederacy. War soon followed.Lieutenant Elijah P. Petty of Bastrop joinedWalker’s Texas Division of the Confederate army.

In Camp 5-1/2 miles North of Tyler, September 11th AD 1862

Dear WifeCheer up, don’t despair or be discouraged.

Keep all things right and when I give theinfernal Yankees their just desserts I willreturn home to cheer up your spirits and makehome happy once more but whilst absent remember that I am in the service of my Country fighting for liberty & human rights . . .and that when I do meet the Yanks I will make them drink the bitterwaters of dark damnation for forcing me away from the Comforts of home and the loved ones there. . . .

Yours Etc., E. P. Petty, Sept 11th 1862

Elijah Petty never made it home. On April 9, 1864, while fighting inthe Red River Campaign, he was killed at Pleasant Hill, Louisiana.

Organizing the ConfederacyFrancis R. Lubbock was elected as Texas’s first Confederate governor

under Confederate president Jefferson Davis. Most federal operations,especially post offices, were easily converted to Confederate services.However, there were still 2,700 federal troops stationed in Texas that wereconsidered a danger. Major General David E. Twiggs was asked to surren-der the troops and forts. Twiggs, a Southerner, agreed with secession but

Confederate flag, 1861 to 1863

Elijah Petty

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310 ✯ Chapter 14

Terry’s Texas Ranger volunteers wererequired to bring a shotgun, Coltrevolver, Bowie knife, saddle, bridle,and blanket when they reported forduty. ● Why do you think volunteershad to provide their own equipment?

▲

was loyal to his military oath. He asked for enoughtime to retire from service. At first Texans were patient.Finally, Confederate brigadier general Ben McCullochwas ordered to force out the 160 federal soldiers.Twiggs surrendered the soldiers and property withoutbloodshed.

The 11 Confederate states demanded that theUnion surrender all federal property, especially mili-tary posts. Many forts were taken over peacefully,giving the Confederates badly needed supplies.

However, troops refused to leave Fort Sumter in Charleston, SouthCarolina. Fighting broke out on April 12, 1861, beginning the Civil War.

Military Strength of TexasAccording to the 1860 census, 92,145 white males between the ages

of 18 and 45 lived in Texas. Of that number, 60,000 to 70,000 actuallyserved as volunteers or soldiers in military units.

Governor Lubbock called for volunteers in 1861, hoping to raise 20companies. By 1862, 32 companies had been organized. Some of thevolunteers, known as the Texas Brigade, were sent to Virginia to fight.They were later called Hood’s Texas Brigade in honor of their firstcommander, John Bell Hood. Confederate general Robert E. Lee, whorespected their courage and military ability, called them “my Texans.”

Other units from Texas earned fame during the war. They wereTerry’s Texas Rangers, commanded by General Benjamin F. “Frank”Terry, and Ross’s Brigade, commanded by General Lawrence “Sul” Ross.Many Texas soldiers who served in the Civil War fought in the Army ofNorthern Virginia, the Army of Tennessee, or the Army of the Trans-Mississippi. Generals Albert Sidney Johnston and Ben McCullough ledtheir troops bravely until each fell in battle.

Sending More Troops to FightSoon all of the men who wanted to volunteer had done so. However,

more people were needed to fight for the Confederacy. The Confederate

Of the more than 5,000 men whofought in Hood’s Brigade during thewar, only about 600 remained whenthe brigade finally surrendered. ● How did General Robert E. Lee feel about Hood’s Texas Brigade?

▲

Hood’s Brigade battle flag

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30˚N

95˚W100˚W

35˚N

105˚W

Gulf of Mexico

T E X A S

NEW MEXICO TERRITORY INDIAN TERRITORY

ARKANSAS

LOUISIANA

CHIHUAHUA

COAHUILA

NUEVO LEÓN TAMAULIPAS

0 200 Miles

250 Kilometers0

Mansfield (Apr. 8, 1864)

Dove Creek (Jan. 8, 1865)

Nueces (Aug. 10, 1862)

Laredo (Mar. 19, 1864)

Palmito Ranch (May 13, 1865)

Corpus Christi (Aug. 16–18, 1862)

Port Lavaca (Oct. 31, 1862)

Galveston Is. (Jan. 1, 1863)

Sabine Pass (Sept. 8, 1863)

Capital

Battle site

Austin

Although most of the fighting during the Civil War took place outside of Texas’s borders,nine battles were fought in or near Texas. ● Geographically, what did these battle sites havein common? Why do you think these battles occurred where they did?

