securing real-time video over internet protocol...

byNour El Deen Mahmoud Khalifa

Supervised byA.Prof. Hesham N. Elmahdy

Securing Real-Time Video overInternet Protocol Transmission

byNour El Deen Mahmoud Khalifa

Supervised byA.Prof. Hesham N. Elmahdy

Agenda

1. Introduction.

2. Video Streaming Security.

3. Platforms and Implementation.

4. Experimental Results.

5. Conclusions and Future Work.

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1. Introduction.





1.1 Objectives.

Providing a security scheme for streamed video frames over IPNetwork.

Appling text encryption algorithms on video frames.

Determining the most suitable text encryption algorithm for video.

Comparing results with previous results on video frames encryption.

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Providing a security scheme for streamed video frames over IPNetwork.

Appling text encryption algorithms on video frames.

Determining the most suitable text encryption algorithm for video.

Comparing results with previous results on video frames encryption.

1.1 Objectives.

Comparing the proposed security scheme with normal videotransmission.

Studying the impact of frame rate on securing video transmission.

Determining best frame rate that achieves fewer frame and packetloss.

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Comparing the proposed security scheme with normal videotransmission.

Studying the impact of frame rate on securing video transmission.

Determining best frame rate that achieves fewer frame and packetloss.

1.2 What is Video Over IP (VEoIP) ?

Transferring video frames through IP Network.

Video frames are digitized, compressed, and then filled intomultiple IP packets.

Data packets travel through a packet-switched network such asthe Internet and arrive at their destination.

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Transferring video frames through IP Network.

Video frames are digitized, compressed, and then filled intomultiple IP packets.

Data packets travel through a packet-switched network such asthe Internet and arrive at their destination.

1.3 Why Real Time video Transmission ?

Some application ,the client begins to play the stream withouthaving to wait for the complete stream to download such asE-learning.

Some videos lose its important by time such as TV news.

Real time IP security cameras.

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Some application ,the client begins to play the stream withouthaving to wait for the complete stream to download such asE-learning.

Some videos lose its important by time such as TV news.

Real time IP security cameras.

1.4 Real Time Video Over IP Challenges .

Challenges

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Time Constraint Frame loss Video Quality

1.4 Why need Security on Real Time VideoTransmission over IP Network ?

Some videos are strictly owned by organization and need to besecured from others organization such as TV news.

Online video conferences between Organizations.

Video on demand.

Securing real time video surveillance cameras.

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Some videos are strictly owned by organization and need to besecured from others organization such as TV news.

Online video conferences between Organizations.

Video on demand.

Securing real time video surveillance cameras.

1.5 Securing Real time Video Challenges .

Challenges

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Time Constraint Frame loss Video Quality

Overheads CPU Processing

Attacks

1.6 Real Time Media Streaming .

User begin to play the stream without having to wait for thecomplete stream to download.

Types of Real time media Streaming

Prerecorded video files.

Live broadcast feed.

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User begin to play the stream without having to wait for thecomplete stream to download.

Types of Real time media Streaming

Prerecorded video files.

Live broadcast feed.

1.7 Transmission Protocols .

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)When a packet is lost or corrupted, it's retransmitted and the overhead ofguaranteeing reliable data transfer slows the overall transmission rate.

UDP (User Datagram Protocol).For above reason, UDP still dominates the Internet as the most populartransport protocol currently bring used for streaming.

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TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)When a packet is lost or corrupted, it's retransmitted and the overhead ofguaranteeing reliable data transfer slows the overall transmission rate.

UDP (User Datagram Protocol).For above reason, UDP still dominates the Internet as the most populartransport protocol currently bring used for streaming.

1.8 Streaming Protocol .

Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP)The Internet standard for transporting real-time data such as audio andvideo.

Doesn’t provide any mechanism to ensure timely delivery or provide otherquality of service guarantees.

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Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP)The Internet standard for transporting real-time data such as audio andvideo.

Doesn’t provide any mechanism to ensure timely delivery or provide otherquality of service guarantees.

1.8 Streaming Protocol .

Real Time Control Protocol(RTCP).Enables the monitoring of the quality of the data distribution and alsoprovides control and identification mechanisms for RTP transmissions.

