Sections 1-2Ms. Garratt

Nobel Peace Prize Women’s Suffrage

Movement Universal Peace

Conference 1899 set up the Hague Tribunal, a world court to settle disputes. (Could not enforce rulings)

Olympics

Pros and cons of nationalismNationalism accentuates rivalries among

Great PowersFierce rivalry existed among 6 great powersLeads to competition among nations.

A. Economic Competition for markets and raw materials

B. Territorial disputes – Alsace-LorraineC. Competition for overseas empires

Germany wanted its “place in the sun”Competition for domination of the Balkans

Both Austria-Hungary and Russia competed

Brit felt threatened by Germ’s econ growthBy 1900 Germ’s new modern factories out-

produced Brit’s older onesGerm was jealous because it had fewer colonies

“Sun never sets……Germany’s own place in the sun”

Competition for colonies brought Germ & Fr to the brink of war in 1905 & 1911 over Morocco

Wilhelm II also upset the military B/P by challenging British naval superiority

German policies drove Brit & France closer

Glorification of military & keeping large army War was romanticized Aggressive Nationalism increased due to

competition Fear of war gave generals power & influence

Their war plans will set in motion….. They asked for larger defense expenditures for

war readiness Matter of time before armies were used Jingoism – belligerent foreign policies Brit was only country w/o large army

Alliances were initially intended to maintain the B/P and preserve peace

Bismarck wanted to “isolate” France which was resentful over the loss of Alsace-Lorraine

Bismarck forged Dual Alliance w/ AH in 1879Italy joined in 1882Became the Triple AllianceEntered treaty w/Russia in 1881Bismarck succeeded in isolating France

But Wilhelm fired Bismarck and allowed treaty with Russia to lapse.

Russia responded by entering into alliance with France

Bismarck’s fear of a two-front war now became a possibility

By 1914 there were 2 major alliancesAlliances will drag nations into the war

Central Powers or Triple Alliance Germ AH Italy backs out Ottoman Empire

joins in 1915 Bulgaria will join

The Allies France Brit Russia

Nowhere was a dispute more likely than the Balkan Peninsula

Long history of nationalist uprisings & ethnic clashes

Also multinational empires competed there for influence (Russ, AH & Ottomans)

Balkan countries wanted independenceSerbia gained independence & pursued a pan-Slavic

foreign policySerbia wanted to absorb other Slavic populationsRussia supported Serbia’s pan-SlavismAH did not because it would stir rebellion among its

pop

AH does something that outrages Serbia in 1908

AH annexes Bosnia & Herzegovina which had huge Slavic pops.

Serbia had wanted to absorb those pops as part of Serbia

Serbs vowed to take Bos/Herz away from AHAH vowed to crush any Serbian effort to

undermine its authority in the Balkans

Into this poisoned atmosphere of mutual dislike & mistrust stepped the heir to the AH throne, Franz Ferdinand

Visited Sarajevo, Bosnia Shot by a Serb, Gavrilo

Princip Terrorist group - Black

Hand was committed to ridding Bosnia of AH rule

Because the assassin was a Serb AH decided to use the murders as an excuse to punish Serbia

AH presented Serbia with an ultimatum containing numerous demands.

Serbia knew that rejecting the ultimatum would result in war so Serbia agreed to most of the demands & agreed to allow an internat’l conference settle others

AH was in no mood to negotiate and declared warThat same day Russia began its mobilizationAlliance systems are activated almost

immediately

(1) What were the four long term causes of WWI?(2) What were two ways in which Germany was

altering the B/P in Europe?(3) Why did France continue to resent Germany?(4) What were the two alliance systems that

developed on the eve of WWI?(5) What empires were competing for influence

in the Balkans?(6) Why were the Balkans considered a “powder

keg”(7) What were the goals of pan-Slavism(8) Why did AH seek to punish Serbia

Kaiser Wilhelm II was outraged at the murder of a royal heir

Gave AH assurance of German backing.

Rather than urge caution the Kaiser advised Franz Joseph to take a firm stand

Russia was the champion of pan-Slavism – the idea that all Slavs share a common heritage.

Serbia looked to Russia for support.

Czar Nicholas II urged the Kaiser to convince AH to soften its demands

When this did not work – Russia began to mobilize

Germ responded by declaring war on Russia

Russia then turned to France

Germany demanded that France remain neutral

France hoped to get even with Germany for the 1870 Franco-Prussian War

When France refused to remain neutral Germ declared war on France

Brit was cautious at first until Germany violated Belgium neutrality

Britain was obligated by treaty to maintain Belgium neutrality

Why did Germ violate Belg neutrality?

Germ militarists developed a plan to avoid a two-front war, the Schlieffen Plan

The plan called for attacking & defeating France quickly & then rushing east to fight Russia.

Germ felt confident since Russ was so backward & it wouldn’t be able to mobilize in time so it launched attack against France & went thru neutral Belgium

Early on it appeared Germany might be successfulHowever, Germ was stopped at the First Battle of

the Marne-

Considered one of the most important events of the war because it left the Schlieffen Plan in ruins & Germany was forced to fight a two-front war.

The French successfully stopped the Germans and Russia attacked Germany

Each side thought its cause was justAH wanted to punish SerbiaGerm felt must stand by its ally, AHRuss felt duty to stand by Serbia & saw

ultimatum as attempt to oppress slavsFr felt need to support Russ or face Germ

aloneBrit obligated to defend Belgium neutralityIntensive jingoismJubilation once war was declared

You will be assigned a country. You will explain & defend your assigned

country’s position/decision to go to war. You may use the text for preparation After completing your position you will

debate the other three members of your group. Germany Russia France Britain

JubilationJingoismWorkers turn back

on socialist views

Stalemate on the Western Front.

Parallel trenches Battles of Verdun

and Somme resulted in millions dead.,

Each side only gained a few miles for all its casualties

No man’s land

War more mobile than WestRussians poorly equipped & trainedBattle of TannenbergRussian Revolution was major turning pt.Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Turning Point: Germans throw their weight to the Western front

Poison Gas

Tanks

Machine Guns

Submarine

Airplanes

Russian Revolution 1917US Entry in the war 1917

What effect did these events have on the war?

Official US policy

Immigrants often took sides

Loans made to Allies tied us to them

Brit cut Transatlantic cable to control info & vilify Germ

Neutrality was threatened due to submarine warfare & particularly the Lusitania incident

Pressure to enter the war was due to 3 factors:

(1) unrestricted sub warfare

(2) Zimmerman Telegram(3) Desire to play a role in

peace process

Lusitania

Why USW? Due to Brit blockade & because Germ did not really consider the US neutral

Wilson refused to disallow Americans from traveling the seas

This caused S/S Bryan to resign

Germany promised Mexico to help it regain land lost in the Mexican-American war if it joined alliance

Big Four

Secret agreements (Sykes-Picot Agreement)Self-determination applied to eastern

Europe but not coloniesHarsh terms for Germ

- forced to pay reparations for damages & pensions

Germ stripped of overseas colonies in Africa & Asia

Military reducedLand taken from east & west

US Senate must ratify all treaties

Was divided between reservations & irreconciables

Reservations were willing to sign if treaty were modified

Irreconciables were staunchly isolationist

Because Wilson attacked Republicans & was unwilling to compromise Senate rejected US participation in LON

Italy – wanted territory in Austria that it was promised in secret treaties

Japan – wanted “equality of races” clause in Versailles Treaty – also wanted its claims in China recognized

Russ was excluded from peace talks – resented new Baltic States on its borders

All these nations would wait for an opportunity to revise settlements in their favor