1

WELCOME

Speaker : Sangram SinghDegree : Ph.D., Seed Sci. and Tech. Reg. No. : 04-2188-2013

Major Guide : Dr. Sasidharan N.

Minor Guide : Dr. D. A. Patel

Course No. : SST 691 Date : 22/04/2015 Time : 16:00 hrs.

Seed Storability and Viability Prediction in Important Oilseed

Crops

SEED STORAGE

INTRODUCTION

Contents

FUTURE THRUST

CONCLUSION

CASE STUDIES

SEED VIABILITY

SEED STORABILITY

India is world’s fourth largest country in vegetable

oil economy after USA, China & Brazil.

India is one of the major oilseeds grower and importer

of edible oils.

The diverse agro-ecological conditions in the country

are favourable for growing nine annual oilseed crops,

which include edible oilseeds and non-edible

oilseeds.

Ninety per cent of oilseeds production is centred in

nine states viz. Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan,

Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,

Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.

Introduction

4

Seed viability and vigour are the serious problems.

Seed viability is affected by several factors (pre and

post harvest).

Oilseed are very sensitive, loose viability very fast due

to its fragile seed coat.

Maintenance of seed viability and vigour till sowing is

very critical.

Alternate strategy of off season for seed production is

not feasible due to low productivity.

Use of low physiological quality seeds is a common

practice leading to inadequate plant population.

5

Seed storage is to maintain the

seed in good physical and physiological

condition from the time they are

harvested until the time they are sown.

Objectives of seed storage

6

Harvest and Post harvest losses of oilseed at national level

Harvesting Threshing Drying Transporation Storage loss Overall loss0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Groundnut Mustard SoybeanSunflower Safflower 7

Basic requirements for safe and scientific storage

Selection of site

Selection of storage structure

Cleaning and drying of oilseed

Cleaning of storage structures

Cleaning of bags

Separate storage of new and old stock

Cleaning of vehicles

Proper aeration

Use of dunnage

Regular inspection 8

Types of storage requirements

Storage of Commercial seed (few days to eight months)

Storage of carryover seed (12–18 months): In this case storage

requirements consists of

Insulation of storage house with ventilation facility.

Storage of the seeds under dry conditions in moisture proof containers.

Storage of FS seed (1- several yrs):

Seed stored in cool and dry environment.

Well dried seed is packed in moisture proof containers in less than 15

0C temperature.

Storage of germ-plasm (stored for very long period):

Storage environment should be less than 5 0C temp. and 20- 25% RH

Seed dried to the proper moisture level.

9

Natural Longevity of Oilseeds

Microbiotic: seed life span not exceeding 3

years

Macrobiotic: seed life span from 15 to over 100

years

Mesobiotic: seed life span from 3 to 15 years

Orthodox. Seeds which can be dried down to a low

moisture content (around 5% on wet basis) and

successfully stored at low or sub-freezing temperatures for

long periods. e.g. cereals, pulses and Oilseeds etc.

10

Rule of the thumb

For every decrease of 1% seed moisture content, the life of the

seed doubles. This rule is applicable when moisture content

(mc) is between 5 and 14%.

For every decrease of 5 C in storage temperature the life of

the seed doubles. This rule applies when temperature is

between 0C to 50C.

Numerical rule of the thumb

Good seed storage is achieved when the RH(%) in storage

environment and the storage temperature in 0F add up to

hundred but the contribution from temperature should not

exceed 50F.

Thumb Rule (Harrington 1972)

11

35-80% Moisture content of developing seed. Seed not mature enough to harvest.

18-40% Physiologically mature seed, High respiratory rate, susceptible to field deterioration, heating occurs if seed is bulked without proper ventillation.

13-18% Respiratory rate still high, mold and insects can be damaging and seed resistant to mechanical damage.

10-13% Seed stored well for 6-8 months in open storage in temperate climates.

8-10% Seed sufficiently dry for 1-3 years under open storage in temperate climates. Very little insect activity.

Role of moisture on oilseed viability and storability

12

Stages of Oilseed Storage

1 Post maturation/ Pre harvest segment

Period from physiological maturity to harvest (seed in field).

