sedimentary basins (part one). what are sedimentary basins? holes in the ground where sediment...
TRANSCRIPT
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Sedimentary Basins(Part One)
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What are Sedimentary Basins?
Holes in the ground where sediment accumulates
Global distribution: Sub-aerial and submarine
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Why are Basins Interesting?
Hydrocarbons:
Oil, Gas, Coal
Ores & Minerals
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Liquid hydrocarbon production will peak in
~10 years at 30 Billion Barrels per annum,
declining to ~5 Billion Barrels per annum
by the end of the 21st Century
Some estimates…
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Keeping up Supply: Polar Exploration?
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Keeping up Supply: Deep Water Exploration?
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Technologies:
Seismic Reflection Imaging
Deep Water drilling/production
Finding: Direct hydrocarbon Indicators
Extracting: Mopping up the dregs
1973 Year 2003
BP Forties Field:Monthly Average
Oil Production Rate
1988 and 1995 3D seismic surveys
Keeping up Supply: Importance of Technology
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Peak Oil: Supply Peaks & Declines Smoothly?
Technology buffers decline?
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Why does Sediment Accumulate Here?
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Accommodation Space
Sea-Level Change
Tectonic Uplift / Subsidence
Basins form through Tectonic Subsidence
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Thickest sediment accumulations are 15 to 20 km
Tend to form in enclosed basins supplied by major rivers
World’s Thickest Sediment Accumulations
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Sedimentary basins around
Ireland
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Probing Sedimentary Basins
• Surface sampling and mapping
• Topography and bathymetry
• Boreholes (<5 km)
• Seismic experiments (2D, 3D, 4D)
• Earthquake analysisUndeformed basins are subsurface
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Very little of a typical underformed basin is accessible by surface sampling / mapping
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12 km
Ninian Fault Block, North Seavertical exageration x3 to x4
Seismic Reflection Imaging
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Seismic Reflection Imaging Technology
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Borehole Records
1. Thicknesses2. Ages3. Sediment Composition
Reconstruct sediment acccumulation history
Hence reconstruct tectonic subsidence history
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Stratigraphic Growth
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Timing of source maturation:Cumulative Stratigraphy Plot
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Sediment Loading Correction
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Tectonic Subsidence Curves
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Basin Classification: Process
‘Basin Analysis’, Allen & Allen, Chapter 1
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Basin Classification: This Course
• Extensional basins (60-70%)
• Flexural or foreland basins (10-20%)
• Basins associated with subduction zones
• Other basin types…