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Real Time Control Protocol(RTCP).Enables the monitoring of the quality of the data distribution and alsoprovides control and identification mechanisms for RTP transmissions.

1.9 RTP Architecture .

Real time Media Framework and Application

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Other Transport Protocols(TCP – ATM – etc.)

UDP

Real time Transport Protocol (RTP)

Real time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP)

IP

1.10 RTP Packet Format .

Timestamp

SNNXPV PTNCSRC

Mandatory Headers

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RTP Payload

Contributing Source Identifier

Contributing Source Identifier

Synchronization Source Identifier

Timestamp Mandatory Headers

Optional Headers

1.11 Multimedia Format (M-JPEG) .

Motion Joint Photographic Experts Group.

It allows us to handle frames of video easily.

Commonly used by IP based video cameras via RTP streaming.

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Motion Joint Photographic Experts Group.

It allows us to handle frames of video easily.

Commonly used by IP based video cameras via RTP streaming.


Advantages

Low processor overhead.

Easy for editing and encoding.

Editing M-JPEG stream into final format (such as MPEG-1,MPEG-2) gives normally the best possible video quality.

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Advantages

Low processor overhead.

Easy for editing and encoding.

Editing M-JPEG stream into final format (such as MPEG-1,MPEG-2) gives normally the best possible video quality.


Disadvantages

Requiring more storage space more than the modern formats(such as JPEG 2000).

Relatively high bit rate for the delivered quality.

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Disadvantages

Requiring more storage space more than the modern formats(such as JPEG 2000).

Relatively high bit rate for the delivered quality.

Agenda

1. Introduction.





Security Protocols .

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1. Introduction.





Encryption Algorithms.

2.1 Internet Security Protocols .

SRTP

Security Protocols.Encryption Algorithms.

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IPSEC

DTLSSSL / TLS

2.1.1 IPSec .

Providing security services for the IP (Internet Protocol).

Using IPSec is independent of the application .

Must be supported by the underlying Operating System.


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Providing security services for the IP (Internet Protocol).

Using IPSec is independent of the application .

Must be supported by the underlying Operating System.

2.1.2 Transport Layer Security (TLS) /Secure Socket Layer (SSL) .

Used to enable web browsers “clients” to communicate securelywith a web server.

Requires a reliable transport protocol like TCP.


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Used to enable web browsers “clients” to communicate securelywith a web server.

Requires a reliable transport protocol like TCP.

2.1.3 Datagram Transport Layer Security(DTLS) .

Provides communications privacy for datagram protocols.

Prevent eavesdropping, tampering, or message forgery.

Based on the TLS protocol and provides equivalent securityguarantees.


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Provides communications privacy for datagram protocols.

Prevent eavesdropping, tampering, or message forgery.

Based on the TLS protocol and provides equivalent securityguarantees.

2.1.4 Secure Real-time Transport Protocol(SRTP)

SRTP adds the security that was missing in RTP for real-timeoriented applications.

Protocol is independence from the underlying transport, network,and physical layers used by RTP.

Tolerance to packet loss and re-ordering.


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SRTP adds the security that was missing in RTP for real-timeoriented applications.

Protocol is independence from the underlying transport, network,and physical layers used by RTP.

Tolerance to packet loss and re-ordering.

Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS).

Why ?

SRTP requires a large amount of effort to design and implement.

SRTP is application layer depended.

2.2 Preferred Security Protocol.


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Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS).

Why ?

SRTP requires a large amount of effort to design and implement.

SRTP is application layer depended.

2.3 Datagram Transport Layer Security(DTLS).

Run in application space, without requiring any kernelmodifications.

The basic design philosophy of DTLS is to construct “ TLS overdatagram".

TLS cannot be used directly in datagram environments is simplythat packets may be lost or reordered.


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Run in application space, without requiring any kernelmodifications.

The basic design philosophy of DTLS is to construct “ TLS overdatagram".

TLS cannot be used directly in datagram environments is simplythat packets may be lost or reordered.