2 Bulk seed segment Period from harvest to packaging (bulk seed in aeration drying bins, surge bins, etc.).

3 Packaged seed segment Period from packaging to distribution (seed in packages in warehouse).

4 Distribution /Marketing Segment

Period during distributing and marketing (packaged seed in transit and/or retailer’s storehouse).

5 On-farm segment Period from purchase to planting of seed (seed in on-farm storage).

13

Store well mature seeds.

Store normal coloured seeds.

Seeds should be free from mechanical injury.

Seeds should not have met with adverse conditions

during maturation.

Seeds should be dried to optimum moisture content.

Seeds should be treated with fungicides before storage.

Suitable packaging materials should be used for

packing.

Seed selection for extended storability

14

Factors affecting oilseed longevity in storage

A. Biotic factors

Factors related to seed

Kind/variety of seed

Initial seed quality

Seed moisture content

Provenance

Activity of organisms associated with seeds in storage i.e. Seed health

B. Abiotic factors

Temperature & Relative humidity.

Good (Ideal) storage : RH (%) + Temp (0F ) = 100

Gaseous atmosphere

Storage in extreme condition like cold, hot, and over dried

Other factors (Packaging material, type of godowns seed store,

sanitation,seed treatment fumigation, and period of storage in transit)

15

Approximate moisture content of oilseed crop in equilibrium air at different relative humidity

CropsRelative humidity (RH) in percentage

15 30 45 60 75 90

Soybean 4.3 6.5 7.4 9.3 13.8 18.8

Groundnut 4.6 5.2 6.6 7.2 9.8 13.0

Mustard 6.0 7.7 8.5 12.2 14.8 20.6

Source: SST, Copeland and McDonald 16

Seed storability prediction

Predicting the actual seed quality of oilseed during natural aging by

applying the accelerated aging test, the main factors being the time of

natural aging duration and degree of seed deterioration.

The prediction of oilseed seed quality depends on understanding the

relationships between three factors i.e. seed moisture content, storage

temperature, and storage time.

In oilseeds the quality losses mainly due to poor storage of seeds

is very high.

Moisture content ranging from five to seven percent is the most

suitable for storage of oilseed.

Seed rich in lipids has limited longevity due to its chemical

composition.

17

The environmental conditions that exist during the growth and harvest

affects the seed quality and storability.

Seed is hygroscopic in nature, viability and vigour of seeds are

known to be regulated by physiochemical and variations in

storage containers, storage period, initial seed quality, and

packaging conditions factors, etc.

Oilseed has short life and looses viability quickly under ambient

condition. Several factors affect the self life of the seed; among

them infections by seed borne fungi is one of the factors for quick

loss of viability of a seed.

For better storage, the seeds can be stored in moisture proof containers

like gunny bags with polythene. Hence, there is a need to assess the

suitability of different containers for enhancing the storability of summer

groundnut seeds. 18

STORAGE STRUCTURES

Conventional storage structures

Examples: Bamboo structures, Mud and earthen structures, Wooden

structures, brick structures, and underground structures

Community storage structures (village level)

Examples: Concrete/cement silos, Metal or Plastic drums

and metal Silos etc.

19

Improved rural - level storage structures

Coal tar drum, Hapur bin, Udaipur bin, Stone bin, Bamboo bin, PKV bin,

Pusa bin, Pusa Cubicle, Pusa Kothar, Metal bins

Long term storage ( germplasm ) technology

Seed storage in Cryopreservation

Svalbard Seed Bank

20

Seed storage in Cryopreservation

It is also called cryogenic

storage. It is the technique of

germplasm conservation

(storage of cells, tissues, embryo

or seeds) by ultra low

temperature in liquid nitrogen at

– 196 0 C. It is not practical for

commercial seed storage, but is

useful to store the valuable

germplasm.

21

:

Storage of seed for enhancing longevity.

Establishment of germplasm bank.

Exchange of germplasm and information at International level.

To ensure the availability of useful germplasm for use in future.

Some seeds can not be preserved by conventional method

which can be preserved.

We can preserve the plant species, which loose the viability of

seeds when it is dried at certain water content or exposed to low

temperature.

ADVANTAGES OF CRYOPRESERVATION

OBJECTIVES OF CRYOPRESERVATION

22

Svalbard global seed vault

The seeds are stored in

four-ply sealed envelopes, then

placed into plastic tote containers

on metal shelving racks. The

storage rooms are kept at −18 °C.

