Seerah of Prophet Mohammad(SAW)

Madani Period

Challenges before the Islamic Movement in Madina.

✦ Islamic state in Madina emerged needing:Administrative structure,laws,justice,family laws.✦ Aggressive efforts at Dawah and attack on the false

ideologies.✦ Settlement of the migrants in Madina with their

financial support but also their Islamic education and moral training.

✦ Prepare for Jihad and armed resistance against the enemies of Islam.

Initial Steps

✦ Treaties with Jews.

✦ Hypocrites in Madina.

✦ Change of Qibla.

✦ Warning for pagans that their trade route to Syria could be blocked.

✦ Abdullah bin Hajash led an ambush upon a Pagan’s caravan.Omar bin Hadarmi died.This happened without the Prophet’s approval.

Battle of Badar

✦ A big trade caravan of pagans was en route from Syria to Mecca.

✦ Abu Sufyan sent a man to Mecca to get help✦ He announced in Mecca that Muslims

attacked the caravan.✦ Most of the pagan leaders prepared for fight✦ 1000 men strong army prepared to march

to Madina.

Battle of BadarProphet’s(SAW) concerns

✦ Decisive battle with impact on future

✦ Muhajiroon came with no assets

✦ Ansaars had no experience of battle.

✦ Tribes of Jews had hidden animosity

✦ Hypocrites and some pagans in Madina

✦ Muslims resources and numbers were disproportionately less than pagans.

Battle of BadarProphet’s (SAW) consultation

✦ He presented the situation before Sahaba✦ He asked whether we should go after the

trade caravan or face pagan’s army✦ Many opined to go after the caravan✦ Prophet asked the question again✦ Miqdad bin Amar ® from muhjiroon said

we shall go with you where Allah’s order is✦ Saad bin Muaaz from ansaar supported

Battle of BadarComparison of forces

✦ Muslims

.313 men

.3 horses

.70 camels

.60 shields

.

✦ Pagans

. 1000 men including 100 leaders

.Several horses, camels, swords and shields.

Battle of BadarGlimpses of fighting

✦ Prophet’s dua before the battle.

✦ Difficult test for muhajiroon, stood against their family members.

✦ Pagans were defeated.70 of their men killed including leaders.70 became POW’s.

✦ Pagan’s left lot of valuables behind.

Comments on the Battle of BadarSura Anfaal -8

✦ Purpose of Qital is not bounties but making Islam prevalent and to please Allah.

✦ Obedience of ameer is pivotal in Jamaah.✦ Victory in Badar was due to Allah’s Help.✦ Jihad is the ultimate test for a believer.✦ Your money and families are a test.✦ Sabar is the essence of any movement✦ Desire to achieve the objectives should never allow

you to compromise the Islamic guidelines.

Battle of Uhad

✦ Reasons1-Defeat of pagans in Badar alarmed tribes2-Pagans of Meccah wanted revenge.3- Jews of Madina encouraged pagans to fight✦ Pagans advance to Madina in Shawwal,3 Hijra with

3000 men.✦ Prophet consulted the sahaba.✦ Prophet gathered army of 1000 people.Hypocrites

withdrew 300 men.✦ Enthusiasm of youth. Story of Rafe and Samra.

Battle of Uhad

✦ Prophet placed his army in front of uhad mountain.

✦ He appointed 50 archers led by Abdullah bin Jubair to guard corridor in the mountain.

✦ Women in the pagan army sang and beat the drums to encourage their fighters.

✦ In the beginning, Muslims defeated the pagan army. Then they started gathering bounties.

Battle of Uhad

✦ Most of the archers at the Uhad coridoor left to get bounties except few.

✦ Khalid bin Walid, leader of one of pagan’s fighting group attacked from the poorly guarded Uhad coridoor.

✦ Muslims were now attacked from back and front.✦ Muslim army was dispersed and many were on the

run.✦ Rumor was spread that the Prophet was killed.✦ Many lost their will to fight when got the rumor.

Battle of Uhad

✦ Prophet was guarded by few sahaba.✦ He was moved up to the mountain.✦ When Muslims heard about Prophet’s

safety, they gathered again and fought.✦ Pagans at that time left the battlefield.✦ Latter, they thought of returning but did not.✦ Prophet even chased them till Hamra ul

Asad.

Battle of UhadComments in Ale Imran:122-144✦ Dependence on the Help of Allah.✦ Love of material wealth was one reason for

initial defeat. Allah forbade Riba.✦ Guaranty of success if you are believers.✦ Islamic movement does not depend on

personalities. ✦ Fear of death is the root cause of

cowardice.There is appointed time of death.

Tribal Revolts

✦ Uhad’s setback encouraged hostile tribes to stand up against Muslims and fight.

✦ Jofeed tribe tried to attack in Muharram,4H.✦ Lahyan tribe attacked same month.✦ Safar,4H.70 learned sahaba were sent to the Kallab

tribe for teaching Islam & got killed.✦ Two other tribes took 10 sahaba for teaching.7 were

killed and 3 were imprisoned.Khabbab and Zaid were sold in Mecca and latter killed.

Jewish Enmity

✦ Reasons1-Jewish leaders felt threat to their business.2-Quran was openly criticizing Jew's behavior3-Fear of living under Islamic rule.✦ Banu Qanqa- exiled Shawwal, 2H for declaring war

against Muslims.✦ Kaab bin Ashraf executed Rabil Awwal,3H by

Mohammd bin Muslima. ✦ Banu Nazeer.Broke treaties and conspired to kill

the Prophet. Exiled to Kheyber.

Battle of Ahzab

✦ Jews in Kheyber conspired and incited pagans to bring a 10.000 army to Madina.