▲

government started a draft requiring men to serve in the army. This angeredmany people. Soldiers who had volunteered did not trust those who hadnot. Those who were drafted did not want to serve at all. Also, the lawmade unpopular exceptions. For instance, men who owned 20 or more slaveswere allowed to stay at home. The draft also threatened cotton production.

The state militia was placed under the command of General PaulOctave Hébert (eh•BAIR), commander of the military district of Texas.Hébert angered many Texans by enforcing the draft. He was replaced byGeneral John Bankhead Magruder, who commanded Texas troops forthe remainder of the Civil War.

Military Affairs in TexasMany Texans expected Confederate soldiers to replace the federal

troops guarding the frontier of West Texas. But Confederate command-ers had almost no troops to spare from fighting Union soldiers in theEast. In most cases, Texans had to defend the frontier against NativeAmericans on their own for the first few years of the war.

Most of the fighting in Texas centered on Confederate efforts to keepthe Gulf Coast ports open. Called the “storehouse of the Confederacy,”Texas provided weapons, food, and horses for the war effort. Althoughno major battles were fought in Texas, several important events tookplace on the coast or near the state’s borders. In 1861 John R. Baylorled troops into New Mexico to claim it as a Confederate territory.Then, in early 1862, General H. H. Sibley, with the help of GeneralTom Green, led another Confederate army into northern NewMexico. They defeated Union soldiers at Valverde but later lost at theBattle of Glorieta. Sibley’s troops could not defeat the Union soldiers,in part because they could not get more supplies so far west. Theirdefeat returned the New Mexico territory to Union control.

draft the enlisting of persons forrequired service in the armedforces

Nine Civil War Battles In or Near Texas

Image not availablefor use on CD-ROM.Please refer to theimage in the textbook.

Image not availablefor use on CD-ROM.Please refer to theimage in the textbook.

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The coast of Texas is linedwith barrier islands, which aremade of sand that builds upjust offshore. Bays and lagoonsseparate the islands from themainland. When lagoons fill in, the barrier islands may become part of the mainland.Galveston Island is a barrierisland. Sabine Pass is a chan-nel where river water flows pasta barrier island that is con-nected to the mainland. ● Whymight Union troops have cho-sen Galveston Island as abase?

PLACE

TEXAS VOICES

blockade action to stop trans-portation of goods or people intoor out of an area

Another battle occurred at Galveston Island. President Lincoln hadordered a blockade of Southern ports to stop the shipment of supplies.Galveston was one of the most important ports in Texas. Union troopscaptured the island. They hoped to use it as a base to guard the Gulf ofMexico. Confederate General John B. Magruder launched an attack toretake the island on January 1, 1863. One group of soldiers sailed intoGalveston Harbor on cottonclads, or flat-bottom boats lined withstacked cotton bales to protect the soldiers from bullets. They attackedUnion ships in the harbor. Other troops crossed the railroad bridge fromthe mainland. Confederate forces took over Galveston Island andremained in control of it until the end of the Civil War.

Other Military CampaignsA significant battle occurred on September 8, 1863, at Sabine Pass, a

narrow channel along the Louisiana border. Union general Nathaniel P.Banks planned to move troops by ship through the pass. Then he wouldmarch north to cut off Texas’s railroad connection to Louisiana. However,Lieutenant Richard (Dick) Dowling stationed his Confederate unit alongthe narrow channel. As Banks’s ships steamed into the channel, Confed-erate troops fired and sank two of them. No other Union ships tried topass through. Confederates, anxious for good news after losses atGettysburg and Vicksburg, hailed the victory.

Thus it will be seen we captured, with 47 men, two gunboats, mountingthirteen guns of the heaviest caliber, and about 350 prisoners. All my menbehaved like heroes; not a man flinched from his post. Our motto was “victoryor death.”

Lieutenant Richard Dowling, report of Sabine Pass

General Banks tried again to invade Texas by sending ships andtroops up the Mississippi River and then the Red River. He planned tooccupy northern Texas. Confederate soldiers from Texas, Louisiana, andArkansas, and volunteers from Missouri met the Union forces inMansfield, Louisiana, 25 miles east of the Texas border. The smallerConfederate force, led by General Richard Taylor, defeated the Unionsoldiers and forced them to retreat. Texas was safe from invasion.