The low temperature and limited

access to oxygen will ensure low

metabolic activity and delayed

seed aging. The permafrost

surrounding the facility will help

maintain the low temperature of

the seeds, should the electricity

supply fail. 23

24

Storage containers

Seed are packaged in containers varying in size

from packets holding one gram of seed to bulk bins

holding tons of oilseed. In determining the kinds of

container, the following points are to be considered.

The quantity of seed desired in each package

The protection desired

The cost of the package

The value of the seed

The storage conditions in which the container is to

be placed

24

Classification of containers

These container allow the entry of water in the form of vapour and liquid.

These are suited for short term storage.

The seed in these containers will attain seed equilibrium moisture with the surrounding atmosphere.

e.g. Cloth bag , gunny bag, paper bag etc.

1. Moisture and vapour pervious containers

25

2. Moisture impervious but vapour pervious containers

The containers allow the entry of water in the form of vapour and not in liquid.

The seed in the containers can’t be carried over for long period in hot and humid conditions.

e.g. polythene bag of 300 gauge.

26

3. Moisture and vapour proof containers

These containers will not allow the entry of moisture in the form of liquid or vapour.

These are used for long term storage even in hot and humid conditions if the seeds are sealed at optimum moisture content.

e.g. Polythene bag of 700gauge thickness, aluminium foil pouches, rigid plastics etc. 27

Seed Viability Predictions

Seed viability prediction of oilseed lots in relation to storage duration might save money and time, allowing the early sale of low storability seed lots.

28

SEED VIABILITY

A viable seed is one which is capable

of germination under suitable conditions.

The definition includes dormant but viable seeds, in

which case the dormancy must be broken

before viability can be measured by germination.

Seed viability test is a rapid estimate to determine whether

the seed is alive or dead, i.e. the embryo is potentially

active or inactive.

Though germination is the final expression of viability, a

potentially active embryo with very low vigour or a dormant

viable embryo will not germinate normally.

SEED VIABILITY

29

Physical method: Radiographic test Cut test Spectral imaging Physiological method: USAP test (Urine Sugar Analysis Paper test) EE test (Embryo Excision Test) SLC test (Seed Leachate test) LC test (Leachate Colour Test) SC test (Seed Crushing Test) Biochemical method: TZ test (Tetrazolium test) IC Test (Indigo Carmine) FC test (Ferric chloride test) GADA test (Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Activity test) Noninvasive diagnosis of seed viability using infrared

thermography

Methods For Viability Prediction

30

Viability loss during storage

Lipid peroxidation (LP) is oxidative damage of cell membranes,

lipoproteins and other molecules containing lipids, caused by

oxidative stress. Once initiated, reaction of LP continues auto-

catalytically and progressively leads structural and functional

substrate changes.

Seed deterioration during storage was due to the damage in cell

membrane and other chemical changes in the seed.

Some biochemical changes strongly influencing the quality and

viability of seed take place inside the oilseed during aging.

The qualitative loss of seed can be attributed to biochemical

changes in protein, carbohydrates, fatty acids and vitamins. 31

Lipid auto oxidation and increase of free fatty acid content during

storage are the most often mentioned reasons for accelerated damage

of seed of oil plant species.

Accumulation of active oxygen species and free radicals has often

been considered as one of the most important factors of seed ageing.

Such degenerative changes result in complete disorganization of

membranes and cell organelles and ultimately causing death of the

seed and loss of viability.

32

Lipase is the enzyme which is produced abundantly in oil seeds during

storage which breaks down the lipid into free fatty acid and glycerol.

Oilseed is usually harvested and stored dry in different storage

facilities, traditional and modern. Being an oil seed, it losses its

viability within a short period due to the irreversible phenomena of

ageing.32

Basic Viability Equations

The viability equations are mathematical models that

have been developed to predict seed storage life in

different environments.

33

Viability equations are useful in designing and managing seed banks

Estimate the final viability of a species stored under known

environmental conditions for a specified period of time.

Estimate the likely storage life of a species stored under known

environmental conditions.

Estimate how long it will take to lose a certain amount of viability

under known environmental conditions.