RTP Packet Modification

Timestamp

SNNXPV PTNCSRC


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RTP Payload

Synchronization source identifier

Timestamp

Mandatory Headers

2.4 Encryption and Decryption Process.


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Video frame Encryptedvideo frame

2.4.1 Encryption Algorithms .

Stream Cipher :

Symmetric encryption algorithm that typically operates on bits.

Combining the key stream with the plaintext, usually with thebitwise XOR operation.

RC4 RC5


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Stream Cipher :

Symmetric encryption algorithm that typically operates on bits.

Combining the key stream with the plaintext, usually with thebitwise XOR operation.

RC4 RC5

2.4.1 Encryption Algorithms .

Block Ciphers:

Symmetric-key encryption algorithm

Transforms a fixed-length block of plaintext data into a block ofcipher text data of the same length.

Data Encryption Standard (DES) Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)


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Block Ciphers:

Symmetric-key encryption algorithm

Transforms a fixed-length block of plaintext data into a block ofcipher text data of the same length.

Data Encryption Standard (DES) Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)

2.4.2 Data Encryption Standard (DES) .

Works in blocks of 64 bits.

Basic steps: Confusion , Diffusion and Permutation .

Round is repeated 16 times.


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Works in blocks of 64 bits.

Basic steps: Confusion , Diffusion and Permutation .

Round is repeated 16 times.

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2.4.3 Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) .

AES fixes the block length to 128 bits, and supports key lengths of128, 192 or 256 bits only.

Resistance against all known attacks.

Basic steps: SubBytes , ShiftRows ,MixColumns andAddRoundKey


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AES fixes the block length to 128 bits, and supports key lengths of128, 192 or 256 bits only.

Resistance against all known attacks.

Basic steps: SubBytes , ShiftRows ,MixColumns andAddRoundKey

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Agenda

1. Introduction.





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1. Introduction.





3.1 Java Platform’s Security.

The Java platform's security and encryption features have growntremendously over the last few years.

The Java Development Kit (JDK 1.4) release now comes bundledwith many security-related packages.

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The Java platform's security and encryption features have growntremendously over the last few years.

The Java Development Kit (JDK 1.4) release now comes bundledwith many security-related packages.

Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA) includes.

Java Cryptography Extension (JCE). Java Secure Socket Extension (JSSE). Java Authentication and Authorization Service (JAAS).

3.1 Java Platform’s Security.

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3.2 Java Secure Socket Extension (JSSE).

Framework and an implementation for a Java version of the SSL,TLS and DTLS protocols

Secure passage of data Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP),Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP).

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Framework and an implementation for a Java version of the SSL,TLS and DTLS protocols

Secure passage of data Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP),Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP).

3.3 DTLS in JSSE.

The aim is to provide a secured connection between client andserver.

Authenticating the data (ensuring that it hasn't come from animpostor )

Public-key cryptography to exchange a set of shared keys.

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The aim is to provide a secured connection between client andserver.

Authenticating the data (ensuring that it hasn't come from animpostor )

Public-key cryptography to exchange a set of shared keys.

3.4 Key Generation in DTLS.

Key files should be installed on the client side: client.private server.public

Key files should be installed on the server side: server.private client.public

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Key files should be installed on the client side: client.private server.public

Key files should be installed on the server side: server.private client.public


Performed with the keytool program.

which is included with the JSSE packages in JDK 1.4.

We'll be using it to create public/private key pairs.

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Performed with the keytool program.

which is included with the JSSE packages in JDK 1.4.

We'll be using it to create public/private key pairs.


The following command will generate the file client.private

keytool -genkey -alias clientprivate -keystore client.private -storetype JKS-keyalg rsa -dname "CN=Your Name, OU=Your Organizational Unit,O=Your Organization, L=Your City, S=Your State, C=Your Country" –storepass clientpw -keypass clientpw

The Same for Server.private

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The following command will generate the file client.private

keytool -genkey -alias clientprivate -keystore client.private -storetype JKS-keyalg rsa -dname "CN=Your Name, OU=Your Organizational Unit,O=Your Organization, L=Your City, S=Your State, C=Your Country" –storepass clientpw -keypass clientpw

The Same for Server.private

3.5 Handshake Protocol.

Client Server

Handshake StartSupport Cipher Suites

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Handshake StartSupport Cipher Suites

Decided Cipher suiteServer Public key

Client Public KeyHandshake Finished

3.5 Handshake Protocol.

Client Server

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Handshake Finished

Application data

3.6 Advantages and Disadvantages .

Advantages:will prevent some famous attacks :

Downgrade Attack. Truncation Attack. Padding-oracle attack. Timing attack. Man-in-the middle. (MITM) attack.