The last land battle of the Civil Warwas fought on May 12, 1865, at PalmitoRanch in South Texas near Brownsville.The Union blockade of Southern ports hadforced Confederate troops to find anotherroute to ship cotton out and bring insupplies. Cotton was transported throughBrownsville to the Mexican port ofMatamoros. There it was loaded ontoforeign ships that were not affected by theblockade. Beginning in November 1863,

Galveston was one of the mostimportant ports in Texas during theCivil War, and both the Union andthe Confederacy wanted to controlit. ● Why was control of Galveston so important to both sides?

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Union forces occupied Brownsville, trying to enforce the blockade.Confederate forces under the command of John S. “Rip” Ford and SantosBenavides took over the area on July 30, 1864. On May 13, 1865, unawarethat General Robert E. Lee had already surrendered, Union forces foughtwith Confederate troops in a skirmish at Palmito Ranch. Although theConfederates won this battle, they had already lost the war.

CAMP FORD Located near Tyler, Camp Ford wasestablished in 1862 to train Texas soldiers. By 1863 it wasa Confederate prison camp. Camp Ford grew into the largestConfederate prison camp west of the Mississippi. When theprison population increased in 1864, food and shelter werescarce. Some prisoners dug holes in the ground to staywarm in winter. In operation only two years, Camp Ford held

almost 6,000 prisoners of war. When the Civil Warended, the remains of Camp Ford were destroyed by Unionsoldiers, and the land was farmed. Later the site was boughtby the Smith County Historical Society. Today, archeolo-gists are trying to determine how Camp Ford looked andoperated during the Civil War. ● Why might food and shel-ter have been scarce in the camp?

Camp Ford as it looked during the war Camp Ford archeological dig

Terms & NamesIdentify:• Fort Sumter• Hood’s Texas

Brigade• draft• blockade• Battle at Sabine

Pass• Battle at Palmito

Ranch

Organizing InformationUse a diagram like the oneshown to list three problemsmentioned in this sectionthat the Confederate armyexperienced in Texas. Nextto each problem, write theaction taken to solve it.

Which problem do you thinkhad the greatest impact onthe war? Why?

Critical Thinking1. How were federal troops

removed from Texas? 2.Why was the Confederate

draft important? 3. What happened at the

Battle of Sabine Pass,and why was aConfederate victoryneeded?

Interact with HistoryReview your response toInteract with History in yourTexas Notebook. Whathappened to the federaltroops stationed in Texas?What measures were takenin Texas to support theConfederacy?

A C T I V I T YHistory The Confederate draft supplied troops for the war, but many Texans opposed it. Create a poster

persuading Texans to support the draft.

2

PROBLEM ACTION

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Exploring Primary and Secondary SourcesLEARNING the SkillPrimary sources are eyewitnessaccounts of events. Letters, diaries,autobiographies, speeches, paintings,artifacts, and interviews are all exam-ples of primary sources. Primarysources are collected and used, alongwith other facts, to form secondarysources. Textbooks, newspaper arti-cles, movies, and biographies areexamples of secondary sources.Bookstores, libraries, archives, andthe Internet contain both types ofsources. Both primary and secondarysources can be unreliable, so becareful.

To explore primary and secondarysources, use the following steps:

• Determine if a source is primary orsecondary. Ask yourself if theauthor was present at the event orif the description is secondhand.

• Identify the author and date of thesource. Verify that the informationis reliable by confirming details inother sources. If two or moresources agree, the information ismore likely to be reliable.

• Summarize and draw conclusionsabout the primary and secondarysources you are exploring. Look forinformation they agree on.

• Decide which type of sourceprovides the information you need.Then use the sources that bestmeet your needs.

314 ✯ Chapter 14

PRACTICING the SkillRead the following excerpts about the Battle of Sabine Pass.

On Monday morning, about 2 o’clock, the sentinel informed me theenemy were signaling, and, fearing an attack, I ordered all the gunsat the fort manned, and remained in that position until daylight. . . .They remained all day at work, but during the evening were reen-forced to the number of twenty-two vessels of different classes.

Lieutenant Richard Dowling, report

Signal lights blinked constantly across the water, and dawn revealedwell over a dozen federal gunboats and transports riding at anchoroff the bar. . . . All day they stayed there. A great many more signallights were seen that night, and when daybreak revealed a fleet oftwenty-two warships off the bar it was clear that the brunt of theinvasion would fall on Dowling.

