seema narendran, ramnarain ruia college history and development of malayalam, kannada, tamil and...
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
History and development of Malayalam, Kannada, Tamil and
Telegu press
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
Malayalam Journalism• The Malayalam Almanac (Malayala Panchangam)
published from Thalasherry in North Kerela in 1846 is the first contemporary publication in Malayalam
• During those days, Basal Mission activities in North Kerala flourished under Dr. Herman Gundert with headquarters in Thalassery.
• Even before the idea of a united Kerala State was born, the first Malayalam paper Malayala Panchangam commenced publication.
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
• The release of Malayala Panchangam was instrumental for such other publications being brought out later from Travancore, Kochi and Malabar.
• A step forward in its expansion programmes was Rajyasamacharam brought out by the same Basal Mission.
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
• The development since Rajyasamacharam found expression when the Mission started another publication Paschimodayam in October 1847.
• The first newspaper Malayala Panchangam that was the precursor in introducing literacy in the state was printed by a hand press
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
• For all-purpose of references like marriage, birth, death etc., people depended on Panchangams inscribed and preserved in Thaliyolas.
• As people reposed much confidence in Panchangams, the Basal Mission thought, a newspaper to be brought out with the same title and similar character would get immediate acceptance and become a popular medium in no time.
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
• The main objective of Malayala Panchangam was to protect the interests and aspirations of the local readers.
• Though the idea of a print media was not born from a Malayali, it marked the beginning of a media culture capable of conquering his mind and popularity.
• The publication also laid much stress on the social background of the reader.
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
• As evident by its title, the paper was aware of the significance of holidays, festivals etc. for ready reference.
• It was also evident that the paper had aimed at adopting a conventional outlook in life and its reintroduction.
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
• It published articles, which could influence the readers spiritually.
• paper also assumed the role of medium for religious propaganda.
• Though the paper consisted mostly of almanac related matters to attract the readers, it ignited the inquisitiveness and quest for knowledge
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
• The Satyanadakahalam, a 16 page fortnightly began in October 1876
• It covered international affairs, court cases, government pronouncements and local news.
• It was later renamed to Satyanandam and was the first illustrated journal
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
• The first real newspaper in Malayalam was the Kerala Mitram, by a Gujrati ,Devji Bhimji from Cochin in 1865
• He also ran a Marathi magazine Keralakokil from Cochin
• He was also a pioneer in the publication of books in Kerala
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
• The authorities ordered him to submit all matter for approval by them, when he refused they closed down the publication
• Finally after repeated appeals to the British Resident Henry Neville the order was revoked
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
• The first newspaper in Malabar was the Kerala Patrika edited by Chengalathu Kunhirama Menon from Calicut in 1884
• He wielded a powerful pen, highlighted stories of corruption, ineptitude among the officials and miscarriage of justice
• The Maharaja of Travancore was so impressed with Menon’s crusading spirit that he subscribed for 200 copies of the Kerala Patrika, which he distributed among his officials
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
• But when Menon criticised the literary works of the Maharaja, the latter promptly cancelled his subscription for 200 copies
• Menon remains the father of Malayalam journalism. After his death the paper continued publication under a new management but was shut down some time later
• In 1886 came the Kerala Sanchari edited by “Kesari” (Vengalil Kunhiraman Nayanar) from Kozhikode
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
• Kesari was devastating in his satirical references to bungling officials and their high- handedness
• The Deepika now the oldest Malayalam daily commenced publication in 1887 from Kottayam, for the social, cultural and political uplift of the Christian community
• In 1938 it became a daily and became a full –fledged newspaper catering to the interests of all communities
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
• Kandathil Verghese Mapillai, who had edited Kerala Mitram in 1888 launched the Malayala Manorama under the editorship of K C Mammen Mapillai
• The Malayala Manorama was launched as the first stock publishing company of India.
• It was christened by a leading poet of the time Kerala Verma
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
• The first issue of the paper came out on March 22, 1890.
• It carried poetry, literary criticism and political and social reports
• By 1901, the Manorama had grown into a bi- weekly and a tri –weekly in 1918 and a daily by 1928
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
• Within a century it launched nine other editions in Kerala and three outside the state, in Mumbai, Chennai and Bangalore.
