sedimentological processes modeling
DESCRIPTION
Sedimentological Processes Modeling. Christopher G. St.C. Kendall. Outline of Presentation. Data - Outcrops, well log & seismic cross sections Sequence stratigraphy & modeling Relative sea level & 2D/3D sedimentary simulations - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Sedimentological Processes Modeling
Christopher G. St.C. Kendall
Outline of PresentationData - Outcrops, well log & seismic cross sections Sequence stratigraphy & modelingRelative sea level & 2D/3D sedimentary simulationsInverse conceptual simulation models versus numerical forward modelingShort-term, high-resolution, local versus long-term basin wideHolocene data particularly carbonatesSedimentary simulation movies & modeling.
Interconnected modules of numerical process simulations of sedimentary basins evolution - the future
Sequence Stratigraphy History
1791 - William Smith established relationship of sedimentary rocks to geologic time1962 - Hess proposed the theory of sea-floor spreading1963 - Vine & Matthews identified deep ocean paleomagnetic "stripes“1965 - Wilson began developing the theory of plate tectonics1977 - Vail proposed the discipline of sequence stratigraphy
Types of SimulationsSedimentary modeling:
Carbonates vs. clastics
Stochastic vs. deterministic
Fuzzy vs. empirical
Small vs large oceanic basins
Traditional Use of Sedimentary Simulations
Understand complexities of clastic or carbonate stratigraphy
Identify & model sedimentary systems.
Quantify models that explain & predict stratal geometries within sequences.
Used by specialized experts who design & build the simulations.
Sedimentary process models from outcrops, well log & seismic cross sections used to:
Sedimentological Processes Modeling
Inverse conceptual simulation models
Numerical forward modeling advanced.
Short-term, high-resolution local events vs a long-term regional events
2D & 3D sedimentary simulations, relative sea level, physical processes, & sedimentation & erosion:
Approaches to modeling Geometric models
Fixed depositional geometries are assumed Conservation of mass Simple computations through general nonlinear dynamic models Variations in depositional geometriesVariations in surface slope vs discharge More complex computationally
Chris Paola, 2002
Some sedimentary modelsShort-term local events
• SEDSIM (Tetzlaff and Harbaugh, 1989)• SEDFLUX (Syvitski et al., 1998a; Syvitski et al., 1998b)
Long-term regional events
• PHIL (Bowman et al 1999)• SEDPAK (Eberli, et al, 1994)• FUZZIM (Nordlund1999a&b)• CSM (Syvitski et al., 2002)• Robinson and Slingerland, 1998• Steckler et al., 1993.
Ross et al., 1995
Jervey, 1988
Perlmutter et al., 1998
Chris Paola
Geometric Model
Chris Paola
Geometric Models “Jurassic Tank”
Chris Paola, 2002.
Geometric Model
Eberli, et al, 1994
Uses by Specialized Users
John W. Harbaugh 3D sedimentary fillCarey et al., model high-resolution sequence stratigraphy Bowman & Vail empirical stratigraphic interpretion - stratigraphy of the Baltimore CanyonKendall et al., empirical stratigraphic simulator for BahamasSyvitski et al., model links fluvial discharge, suspended sediment plume, associated turbidites, the effects of slope stability, debris flow, and downslope diffusion
Approaches to modeling Geometric models
Aigner - Deterministic 2D
Bosence et al. - 3D Forward & Fieldwork
Bosscher - 2D Forward Model
Bowman - Forward Model
Cowell - Shoreface Model
Cross and Duan - 3D Forward Model
Demicco - Fuzzy Modeling
Some of the carbonate modelers
Aigner - Deterministic 2D
Bosence et al. - 3D Forward & Fieldwork
Bosscher - 2D Forward Model
Bowman - Forward Model
Cowell - Shoreface Model
Cross and Duan - 3D Forward Model
Demicco - Fuzzy Modeling
Flemmings - Meter-scale shaoling cycles
Goldhammer - High-frequency platform carbonate cycles
Granjeon - Diffusion-based stratigraphic model
Kendall – Deterministic forward model
Ulf Nordlund - Fuzzy logic
Read - Two-dimensional modeling
Rivanaes - Depth-dependent diffusion models of erosion, transport & sedimentation
Further carbonate modelers!
Why limited use of simulations
Software integrates seismic, well logs, outcrops & current depositional systems
On site interpretations & evalutation of data revealing origin of sediment depositional systems
Models explain sedimentary geometries displayed on interpreted seismic & well log sections
Historically sedimentary modeling derived from real data
Seismic
Wells.