James L. Haley, Texas: From the Frontier to the Spindletop

1. What details reveal that the first passage is an example of aprimary source?

2. What events being described in both passages can be verified by other sources?

3. What other types of primary and secondary sources might verifythe details of both passages?

4. How do the two sources effectively verify key details in eachother?

APPLYING the SkillResearch and read three primary and secondary sources thatdescribe Texas’s role in the Civil War. Then write a paragraph in your Texas Notebook explaining how Texans contributed to thewar. After making a copy of your research, highlight the details that agree with each other. Use a different color highlighter to note any specific details that differ among your sources

Go to www.celebratingtexas.com to research this topic.

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The Civil War Affects Life at Home

3The Civil War Affects Life at Home

The Civil War ✯ 315

Why It Matters Now Social and economic effects of the Civil War helped shape the character of the nation.

TERMS & NAMES OBJECTIVES MAIN IDEAPeace Party, vigilante,Robert E. Lee, EdmundKirby Smith

1. Describe what life was like in Texasduring the Civil War.

2. Analyze the economic effects of the CivilWar in Texas.

3. Analyze the social effects of the CivilWar in Texas.

Like the rest of the nation, people in Texas were deeply affected by the Civil War. A shortage of supplies,a declining economy, and friendsand relatives gone to fight in the war created a difficult life for all.

The Civil War touched the lives of Texas soldiers and their families as well as other Texas citizens. The effects of the war were felt in allareas of life. Eudora Inez Moore and her family lived in Texas duringthe Civil War. In an excerpt from her diary, Moore shares how herfamily was affected by the war.

The saying “Necessity is the mother of invention” was certainlyexemplified in war times. . . . Mother made a pair of pants out of aparlor table cover of wool . . . I made hats for the boys out of shucksor palmetto and mother made them cloth caps for winter wear. . . .After the Yankees left a great deal of cast off clothing was found.Mother boiled it in lye water, rinsed it thoroughly and dyed it withpomegranate rinds or pecan hulls.

Eudora Inez Moore, diary

The Effects of WarBecause no major battles of the Civil War were fought in Texas, the

state did not suffer the destruction of war as severely as states such asVirginia, Tennessee, Georgia, and South Carolina. Yet the people in Texasstill felt the pain of war. Many Texans went to fight in the war. They lefttheir families, homes, and jobs. Their absence meant more responsibilitiesfor those left behind.

The citizens of Texas faced other serious problems. Tensions arosebetween people who supported the Confederacy and those who remainedloyal to the Union. Also, a U.S. blockade reduced the sale of farm products,and the economy in Texas suffered. These problems, along with a shortageof basic supplies, made life difficult at home.

Not all women stayed behindwhile the men went to fight.About 250 women joined theConfederate army. Those whofought disguised themselvesas men. They cut their hairshort, padded their bodies,and wore false mustaches. Inmost cases, their true identi-ties were learned only if theywere seriously wounded, ta-ken prisoner, or killed.

WOMEN IN COMBAT

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Union Supporters in TexasEven though most people in Texas strongly supported the Con-

federacy, about one-fourth of Texans had been against secession. Someof these people remained loyal to the Union during the Civil War. Theirnumbers probably grew during the war as the Confederate army lostbattles, soldiers were killed or lost limbs, and the people at home facedshortages and other hardships.

North Texas experienced a great deal of Union activity. It was begunby those who opposed the Confederate draft. In 1862 Union supportersthere formed a secret society called the Peace Party. Confederate support-ers feared that the Peace Party would aid the Union in defeating theConfederacy and Texas. Some vigilantes took matters into their ownhands, hanging 40 Peace Party members at Gainesville and other NorthTexas communities. This stopped Union activity in the area for manymonths. However, by 1864 several counties along the Red River becamepopular among army deserters and others who opposed the war.

German Texans in particular were divided. Some who lived in theheart of the German settlements in Central Texas supported the Unionand were opposed to slavery. Others who lived among Texans from thesouthern United States had become slave owners. They tended to supportthe Confederacy. Some even served in the Confederate army.

Opposition to the Confederate draft caused German Texans inGillespie, Kerr, and Kendall Counties to organize the Union Loyal Leaguefor service in the federal army. Major Fritz Tegner led a group of about 60German Texans in an effort to join the Union army. They were followedby 94 Confederate soldiers on horseback led by Lieutenant C. D. McRae.