• Verghese Mapillai also launched the Bhashaposhini magazine which brought together the greatest writers, poets and creative thinkers
• On his death in 1904, his nephew, Mammen Mapillai took over as editor
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
• Started special columns for women and children, initiated debates on political issues and industry and made the Manorama a powerful catalyst of social change
• Mammen Mapillai also started the National and Quilon Bank which became very successful in the 1930s
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
• He championed the cause of civil liberties and responsible government
• Unable to restrain him the States Dewan, Sir C P Ramaswamy Iyer, ruined his bank by engineering a run on it in 1938.
• The Malayala Manorama was sealed in 1938 and Mammen Mapillai was jailed and his property, confiscated. He was released two years later. He died in December 1953
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
• Malayala Manorama did not appear from 1938 to November 29, 1947
• On Mammen Mapillais death, his son K.M. Cherian took over as editor.
• Cherian died on March 14, 1973 by which time the paper had grown into a national daily
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
• The Manorama group includes Balarama, Vanitha, Bhashaposhini and Manorama Weekly
• Technologically advanced, all 12 centres of publication of the Manorama are connected to a High Speed Wide Area Network using fibre – optic cable network.
• Besides the Manorama there are other publications like Kerala Kaumudi, Mathrubhumi, the Kerala Sachari, the Nasrani, Deepika, Swadeshabhimani and the Kerala Kesari
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
The Mathrubhumi
• The Gandhian Non – Cooperation Movement and the Khilafat Movement had touched off a wave of nationalistic fervour throughout Malabar in the 1920s
• The ruthless suppression of the Moplah Rebellion of 1921 had let loose a fear psychosis.
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
• The existing periodicals would not carry anything supportive of the freedom movement
• It was then that a group of nationalists planned a new paper to support the movement for freedom
• The Mathrubhumi Printing and Publishing Co. was floated and a new paper was launched on March 18, 1923 as a tri –weekly under the editorship of K P Keshava Menon
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
• It soon became a daily and attained popularity and public support
• Five rupee shares were sold to raise funds, making the Mathrubhumi the first real people’s paper in Malayalam
• The paper was banned by the government when it published a satirical article by Sanjayan, the eminent humorist
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
• The Diwan of Travancore Sir C.P Ramaswamy IYER, banned the entry of Mathrubhumi into this state in 1938. it was only in 1947, after independence that the ban was lifted
• The Mathrubhumi today has nine editions in Kerala
• The Al Ameen from Kozhikode, edited by Abdul Rahiman Saheb and the Prabhatam from Shornanur, edited by EMS Namboodripad were other staunchly papers of the thirties.
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
• Both had to suffer fines, harassment and bans
• There were also other party papers like the Chandrika of the Muslim League and Deshabhimani and Chinta of the CPI (M)
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
Telegu Journalism
• The earliest Telegu journals were promoted by missionaries and mostly intended for religious purposes
• Satya Doota was the first Telegu monthly published from Bellary in 1835
• Printed in Madras it concentrated on spreading the gospel of Christ
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
• Dinavartamani, a weekly came out in 1861 and ceased publication after 7 years
• Many Telegu journals were started to counteract
the missionary propoganda
• Tathya Bodhini, 1864 was one of them
• It serialised the Rig Veda with Telegu translations • In 1895, K. Veerasalingam Pantulu, hailed as the
father of Telegu journalism started a weekly Vivekavardhani
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
• It was devoted to language reform and education
• The first news weekly appeared in Madras in 1885 as a supporter of the National Congress
• It flourished for 25 years after which it was converted into a bi – weekly and then a weekly
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
• A powerful instrument of political education was Krishna Patrika, started by the veteran Congress leader Konda Venkatappaiah in Guntur
• The Andhra Patrika was born as a weekly in Bombay in 1908
• It was an immediate success and when it was shifted to Madras became the symbol and instrument of national resurgence in the Telegu community
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Seema Narendran,Ramnarain Ruia College
• In 1947, a new Telegu daily was launched in Hyderabad by C V Ramoji Rao, the Eenadu
• It created a sensation and blazed a new record in circulation for any language daily
• It has become a publishing phenomena due to its insistence on professional layout, display and appealing photographs and the use of market surveys and strategies to determine reading habits and readers requirements