Estimate the storage temperature required to achieve a particular

level of viability after a period of storage at a specified moisture

content.

To estimate the equilibrium moisture content, the seed lot needs to

be dried in order to achieve a specified viability after a period of

storage under known temperature conditions.34

.Prediction of Seed Viability by Nomographs

Nomo graphs are helpful in predicting the

retention of seed viability in defined storage

environment for a particular period or to determine

combinations of temperature and moisture content

which will ensure the retention of a desired level of

seed viability for specific period.

35

Case studies

Table 1: Influence of seed pelleting on germination (%) of Niger Cv.No.71 during storage

Koppalkar and Deshpande, 2006Dharwad 37

One Month Five months

Table 2: Influence of storage longevity (2002-2006) on germination (%) and oil content (%) in maize, soybean and sunflower genotypes.

 Crops  Genotypes Germination (%) Oil content in seed (%)

 Storage 1 (25 °C/75%)  Storage 2 (12 °C/ 60%)  Storage 1 (25 °C/75%)  Storage 2 (12 °C/ 60%)

 Before Storage (2002)

 Maize  OSSK 596  91  91  4.70  4.70

   OSSK 602  91  91  4.20  4.20

 Soybean  Tisa  89  89  23.18  23.18

   Kaja  88  88  23.40  23.40

 Sunflower  Fakir  90  90  47.76  47.76

   Apolom  88  88  53.35  53.35

 After Storage (2006)

 Maize  OSSK 596  71  78  3.76  4.07

   OSSK 602  70  75  3.69  3.82

 Soybean  Tisa  48  56  20.05  20.32

   Kaja  42  54  20.02  20.05

 Sunflower  Fakir  41  52  41.97  42.47

 Apolom  26  31  39.32  42.21

Source of variation F test LSD test

0.05 0.01F test

 LSD test

0.05 0.01

 crops (A) 5675.333** 1.001 1.387  59537.441**   0.238  0.328

 storage longevity (B) 4422.239** 0.699  0.920  7128.33**  0.071  0.093

 Storage type (C) 22.358** 0.786  1.034  35.020**  0.058  0.077

 Interaction AxB 364.333** 2.012  2.930  1601.833**  0.204  0.297

  Interaction AxC 1.533** 2.265  3.300  3.355*  0.168  0.244

  Interaction BxC 12.739** 1.0460  1.410  14.667**  0.105  0.147

Interaction AxBxC 1.479 3.43  5.681  2.467  NS NS 

Brazil Simic et al. 200638

Table 3: Final germination percentages of 12 Brassicaceae accessions with high initial germination percentage after 38-39 years of storage. (Storage conditions temperature ranged between –5°C and -10°C)

Accession No. Taxon (MC % fwb)2 Years of storage

 Germination (% ± SE)

 

Initial (Before storage) Regular 25oC

Alternate250 C/15oC

Scarified Seeds3

588 Alyssoides utriculata (2.0) 38 100 5±2.61 0 95±2.71

303 Alyssum saxatile (2.5) 38 100 89±3.28 96 ± 1.41 …

1261 Barbarea intermedia 38 95 96±1.41 99±0.87 …

1280 Brassica napus 38 100 100 99±0.87 ….

1166 Coincya rupestris 38 92 91±1.66 98±1.00 ….

430 Erucastrum abyssinicum (1.9) 39 100 100 97±1.66 ….

238 Erysimum cheiri (1.7) 38 100 97±2.38 96±1.43 …

205 Erysimum odoratum (1.2) 38 100 95±0.87 98±1.08 ….

1163 Erysimum repandum (1.7) 38 100 76±5.83 100 …

946 Isatis tinctoria (2.7) 38 100 91±2.60 79±6.33 …

16 Matthiola incana 38 95 99±0.87 94±2.24 ….

1248 Matthiola sinuata 39 100 4±1.50 12±8.20 97±1.08

Garcia et al. 2007Spain 39

Table 4: Effect of packaging material for storage of groundnut produced during rabi or summer season on seed germination.