McRae caught up with them in a camp on the Nueces River. Thenext morning, on August 10, 1862, the two forces fought in the Battle

of the Nueces. Many of the Union soldiers were killed during thebattle, and the wounded were executed later. A few survivors later

reached Union forces in New Orleans. A monument was laterbuilt in Comfort, Texas, to honor the Germans and one MexicanAmerican who died fighting for the Union.

Many Tejanos served in the Confederate army. SomeTejanos, however, opposed slavery and secession. A number of

Tejanos joined the Union forces. John L. Haynes organized aUnion cavalry unit in South Texas in 1863. About half of hisrecruits were Tejanos.

Wartime EconomyDuring the war Texans continued raising cotton and cattle

and producing other products. However, the war greatly affectedagriculture. The Union navy’s blockade closed the ports on theGulf of Mexico. Union victories along the Mississippi River

closed land routes to the rest of the Confederacy. As a result, Texanscould not sell their cotton. Many farmers began growing more wheat

and corn instead of cotton as the demand for food crops increased.

vigilante a person who punishescriminals or takes control with-out authority to do so

Union sergeant major MiltonM. Holland, a freed slave whowas born in Texas and educatedin Ohio, received the U.S.Medal of Honor for his leader-ship during the Civil War. Hewas one of 47 African AmericanTexans who served in the Unionarmy. More than 2,000 Texansfought for the Union during theCivil War. ● What was the mainreason some Texans fought forthe Union?

Milton M. Holland

Mexican American Confederate soldiers

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With many of the men gone to fight, Texas women took on the men’swork in addition to their own. Some Texas women ran post offices andstores. Some managed farms. Others were left in charge of huge planta-tions. Some women took over ranches and had to help drive cattle tomarket. Some became teachers or provided medical aid. Texaswomen made bandages and knitted and sewed clothing forsoldiers. They also sent boxes filled with badly needed foodsupplies to soldiers at the front.

Many women and men in Texas also worked in facto-ries during the war. The Confederate army establishedfactories to manufacture weapons in Austin and Tyler. By1863 Texas was making 800 weapons a month in its fourgun factories. Iron furnaces opened in East Texas, and thestate government had prisoners in Huntsville make clothes.

The U.S. blockade of the Confederate states kept goodsfrom entering or leaving these states. Because many peopledepended on the sale of cotton to make money, their earnings werelimited. At the same time, expenses—including taxes to support thewar—continued to rise. This, along with a concern that the Confederacymight not win the war, caused Confederate money to lose value. Pricesof horses, which were only a few dollars in 1860, jumped to severalhundred Confederate dollars by 1865.

Home Front HardshipsWith the blockade stopping the normal flow

of trade goods, many items were in short supply.Goods such as clothes and shoes became veryscarce. Medicines and hospital supplies were sentto the battle lines instead of to the towns. Therewere also shortages of ordinary items such aspaper. Some newspapers were even discontinueddue to the lack of basic materials. Because of short-ages, Texans learned to use substitutes. Roastedacorns or corn were brewed into a drink that waslike coffee. Honey took the place of sugar, andhomespun clothes replaced clothing bought instores. People also learned to use herbs instead ofmedicines.

RefugeesDuring the war many slaves were sent to Texas

from farms and plantations in Louisiana, Arkansas,and Mississippi. Slaveholders hoped to preventthem from running away or being taken away whenthe Union army appeared. Thousands of slaveswere sent to Texas during the war. The slaves wereoften accompanied by their owners, who were

In the early 1860s ThomasAnderson built a mill to makegunpowder for the Confederacy. ● Why do you think Anderson Mill was converted from a powder mill to a gristmill after the Civil War?

▲

At least 2,500 Mexican Amer-icans joined the Confederate

forces. Colonel SantosBenavides was the high-est ranking MexicanAmerican to serve in theConfederate army. Hewas praised for leadinghis Confederate troops

to defend the city of La-redo against 200 Union

soldiers. ● Why did theCivil War divide the MexicanAmerican community?

Mexican Americansin the Civil War

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TEXAS VOICES

usually unhappy at being forced from their homes. Kate Stone, who fledher family’s plantation in Louisiana, told of her unhappiness in findingherself in a crude farmhouse near Paris, Texas.

I despair of giving any idea of the dirt. We tried to eat without seeing or tastingand to sleep without touching the bed. They gave us coffee, a horrid decoctionof burnt wheat and milk without sugar, in saucers and water in the halves ofbroken bottles. The table was set in the dirtiest of kitchens with a dirt floor. . . .It surpassed any place we have been in yet. We certainly had found the darkcorner of the Confederacy.