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Advantages:will prevent some famous attacks :

Downgrade Attack. Truncation Attack. Padding-oracle attack. Timing attack. Man-in-the middle. (MITM) attack.

3.6 Advantages and Disadvantages .

Disadvantages:

Long setup time for establishing a secured connection.

This will be discussed later in experiments and results part.

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Disadvantages:

Long setup time for establishing a secured connection.

This will be discussed later in experiments and results part.



Java Platform’s Security

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3.7 Java Cryptography Extension (JCE).

Framework and implementations for all famous encryptiontechniques.

Such as AES,DES,3DES,Blowfish .

The predominant modes: Electronic Code Book (ECB) Cipher-Block Chaining (CBC)

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Framework and implementations for all famous encryptiontechniques.

Such as AES,DES,3DES,Blowfish .

The predominant modes: Electronic Code Book (ECB) Cipher-Block Chaining (CBC)

3.8 Block Cipher modes.

Electronic Code Book (ECB)

The plaintext is divided into blocks and each block is encryptedseparately.

Cipher-Block Chaining (CBC)

Each block of plaintext is XORed with the previous cipher textblock before being encrypted.

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The plaintext is divided into blocks and each block is encryptedseparately.

Cipher-Block Chaining (CBC)

Each block of plaintext is XORed with the previous cipher textblock before being encrypted.

3.8 Preferred Encryption Mode.


Why ?

Less encryption time.

Less frame loss

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Why ?

Less encryption time.

Less frame loss

1) A Secured Connection established using DTLS protocol.

2) Server generates a random key for encryption/decryption for everynew connection and sends it to client through the securedconnection.

3.9 Implementation Details.

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1) A Secured Connection established using DTLS protocol.

2) Server generates a random key for encryption/decryption for everynew connection and sends it to client through the securedconnection.

Video Stream Frame of Video Encrypted frame

Server

3.9 Implementation Details.

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Send Encrypted Packets

Encrypted frameOriginal FrameVideo

Client

Agenda

1. Introduction.





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1. Introduction.





4.1 Experimental Results

Machines A 2 GHz dual-core processor with a RAM of 3 GB treated as a

server machine. A 2 GHz processor with a RAM of 1 GB as a client.

Network Server machine has a real IP address. Client has a virtual IP address. 10/100 megabyte.

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Machines A 2 GHz dual-core processor with a RAM of 3 GB treated as a

server machine. A 2 GHz processor with a RAM of 1 GB as a client.

Network Server machine has a real IP address. Client has a virtual IP address. 10/100 megabyte.

4.2 Check network connection between thetwo machines.

Socket programming and its associated operations like ping,open, close and so on.

The connection is checked by passing some data packetsbetween the server and the client

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Socket programming and its associated operations like ping,open, close and so on.

The connection is checked by passing some data packetsbetween the server and the client

4.3 Experimental Video Data.

Different Motion characteristics.

Varying data size 2,4,8,16 and 32 Megabyte.

Varying screen resolution.

Standard Movies for Video encryption.

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Different Motion characteristics.

Varying data size 2,4,8,16 and 32 Megabyte.

Varying screen resolution.

Standard Movies for Video encryption.

4.3 Experimental Video Data.

Video Name Resolution Size (MB) Frames

Training 352x244 16 2528

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Training 352x244 16 2528

Chatting 352x240 8 1205

Street 704x576 4 510

Tennis 640x480 2 250

Watch 384x288 32 7668

4.4 Secured Connection Setup time(Seconds)

Around 2.31 seconds per connection. Off-line process, it does not affect the encryption time of the video.