Gowda and Reddy, 2007Raichur

Treatment

Seed germination

Months after storage

2 5 8

C1: Gunny bag 85 77 63

C2: PLGB 87 81 67

C3: HDPB 86 77 58

C4: PLGB + Silica gel 87 81 72

C5: PLGB + CaCl2 87 81 71

C6: HDPB +Silica gel 87 81 68

C7: HDPB + CaCl2 86 81 68

CD at 5 % 4.23 8.32 3.31

40

PLGB- poly line gunny bag, HDPB- High density poly bag

Table 5: Change in lipid composition on cotyledon of germinating soybean seeds during storage

 Day of storage (DOS) Polythene bags  Jute bag

RT 150C RT 150CPhospholipid (g 100 g-1 oil)

30 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.860 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.190 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3

120 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.9150 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.8180 0.6 0.06 0.6 0.6

Sterol (g 100 g-1 oil)30 8.2 7.5 7.6 7.860 8.8 8.2 8.8 7.990 9.7 9.3 9.6 9.5

120 9.1 8.9 9.1 9.0150 7.5 6.8 6.5 6.7180 6.4 5.9 5.7 5.3

Free fatty acid ((g 100 g-1 oil)30 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.460 1 1.1 1 1.190 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3

120 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7150 2.2 1.9 1.9 2.0180 2.1 1.9 1.9 2.6

Glycolipid content (g 100 g-1 oil) 30 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.360 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.190 1.2 1 1.1 0.9

120 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.2

150 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.1180 1.2 0.9 1.1 0.8

CD (p<0.05) Phospholipid Sterol Free fatty acid Glycolipid DOSxPM 0.05 0.19 0.09 0.08 DOSXT NS 0.19 0.09 0.08 PMXT 0.03 0.11 0.05 0.05 DOSXPMXT 0.07 0.28 0.13 0.12

Sharma, et al. 2007Ludhiana 41

Figure 1: Change in Lipid content, starch,α-amylase and β-amylase in cotyledons of germinating soybean seed during storage .

Sharma, et al. 2007Ludhiana 42

Table 6: Effect of seed treatment on storability of soybean

Treatments Germination (%)

Root length (cm)

Shoot length (cm)

SVI

Storage period (months)5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7

Sweet flag rhizome powder @ 10 g/kg

88.11 81.44 17.87 16.78 16.76 15.65 3040 2641

Neem leaf powder @ 20 g/kg

86.33 75.33 17.46 16.23 16.36 15.24 2915 2378

Neem oil @10 ml/ kg 87.56 77.67 17.60 16.39 16.55 15.39 2983 2467

Castor oil @10 ml/kg 87.89 78.67 17.69 16.46 16.59 15.37 3012 2504

Turmeric powder @ 10 g/kg

84.67 74.22 17.36 15.71 16.15 14.78 2837 2280

Deltamethrin @ 40 mg/kg

89.67 82.22 18.03 16.99 16.97 15.88 3133 2703

Control 82.57 73.22 16.77 14.73 15.57 14.10 2660 2146

CD at 5% 1.18 2.87 0.32 0.62 0.44 0.42 137 111

Babu and Hunje, 2008UAS, Dharwad 43

Table 7: The effect of initial moisture content, packaging materials and storage period on seed moisture content of soybean

Initial moisture content (%)

Storage period months

Packaging MaterialsPolyethylene B1 Wheat B2 Al.foil B3

8 (A1)

C0 (0) 8 8 8C1 (1) 8.03 8.67 8C2 (2) 8.63 9.24 8.63C3 (3) 8.7 9.2 8.7C4 (4) 8.87 11.23 8.84C5 (5) 8.98 11.4 8.92C6 (6) 11.24 11.96 9.2

10 (A2)

C0 (0) 10 10 10C1 (1) 10.15 10.35 10C2 (2) 10.23 10.63 10.18C3 (3) 10.66 11 10.22C4 (4) 10.72 11.48 10.33C5 (5) 10.75 11.6 10.6C6 (6) 10.81 12.4 11.25

12 (A3)

C0 (0) 12 12 12.00C1 (1) 12.12 12.42 12.00C2 (2) 12.22 12.64 12.14C3 (3) 12.25 13.03 12.18C4 (4) 12.36 13.26 12.24C5 (5) 12.42 13.42 12.26C6 (6) 12.5 13.5 12.28

Indonesia Tatipata, 200944

Table 8: The effect of initial moisture content, packaging materials and storage period on Germination (%) of soybean