Kate Stone, diary

The War’s EndVery few people thought the war would last as long

as it did. By the spring of 1865—four years after ithad begun—it seemed certain that the Confederacywould lose the Civil War. After a series of defeats,Confederate general Robert E. Lee finally surren-

dered to Union general Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865,at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia, effectively ending the Civil War.Word of the surrender traveled slowly. Some Confederate forces contin-ued to fight even after the surrender. Confederate general Edmund KirbySmith signed the official surrender of the Trans-Mississippi area, includ-ing Texas, on June 2, 1865, almost two months after Lee had surren-dered. Soldiers went home to their families. Now that the war was over,Texans—along with the rest of the nation—faced an uncertain future.Much of the old Southern way of life had come to an end.

Prices rose sky-high duringthe Civil War. In 1864 in theSouth, a dozen eggs cost $6.00,a pound of butter cost $6.25,a quart of milk was $10.00,and a pound of coffee was$12.00. A Confederate soldierearned only about $18.00 permonth. ● What do you thinkcaused prices to rise so high?

To Economics

Terms & NamesIdentify:• Peace Party • vigilante • Robert E. Lee • Kirby Smith

Organizing InformationUse a web like the oneshown to list the effects ofthe Civil War on Texas.

Critical Thinking1. How did life in Texas

change as a result of theCivil War?

2. How did the U.S. block-ade affect the economy of Texas?

3. What hardships didpeople in Texas faceduring the Civil War?

A Real-Life StoryReview A Real-Life Storyon page 315. As a class,discuss why Texans experi-enced a shortage of manysupplies during the Civil War.

A C T I V I T YHistory

Imagine that you live in Texas during the Civil War. In your Texas Notebook, write a letter to a friend orrelative in another state describing what life is like at home.

3

EFFECTS OFTHE CIVILWAR ONTEXAS

Confederate currency

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North Texas, along the Red River, was a lawlessfrontier during the Civil War. Sophia Porter becamea legendary character because of her actions todefend her plantation in Grayson County. Althoughthe stories may be exaggerated, she remains animportant figure in Texas history.

Sophia Porter was legendary long before she performed a heroic act in Grayson County,Texas. She is credited with being the firstwoman to arrive on the battlefield after thevictory at San Jacinto. She also took care ofSam Houston’s wounds, nursing him back tohealth after the battle.

After Texas became a republic, Sophiamarried and moved to Glen Eden Plantation in Grayson County. During the Civil War herhusband was killed by a member of a group of violent Confederate supporters led by outlawWilliam Quantrill. Angered by her husband’sdeath, Sophia had Quantrill placed underarrest. He later escaped, but Sophia succeededin running him and his gang out of Texas.

Sophia operated the plantation at Glen Edenalone during the Civil War. A troop of Confed-erate soldiers came through on their way to Fort

Washita, and Sophia threw them a party. Soonafter the party was over and the Confederateshad left, a unit of Union scouts came trailing the Confederate troops. Sophia persuaded theYankees to stay for dinner, and she took them to her basement to show them her wine cellar.She locked the Union soldiers in the wine cellar,waded across the Red River, and rode to FortWashita. The Confederate soldiers rode back with her and captured the Yankee soldiers.

Sophia protected the plantation at GlenEden one more time before the Civil War wasover. A raiding party of Comanches camethrough the Red River Valley. When they got to Glen Eden, they found the house barricadedwith cotton bales and protected by Sophia, herneighbors, and her slaves. The Comanches soonretreated in defeat. Sophia’s heroic deeds madeher a legend in the Red River Valley.

Sophia Porter’s Brush with the Yankees

The Civil War ✯ 319

LINKING TO HISTORYWrite a newspaper headline and article aboutlife in Texas during the Civil War. As a class,compile your articles to publish a Civil Warnewspaper. Add photographs to the newspa-per and give the paper a name.

LINKING TO TODAYResearch a contemporary Texas woman inpolitics or the military who has made signifi-cant contributions to society. Create an oralpresentation about this person and heraccomplishments.