13.00

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1.00

3.00

5.00

7.00

9.00

11.00

13.00

1 2 3 4 5 6Tim

e fo

r est

ablis

hing

Con

netio

n ( S

econ

ds)

Number Of Connections

RTPSRTP

4.5 Best Text Encryption Algorithm

Electronic Code Book (ECB) is used as default mode forencryption.

The encrypted video size is only 0.099% bigger than the originalvideo size.

Overhead is mathematically calculated .

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Electronic Code Book (ECB) is used as default mode forencryption.

The encrypted video size is only 0.099% bigger than the originalvideo size.

Overhead is mathematically calculated .

Overhead Percentage =(Average Encrypted Frame – Average Original Frame) *100

Average Original Frame

4.5.1 Sample Data for Overhead Calculation.

Frame Number Frame Size (Byte) Encryption Time (ms) Encrypted Frame Size (Byte) Send Time (Sec)

Sample data for Server

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1 6014 8 6016 19.0782 5940 2 5952 19.1043 5925 1 5936 19.144 5860 1 5872 19.1785 5771 1 5776 19.2166 5689 1 5696 19.2547 5489 1 5504 19.2928 5313 1 5328 19.339 5219 1 5232 19.36710 5093 1 5104 19.406

4.5.1 Sample Data for Overhead Calculation.

Sample data for Client

Frame Number Arrive Time (Sec) Encrypted Frame Size (Byte) Decryption Time (ms) Frame Size (Byte)

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1 14.984 6016 1 60142 15.015 5952 1 59403 15.046 5936 1 59254 15.078 5872 1 58605 15.109 5776 1 57716 15.14 5696 1 56897 15.171 5504 1 54898 15.25 5328 1 53139 15.281 5232 16 5219

10 15.312 5104 1 5093

4.5.2 Encryption Algorithms.

Used Text Encryption AES , DES , 3 DES , Blowfish.

Experiments are divided into two parts , light video streaming andhigh video streaming.

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Used Text Encryption AES , DES , 3 DES , Blowfish.

Experiments are divided into two parts , light video streaming andhigh video streaming.

4.5.2.1 Light Video Streaming.

5.50

6.00

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e ( M

ille

Seco

nd )

Encrption / Decryption Time for different Algorithms forlight Video Streaming

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0.00

0.50

1.00

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3.50

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5.50

AES DES 3DES Blowfish

Tim

e ( M

ille

Seco

nd )

Encryption Algorithms

EncrytionDecryption

4.5.2.1 Light Video Streaming.

4.00

Tim

e ( M

ille

Seco

nd )

Averge Total Encrption / Decryption Time for differentAlgorithms of light Video Streaming

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0.50

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1.50

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2.50

3.00

3.50


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e ( M

ille

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nd )


Average Time

4.5.2.2 Heavy Video Streaming

5.00

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ille

Seco

nd )

Encrption / Decryption Time for different Algorithmsfor heavy Video Streaming

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e ( M

ille

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nd )


EncrytionDecryption

4.5.2.2 Heavy Video Streaming

3.50

Tim

e ( M

ille

Seco

nd )

Average Total Encryption / Decryption Time for differentAlgorithms of heavy Video Streaming

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0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00


Tim

e ( M

ille

Seco

nd )


Average Time

4.6 Comparing Results With Related Works.

1.401.601.802.00

Encr

yptio

n tim

e ( M

ille

Seco

nds)

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0.000.200.400.600.801.001.201.40

AES SRMT XOR RC5 paperalgorithm

Encr

yptio

n tim

e ( M

ille

Seco

nds)

4.6 Security Attacks.

Block Cipher algorithm is said to be computationally secure if itcan withstand the following two criteria's:

The cost of breaking the cipher should exceed the actual value ofthe encrypted information.

The time required to break the cipher should exceed the usefullifetime of the information.

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Block Cipher algorithm is said to be computationally secure if itcan withstand the following two criteria's:

The cost of breaking the cipher should exceed the actual value ofthe encrypted information.

The time required to break the cipher should exceed the usefullifetime of the information.


Most important attacks:

Cipher text-only attack is a model for cryptanalysis where theattacker is assumed to have access to a set of cipher texts andknows the encryption algorithm.