Outcrop
But less from:
Holocene
Data Sources
Seismic
Wells
Outcrops
Outcrops
King 1954
Simulation Data NeedsModels are commonly based on subsurface
Input variables known but values are inferred from geologic record
Need to refine observations at deposition
Complexity needs to be handled by a team approach
Need to gather data from a Holocene setting like the “Arabian Gulf”
Restricted Entrance To Sea
Isolated linearBelt of interior
drainage
Regional
Drainage
Into Basin
Arid Tropics Air System
Wide Envelope of surrounding continents
United Arab Emirate CoastBarrierIslandCoast
Aeolian System
Arid Climate
CoastalEvaporiteSystem
ReefPlatform
United Arab Emirate CoastTidal
DeltasArid Climate
CoastalEvaporiteSystem Reef &
Lagoon
Power of Simulation Movies
Annotated movies of sedimentary simulation show evolution of sedimentary geometries in response to variations in rates of:SedimentationTectonic movementSea-level position
Movies involve hypothetical & real-life examples based on outcrops, well log & seismic cross sections.
Clastic Simulation
Clastic Simulation
Clastic Simulation
Clastic Simulation
Clastic Simulation
Clastic Simulation
Clastic Simulation
Clastic Simulation
Clastic Simulation
Clastic Simulation
Clastic Simulation
Clastic Simulation
Clastic Simulation
Clastic Simulation
Clastic Simulation
Clastic Simulation
Clastic Simulation
Clastic Simulation
Clastic Simulation
Clastic Simulation
Clastic Simulation
Clastic Simulation
Clastic Simulation
Clastic Simulation
Clastic Simulation
Clastic Simulation
Clastic Simulation
Clastic Simulation
Clastic Simulation
Clastic Simulation
Geometric Effects of Sea Level Change
On-lap with rising sea level
Off-lap with falling sea level
By-pass at low stands of sea level
Erosion at low stands of sea level
Ravinement with sea level transgressions
Landward continental clastics at high stands
Seaward carbonates at high stands
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Chronostratigraphic Chart
Venezuelan Example
P-10
LST : Avg. Width 6.6 kmAvg SS H 35.0 mAvg. W:T 220:1# of Valleys 9Valley Type (4) V-shaped
(3) Elongate-Straight(2) Elongate-Sl.-Sinuous
HST: Eroded-or not present
TST: Barrier Island sandsAvg. Width 1.75Avg. SS H 8.84 mAvg. W:T 143:1
Distance between sands 2.48 kmNumber of Sands 10
HST/LST TST
LST Chart
Example 1: Well Log Correlation
Example 1: Well Log Correlation
Example 1: Well Log Correlation
Venezuelan - Example
Venezuelan - Example
Venezuelan - Example
Venezuelan - Example
Venezuelan - Example
Venezuelan - Example
Venezuelan - Example
Venezuelan - Example
Venezuelan - Example
Venezuelan - Example
Venezuelan - Example
Venezuelan - Example
Venezuelan - Example
Venezuelan - Example
Venezuelan - Example
Venezuelan - Example
Venezuelan - Example
Venezuelan - Example
Venezuelan - Example
Venezuelan - Example
Venezuelan - Example
Venezuelan - Example
Venezuelan - Example
Venezuelan - Example
Venezuelan - Example
Venezuelan - Example
Sedimentary Simulations & Sequence Stratigraphy
Factors controlling sequence stratigraphic geometries
Efficient interpretations of data
Enhances biostratigraphy & infers ages
Quantifies models
Identifies & models ancient sedimentary systems
Sharing data with others
Potential use of sedimentary simulations
Stratal architecture - hydrocarbon explorationWater storage & geochemistry of hydrologic cycleNatural hazards assessment of risk Landscapes managementSedimentary basins as incubators of the deep biosphereControl carbon & other elemental cycles from sedimentary basins & eroded landscapes Tracking global & regional climate change
Sedimentary Simulations Conclusions
Earlier sedimentary simulation modelled large scale processes Will focus on smaller scale processes, to predict distribution of heterogeneous sedimentary facies from
a) 3D perspective b) Fluid flow c) Role of diagenesis
These models will probably involve combinations of fuzzy logic, empirical, stochastic & deterministic algorithms
Simulation Design
The design & use of sedimentary simulations involves:Complexity of stratigraphic geometries and sedimentation Changes in base level Data sources & qualityTypes of outputSensitivity of the results to errors in data input & model used
Simulations - which way?
Sedimentary models are a mix of deterministic and process driven Input variables are know but their value has to inferred from the geologic recordSedimentary models are going 3DSubsurface models are commonly oil field basedMovies are worth a thousand words
Sharpens & accelerates ability to observe & interpret complex sequence stratigraphic geometric relationships
Future Directions
Interconnected modules of numerical process simulations
Track the evolution of sedimentary basins & their associated landscapes
Time scales ranging from individual events to many millions of years
http://instaar.Colorado.EDU/deltaforce/workshop/csm.html).
Recently emphasis within the USA by US Government agencies & associated academic institutes:
Community Model
Conclusions – FutureEmphasis has been switched to whether:
One process should be coupled or uncoupled with respect to anotherA particular process is deterministic or stochasticAnalytical solutions have yet been formulated for a particular processProcesses can be scaled across time and spaceDeveloping adequate databases on key parameters from field or laboratory measurementLevels of simplification (1D, 2D, 3D)
Thus initially while over simple forward conceptual & empirical models were more widely used, lately computational process driven forward models have gained greater acceptance, & collective models may be the new wave