Sophia Porter

Glen Eden plantation

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TERMS & NAMESExplain the significance of each of thefollowing:1. Republican Party 2. Democratic Party 3. Sam Houston 4. Abraham Lincoln 5. Edward Clark 6. Hood’s Texas Brigade7. John B. Magruder8. Battle at Sabine Pass 9. Battle at Palmito Ranch

10. Robert E. Lee

REVIEW QUESTIONSTexas Secedes (pages 304–307)1. Why did Texas and other

Southern states decide tosecede from the Union?

2. What prompted the removal of Governor Houston as Texas’sgovernor?

Texans Fight for the Confederacy(pages 309–313)3. How did Texans contribute

to the military effort in theCivil War?

4. Identify two battles fought in Texas.

The Civil War Affects Life at Home(pages 315–318)5. How did the war affect the

economy of Texas? 6. How did Texans deal with

the shortage of goods duringthe war?

READING SOCIAL STUDIESAfter You ReadReview your completed diagrams.In general, who supported and whoopposed the issues listed in yourthree organizers? What do youthink might have been some oftheir reasons for either supportingor opposing each issue? Do youthink that the destruction causedby the Civil War affected howpeople felt about these issues?

CRITICAL THINKINGSummarizing Information1. States’ rights was a major

issue in the election of 1860.Summarize the different view-points at that time.

Drawing Conclusions2. During the Civil War the Con-

federate government draftedmen into military service. Whywere some Texans opposed tothe draft?

Making Inferences3. The U.S. government enforced

a blockade against the Confed-eracy. How did this militarystrategy affect Texas?

Analyzing Information4. How did the physical effects

differ from the economiceffects of the war in Texas?

ISSUE

Supporting Reasons

Supporting Reasons

For

Against

The growing debate over slav-ery and states’ rights dividedthe nation in the early 1860s.In 1861 Texas became theseventh state to secede fromthe Union and join the Confed-erate States of America.

Although no major battles werefought on Texas soil, Texanscontributed to the war by join-ing the Confederate army,fighting against Union forces,and defending the Gulf Coast.

Texans Fight for the Confederacy

Texans experiencedmany hardshipsduring the war.Tensions arose between Union and Confederate supporters. A decliningeconomy and a shortage of basic supplies also madelife difficult at home.

The Civil War Affects Life at Home

Texas Secedes

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The Civil War ✯ 321

MAP & GEOGRAPHY SKILLSApplying Skills

1. Describe the relative location of the Texas countiesthat voted against secession.

2. How many counties voted against secession? 3. Why do you think most eastern counties of Texas

voted for secession?

SOCIAL STUDIES SKILLBUILDERExploring Primary and Secondary SourcesRead the following excerpt, which reflects an opinion aboutthe withdrawal of Texas from the Union.

Some of you laugh to scorn the idea of bloodshed asthe result of secession. But let me tell you what iscoming. . . . You may, after the sacrifice of countlessmillions of treasure and hundreds of thousands oflives, as a bare possibility, win southern independence. . . but I doubt it.

1. Is the passage a primary or secondary source? Howdo you know?

2. What conclusions can you draw from the passageabout the type of material this source came from?

CHAPTER PROJECTExchanging Dialogue Choose one of the

following roles: a German immigrant, a refugee slave,a non-fighting plantation owner, or a Confederatesoldier. Assume your role and write a description ofyour experience in Texas during the Civil War. Thenform groups, varying the roles in each group. Discussthe war from your point of view with the other membersof your group. Draw conclusions about why each ofthese people might have a different viewpoint.

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY ACTIVITYIndustry in Texas During the Civil War

very few factories existed in Texas. As a result, Texansreceived most of their manufactured goods from otherparts of the country. Today, many types of industriesexist in Texas. Research the top ten industries in Texas today. Then, as a class, discuss how the growthof industry has changed the economy of our statesince 1860.

Go to www.celebratingtexas.com to research this topic.

CITIZENSHIP ACTIVITYThe Controversy over States’ Rights One ofthe major causes of the Civil War was the

disagreement over states’ rights. Many people believethat a state should have the right to withdraw from the federal government if its citizens decide to do so. Other people believe that states should never havethe right to secede. What do you believe? Is there anyoccasion in which a state should be able to withdrawfrom the Union? In your Texas Notebook, write apersuasive speech in which you support your opinionwith specific reasons. Then present your speech toyour classmates.

SCIEN

CE

•TECHNOLOGY

•SO

CIETY

0 200 Miles

400 Kilometers0

Counties for secession

Counties against secession

No return/unorganized county

Texas Secession Vote, 1861

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