Known-plaintext attack, the attacker has access to both thecipher text and plaintext along with the encryption algorithm

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Most important attacks:

Cipher text-only attack is a model for cryptanalysis where theattacker is assumed to have access to a set of cipher texts andknows the encryption algorithm.

Known-plaintext attack, the attacker has access to both thecipher text and plaintext along with the encryption algorithm


Algorithm Key size Cipher text-onlyattack

Known-plaintextattack

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AES 16 216 cipher texts 2127 key combination

DES 8 28 cipher texts 263 key combination

3DES 24 224cipher texts 2191 key combination

Blowfish 16 216 cipher texts 2127 key combination

4.7 Comparing A Secured RTP with NormalRTP

Comparison parameters

Frame loss.

Packet loss.

Data Rate.

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Comparison parameters

Frame loss.

Packet loss.

Data Rate.

6.7.1 Received Frame Rate (frame/second)for RTP and SRTP.

26

27

28

Clie

nt-r

ecie

ved

fram

e ra

te (

fram

e\s

econ

d )

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18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

30 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

Clie

nt-r

ecie

ved

fram

e ra

te (

fram

e\s

econ

d )

Server - send frame rate (frame/second)

RTPSRTP

6.7.2 Received Packet rate (packet/second)for RTP and SRTP.

1900

2000

Clie

nt-P

acke

t Rat

e-(

Pack

et\S

econ

d)

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1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

30 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

Clie

nt-P

acke

t Rat

e-(

Pack

et\S

econ

d)


RTP

SRTP

6.7.3 Data Rate (kilo byte/second) for RTPand SRTP.

220.00

230.00

240.00

Clie

nt-D

ata

Rat

e ( K

ilo B

yte

\Sec

ond)

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150.00

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30 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

Clie

nt-D

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Rat

e ( K

ilo B

yte

\Sec

ond)


RTP

SRTP

Agenda

1. Introduction.





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1. Introduction.





5.1 Conclusions.

Recommend DTLS as an Transport layer Security protocol for realtime multimedia application.

Using randomly generating key for encryption for every newsecured connection makes attacks invisible to happen.

AES is the best Text Encryption Algorithm that can be used forsecuring Real time video transmission.

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Recommend DTLS as an Transport layer Security protocol for realtime multimedia application.

Using randomly generating key for encryption for every newsecured connection makes attacks invisible to happen.

AES is the best Text Encryption Algorithm that can be used forsecuring Real time video transmission.

5.1 Conclusions.

Achieved less overhead , about 0.099 % large than the original sizeof stream.

Recommend ECB mode for all encryption algorithms for real timevideo transmission as it minimize frame loss and fast encryption.

First research that study the impact of frame rate .When frame rateis less than or equal 22 it achieve fewer frame and packet loss.

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Achieved less overhead , about 0.099 % large than the original sizeof stream.

Recommend ECB mode for all encryption algorithms for real timevideo transmission as it minimize frame loss and fast encryption.

First research that study the impact of frame rate .When frame rateis less than or equal 22 it achieve fewer frame and packet loss.

5.2 Outcomes.

NOUR EL DEEN M. KHALIFA ,HESHAM N. ELMAHDY, “TheImpact of Frame Rate on Securing Real Time Transmission ofVideo over IP Networks,” The 2009 International Conference onNetworking & Media Convergence “ICNM’09”, pp. 85-99, Mar2009.

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NOUR EL DEEN M. KHALIFA ,HESHAM N. ELMAHDY, “TheImpact of Frame Rate on Securing Real Time Transmission ofVideo over IP Networks,” The 2009 International Conference onNetworking & Media Convergence “ICNM’09”, pp. 85-99, Mar2009.

5.3 Future work.

Develop an adaptive algorithm that will choose the best frame ratefor transmission depending on the connection speed of client

Implementing SRTP protocol.

Extended to videos codec’s like MPEG-4, H.261, and H.264 etc.

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Develop an adaptive algorithm that will choose the best frame ratefor transmission depending on the connection speed of client

Implementing SRTP protocol.

Extended to videos codec’s like MPEG-4, H.261, and H.264 etc.

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securing real-time video over internet protocol...

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