Initial moisture content (%)

Storage period month

Packaging MaterialsPolyethylene B1 Wheat B2 Al.foil B3

8 (A1)

C0 (0) 100.00 100.00 100.00C1 (1) 98.50 98.00 99.25C2 (2) 97.75 97.50 98.75C3 (3) 97.75 97.50 97.75C4 (4) 97.00 96.00 97.00C5 (5) 95.75 95.50 96.75C6 (6) 95.50 95.50 96.00

10 (A2)

C0 (0) 100.00 100.00 100.00C1 (1) 98.00 98.00 98.50C2 (2) 97.75 96.75 98.00C3 (3) 97.75 96.00 97.50C4 (4) 95.75 95.25 97.00C5 (5) 95.50 95.00 95.50C6 (6) 92.50 92.50 95.25

12 (A3)

C0 (0) 100.00 100.00 100.00C1 (1) 98.00 98.50 98.25C2 (2) 97.50 94.75 97.25C3 (3) 97.00 93.25 9.75C4 (4) 94.25 92.75 9.50C5 (5) 94.00 92.75 92.50C6 (6) 89.25 87.75 90.75

Tatipata, 2009Indonesia 45

Figure -2: Changes in seed germination of sunflower and soybean genotypes under different storage conditions and duration measured after 6 and 12 months of storage

(FS-fresh seed; CC-controlled conditions and CS-conventional storage

Balesevic et al. 201046Republic of Serbia

Figure 3: Prediction of seed germination during natural aging of sunflower and soybean seed based on accelerated aging test

(CS12-conventional storage after 12 months; AA3-accelerated aging test for 3 days; AA5- accelerated aging test for 5 days)

Balesevic et al. 201047Republic of Serbia

Figure -4 : Moisture content of mustard seed stored in different containers

Days Tithi, et al. 2010Bangladesh 48

52

Figure - 5: Germination percentage of mustard seed stored in different containers

DaysBangladesh Tithi, et al. 2010 49

Table 9: Effect of seed ageing on EC, DH, MII and Amylase acticity in groundnut var. R-2001-2

FS - Fresh Seeds; 3 MNA- 3 months Natural Ageing, 6 MNA - 6 months Natural Ageing, 9 MNA-9 month natural ageing, 3 DAA-3 Days Accelerated Ageing, 6 DAA 6 Days Accelerated Ageing, 9 DAA - 9 Days Accelerated Ageing, EC-Electrical Conductivity, DH-Dehydrogenase activity ,MII-Membrane Injury Index; Am Act-Amylase activity,

TreatmentsEC

(dSm-1)DH(OD values)

MII (%)

Am act (μg starch hydrolysed/mL/min)

FS 0.315 0.756 27.83 61.70

3 MNA 0.556 0.601 28.43 85.80

6 MNA 0.728 0.480 30.33 44.83

9 MNA 0.987 0.375 34.00 30.47

3 DAA 0.569 0.521 29.00 51.63

6 DAA 1.135 0.181 59.37 33.17

9 DAA 1.905 0 75.50 0.00

C.D.@5% 0.10 0.12 2.71 1.86

Vasudevan, et al.,2012Riachur 50

Table 10: Influence of modified atmospheric storage conditions (MASC) and packaging materials on germination (%) of groundnut seed kernels during storage

Raichur Vasudevan, et al. 2014

Treatment

Months of storage (Aug-2010 to April-2011)2 4 6 8 10

Modified atmospheric storage conditions (T)

T0 : Control 81.17 73.83 63.33 56.17 45.17T1 : 80 % N2 : 20 % O2 : 00 % CO2 82.17 75 70.5 64.83 54.5T2 : 80 % N2 : 00 % O2 : 20 % CO2 84.83 77.83 75.33 71.17 59.67T3: 80 % N2 : 10 % O2: 10 % CO2 83.33 75.83 70.83 66.7 56.17T4 : 70 % N2 : 20 % O2 : 10 % CO2 83.17 76.83 70 65.83 56T5 : 70 % N2 : 10 % O2 : 20 % CO2 82.17 76.5 70 65.83 56.5T6 : 60 % N2 : 20 % O2 : 20 % CO2 81.5 75 68.5 66.5 55.67T7 : 60 % N2 : 10 % O2: 30 % CO2 84 80.5 74.83 69 57T8 : 60 % N2 : 00 % O2 : 40 % CO2 86 83.33 78.33 73.67 62.67T9 : 50 % N2 : 10 % O2 : 40 % CO2 81 79 75.33 68.17 57T10 : 40 % N2 : 20 % O2 : 40 % CO2 80.17 76.83 72 68 56.67T11 : 20 % N2 : 20 % O2: 60 % CO2 81.5 77.5 75.33 68.33 57T12 : Vaccum 83.83 83.17 78.83 72.83 61.7

