Security & Auditing on SQL Server 2008 R2

Antonios ChatzipavlisSoftware Architect Evangelist, IT ConsultantMCT, MCITP, MCPD, MCSD, MCDBA, MCSA, MCTS, MCAD, MCP, OCAMVP on SQL SERVER

2

• Overview of SQL Server Security• Protecting the Server Scope• Protecting the Database Scope• Managing Keys and Certificates• Auditing Security

Objectives

3

Overview of SQL Server Security

Security & Auditing on SQL Server 2008 R2

4

• SQL Server Security Framework• What Are Principals?• What Are Securables?• SQL Server Permissions

Overview of SQL Server Security

5

Overview of SQL Server Security

6

SQL Server Security Framework

7

What Are Principals?

Server RoleSQL Server Login

Windows GroupDomain User AccountLocal User Account

SQL Server

Database

Windows

SecurablesPermissions

Principals

UserDatabase RoleApplication Role

8

What Are Securables?

Server RoleSQL Server Login

Windows GroupDomain User AccountLocal User Account

SQL Server

Database

Windows

FilesRegistry Keys

Server

Schema

Database

SecurablesPermissions

Principals

UserDatabase RoleApplication Role

9

• Server-Level Permissions• Logins• Credentials• Server-Level Roles

• Database-Level Permissions• Users• Schemas• Database Level Roles

SQL Server Permissions

10

Protecting the Server ScopeSecurity & Auditing on SQL Server 2008 R2

12

• What Are SQL Server Authentication Methods?• Password Policies• Server-Level Roles• Managing SQL Server Logins• Server-Scope Permissions

Protecting the Server Scope

13

What Are SQL Server Authentication Methods?

Windows Authentication

Mixed SQL and Windows Authentication

14

Password Policies

Group Policy Object (GPO)

Pa$$w0rd

SQL Server Can Leverage Windows Server 2003/2008 Password Policy Mechanism

SQL Server Can Manage:• Password Complexity• Password Expiration• Policy Enforcement

15

Server-Level Roles

Role Descriptionsysadmin Perform any activitydbcreator Create and alter databasesdiskadmin Manage disk filesserveradmin Configure server-wide settingssecurityadmin Manage and audit server logins

processadmin Manage SQL Server processes

bulkadmin Run the BULK INSERT statementsetupadmin Configure replication and linked servers

16

Managing SQL Server Logins

CREATE LOGIN [SERVERX\SalesDBUsers]FROM WINDOWSWITH DEFAULT_DATABASE = AdventureWorks2008

CREATE LOGIN AliceWITH Password = 'Pa$$w0rd'CREATE LOGIN login_name

{ WITH SQL_login_options | FROM WINDOWS [ WITH

windows_login_options ] }

19

Server-Scope Permissions

Server permissions

Server-scope securable permissions

USE masterGRANT ALTER ANY DATABASETO [AdventureWorks2008\Holly]

USE masterGRANT ALTERON LOGIN :: AWWebAppTO [AdventureWorks2008\Holly]

21

Protecting the Database Scope

Security & Auditing on SQL Server 2008 R2

22

• What Are Database Roles?• What Are Application Roles?• Managing Users• Special Users• Database-Scope Permissions• Schema-Scope Permissions

Protecting the Database Scope

24

What Are Database Roles?Database-Level Roles

Application-Level Roles

Users

25

What Are Application Roles?User runs

appApp connects

to db as userApp authenticates

using sp_setapproleApp assumes

app role

26

• Create a login• Create a database scope user• Assign permissions to the user

Managing Users

Steps to Manage Users

27

Special Users

DBOThe sa login and members of sysadmin role are mapped to dbo account

GuestThis user account allows logins without user accounts to access a database

28

Database-Scope Permissions

Database permissions

Database-scope securable permissions

USE AdventureWorks2008GRANT ALTER ANY USERTO HRManager

USE AdventureWorks2008GRANT SELECTON SCHEMA :: SalesTO SalesUser

29

Schema-Scope Permissions

User-defined type permissions

All other schema-scope permissions

USE AdventureWorks2008GRANT EXECUTEON TYPE :: Person.addressTypeTO SalesUser

USE AdventureWorks2008GRANT SELECTON Sales.OrderTO SalesUser

33

Managing Keys and Certificates

Security & Auditing on SQL Server 2008 R2

34

• What Are Keys?• What Are Certificates?• SQL Server Cryptography Architecture • When to Use Keys and Certificates• Transparent Data Encryption

Managing Keys and Certificates

35

What Are Keys?