CD (5%) NS 1.238 0.765 0.776 0.78

Packaging Materials (P)P1 : Polyethylene bag (700 gauge) 72 79 75.05 70.03 60.03P2: Polyethylene bag (400 gauge) 82.36 76.56 70.05 64.82 53.15

CD (5%) 1.137 0.485 0.3 0.304 0.28251

Table 11: Studies on Effect of Modified Atmospheric Storage Condition (MASC) on moisture content (%) of groundnut seed kernels during storage

Raichur Vasudevan et al. 2014

TreatmentMonths of storage (Aug-2010 to April-2011)

2 4 6 8 10Modified atmospheric storage conditions (T)

T0 : Control 5.88 5.90 5.95 6.01 6.16T1 : 80 % N2 : 20 % O2 : 00 % CO2 5.83 5.85 5.91 5.98 6.10T2 : 80 % N2 : 00 % O2 : 20 % CO2 5.80 5.82 5.88 5.95 6.07

T3: 80 % N2 : 10 % O2: 10 % CO2 5.83 5.85 5.91 5.98

6 .10

T4 : 70 % N2 : 20 % O2 : 10 % CO2 5.84 5.86 5.92 5.99 6.11T5 : 70 % N2 : 10 % O2 : 20 % CO2 5.82 5.84 5.89 5.97 6.09T6 : 60 % N2 : 20 % O2 : 20 % CO2 5.82 5.84 5.90 5.97 6.09 T7 : 60 % N2 : 10 % O2: 30 % CO2 5.82 5.84 5.89 5.97 6.09T8 : 60 % N2 : 00 % O2 : 40 % CO2 5.79 5.81 5.87 5.94 6.06T9 : 50 % N2 : 10 % O2 : 40 % CO2 5.81 5.83 5.89 5.96 6.08T10 : 40 % N2 : 20 % O2 : 40 % CO2 5.84 5.86 5.92 5.99 6.11T11 : 20 % N2 : 20 % O2: 60 % CO2 5.87 5.89 5.94 6.02 6.14T12 : Vaccum 5.81 5.83 5.88 5.96 6.08 CD (5%) NS NS NS NS NS

Packaging Materials (P)P1 : Polyethylene bag (700 gauge) 5.82 5.84 5.89 5.97 6.09P2: Polyethylene bag (400 gauge) 5.83 5.86 5.92 5.99 6.11

CD (5%) NS NS NS NS NS

52

53

Table 12: Observed and predicted seed viability value of groundnut by equation

Brazil Usberti and Gomes, 1998

Oilseed behave differently under storage as reflected by

their sensitivity to germination and accumulation or depletion

of bio-molecules in the cell.

Low temperature and relative humidity (RH) can retain

better seed vigour.

The efficiency of packaging material for different oilseed

crops will vary according to the nature of crops. i.e.

polythene bag+ Aluminium foil (soybean), polyline gunny

bag+silica gel (groundnut), Airtight containers (mustard) etc.

Soybean seed treated with Deltamethrin @40 mg/kg of seed

recorded significantly higher germination%, root length,

shoot length and seed vigour index.

Conclusion

Urgent need to develop area specific seed storage

protocol for different seeds.

Need for innovative seed storage techniques for various

oilseed crops to improve the seed storability.

Development of low cost eco-friendly seed storage with

micro-sensors to monitor seed quality in storage for

warding off pests and pathogen.

Development of storage technologies, such as vacuum

packaging containers for high volume low value seeds.

Development of national seed grid with modern seed

storage technology as a contingent planning measure

during natural calamities.

Future Thrust

THANK YOU

Thank you

“Good seed doesn’t costs, it

always pays”