• Symmetric Same key used to encrypt and decrypt

• Asymmetric Pair of values: public key and private key One encrypts, the other decrypts

Encrypt

Decrypt

36

What Are Certificates?

• Associates a public key with entity that holds that key• Contents:

The public key of the subject The identifier information of the subject The validity period Issuer identifier information The digital signature of the issuer

37

SQL Server Cryptography Architecture

38

When to Use Keys and Certificates• When to use Certificates

• To secure communication in database mirroring

• To sign packets• To encrypt data or connections

• When to use Keys• To help secure data• To sign plaintext• To secure symmetric keys

39

Transparent Data EncryptionTransparent data encryption performs real-time I/O encryption and decryption of the data and log files

• Create a master key• Create or obtain a certificate protected by the

master key• Create a database encryption key and protect it

by the Certificate• Set the database to use encryption

Steps to use Transparent Data Encryption

40

demoTransparent data encryption

41

• Entire database is protected• Applications do not need to explicitly

encrypt/decrypt data!• No restrictions with indexes or data types

(except FILESTREAM)• Performance cost is small• Backups are unusable without key• Can be used with Extensible Key Management

Transparent Database Encryption: More Benefits

42

• Very simple:• Database pages are encrypted before being written to

disk• Page protection (e.g. checksums) applied after

encryption• Page protection (e.g. checksums) checked before

decryption• Database pages are decrypted when read into memory

• When TDE is enabled, initial encryption of existing pages happens as a background process• Similar mechanism for disabling TDE• The process can be monitored using the

encryption_state column of sys.dm_database_encryption_keys

• Encryption state 2 means the background process has not completed

• Encryption state 3 means the database is fully encrypted

Transparent Data Encryption: Mechanism

43

• Create a master key• CREATE MASTER KEY ENCRYPTION BY PASSWORD =

'<UseStrongPwdHere>';• Create or obtain a certificate protected by the master key

• CREATE CERTIFICATE MyDEKCert WITH SUBJECT = 'My DEK Certificate';

• Create a database encryption key and protect it by the certificate• CREATE DATABASE ENCRYPTION KEY WITH ALGORITHM

= AES_128 ENCRYPTION BY SERVER CERTIFICATE MyDEKCert;

• Set the database to use encryption• ALTER DATABASE MyDatabase SET ENCRYPTION ON;

Transparent Data Encryption: Enabling

44

• A backup of a TDE encrypted database is also encrypted using the database encryption key

• To restore the backup OR attach the database, the DEK must be available!• There is no way around this – if you lose the DEK, you

lose the ability to restore the backup (that’s the point!)• Maintain backups of server certificates too

Transparent Data Encryption: Backups

45

• Database | Tasks | Manage Database Encryption

Transparent Data Encryption: Tools Support

46

Auditing SecuritySecurity & Auditing on SQL Server 2008 R2

47

• What Is Auditing?• Security Auditing with Profiler• Auditing with DDL Triggers• Introducing SQL Server Audit• SQL Server Audit Action Groups and Actions

Auditing Security

48

• What is Auditing?• What auditing options are available in SQL

Server?• Have you ever had to audit SQL Server?• If so, how did you do it?• If not, what do you think is the best use of

auditing?

What Is Auditing?

49

Security Auditing with Profiler• Using SQL Server Profiler, you can do the

following:• Create a trace that is based on a reusable

template• Watch the trace results as the trace runs• Store the trace results in a table• Start, stop, pause and modify the trace

results• Replay the trace results

50

Auditing with DDL Triggers• Use DDL triggers when you want to do the

following:• Prevent certain changes in your database

schema• You want something to occur in the database

in response to a change in your database schema

• You want to record changes or events in the database schema

• Start, stop, pause and modify the trace results

• Replay the trace results

51

Introducing SQL Server Audit• SQL Server Auditing

• Tracks and logs events that occur on the system

• Can track changes on the server or database level

• Can be managed with Transact-SQL

52

demoUsing SQL Server Audit

53

Thank you!

54

Q & A

55

• For SQL Server and Databases• www.autoexec.gr/blogs/antonch

• For .NET & Visual Studio• www.dotnetzone.gr/cs/blogs/antonch

My Blogs

56