✦ Prophet consulted sahaba.Salman Farsi suggested to dig a ditch on open part of city.

✦ 8 Ziqad,5H digging started.10 yards of ditch was assigned to 10 people.It was 5 yard deep.

✦ 3000 people dug it in 20 days.

Battle of Ahzab

✦ Pagans attacked Madina from 3 sides.33:10

✦ Hard test of Iman.Hypocrites exposed.33:12

✦ Enemy kept blockade for one month.

✦ They threw stones and arrows.

✦ They tried to cross the ditch.

✦ With Allah’s sent windstorm, enemies fled.

Battle of AhzabCommentary in Sura Ahzab

✦ Trust in Allah’s Help.✦ Test of Iman.✦ Root cause of weakness- fear of loosing life

and property.✦ Excellent example in the Prophet’s conduct.✦ Banu Qureza’s punishment for breaking the

treaty.Blockade.Decision according to their book. 400 people killed, rest made POW.

Hudabeya Treaty- 6 Hijra

✦ Zeqad, 6 H, Prophet announced intention to visit Kaaba.1400 Muslims joined him.

✦ Prophet sent someone to find pagan’s plan.

✦ Pagans started gathering forces.

✦ Prophet continued travel and stopped at Hudabeya.

✦ Prophet sent Osman to negotiate.

Hudabeya Treaty

✦ News came that Osman has been killed.

✦ Bait Ridwan.Prophet gathered Muslims under a tree and took a pledge that we shall fight till we die or win.

✦ Peace Treaty. Pagan released Osman and sent Suhail bin Amar for peace talks.

✦ A peace treaty was concluded and written.

Hudabeya TreatyTerms

✦ Muslims shall go back this year.✦ They shall return next year and stay for 3days✦ They shall not have any weapons except one sword

in the shield.✦ They can’t take Muslims left in Mecca and shall not

stop any Muslim from coming back to Meccah.✦ If someone goes to Madina, he shall be returned but

if someone returns to Mecca, shall not be returned.

Hudabeya

✦ Tribes shall have the choice to enter into treaty with Muslims or pagans.

✦ This treaty shall be in effect for 10 years

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Abu Jandal’s matter.

Effects of Hudabeya.

Letters to Kings and Emperors6-7 Hijra

✦ Roman Emperor. Wahya Kalbi

✦ Persian Emperor. Abdullah bin Huzafa Sahmi.

✦ Aziz Misr.(Egyptian Emperor) Hatib bin Abi Baltah

✦ Najjashi, King of Abysenia. Omar bin Umayyah.

Strengthening of Islamic State and Society

✦ Attack on Khyber. Muharram, 7 Hijra.✦ Laws and regulations for Society.Suras Nisaa and Maida.Family laws,rights of men and

women,inheritance law,prohibition of alcohol and gambling, law of testimony,general moral instructions.

Prophet performed Umra in 7 Hijra.

Victory of Mecca

✦ Violation of Hudabeya Treaty by pagans.

✦ Preparation to invade Mecca.10 Ramadan,8H.

✦ Abu Sufyan is arrested and released.

✦ Entry in Mecca.(Minimal fighting.)

✦ Peace declaration in Mecca.

✦ Entry in Kaaba.Removal of idols and pictures.

✦ Victory address by the Prophet.

✦ General amnesty.

Battle of Hunain10 Shawwal, 8 Hijra

✦ Hawazan and Saqeef tribes prepared for war

✦ Prophet took 12000 men and weapons to fight in Hunain (between Mecca and Taif)

✦ Some Muslims said who could defeat us.✦ Initially, Muslims faced severe arrow attack✦ Latter, they gathered around the Prophet

and fought well defeating the enemy.✦ Surah Tauba, 9:25,26.

Battle of TabookRajab, 9 Hijra.

✦ Conflict with Roman empire already started in battle of Mota (Jamadi ula, 8 H).Sharjeel the ruler of Basra brought army of 100,000 which fought against 3000 Muslims.

✦ Farwa bin Amar Jizami, a Roman commander became Muslim.Latter, he was killed by the emperor.

✦ Many tribes under Roman rule accepted Islam.

Battle of Tabuk

✦ Cesar prepared to gather his forces on Syrian border to punish Muslims.

✦ Prophet decided to go forward and stop this build up.

✦ Sacrifices of Muslims and excuses by hypocrites.

✦ Prophet left Madina with 30,000 army✦ Cesar ordered his forces to retreat.

Steps taken after Tabuk.

✦ Dealings with hypocrites.

Demolition of Masjid Zirar

Not to accept their donations

No family or friendly relations with them.

Prophet should not attend their funeral.

✦ Disciplinary action against 3 sahabas.

✦ Clear political policy of the State.(Haj,9 H)

Last Haj 10 HijraKhutbah

✦ All methods of Jahileya are under my feet.✦ No Arab has superiority over non Arab.You

are children of Adam and he was created from clay.

✦ All muslims are brothers.✦ Feed and clothe your slaves same what you

eat or wear.✦ Killings and Riba of Jahileya are cancelled.

Khutbah Last Haj

✦ Fear Allah in the matter of women.✦ Your blood and your money is forbidden for each

other.✦ If you hold fast to the book of Allah, you will not

be misguided.✦ He asked,”Have I passed to you Allah’s message?”

Everyone answered,”Yes”.✦ He said,”Now, you must pass on this message to

those who are not here.”

Death of the Prophet

✦ Safar,18, 11 H, he became sick.

✦ He appointed Abu Bakr to lead the salaat.

✦ When he was feeling a little better,he came to the masjid and gave last Khutbah.

✦ Rabiul Awwal, 12, 11 H, he passed to Rafiq Ala.

✦ May Allah’s blessings be upon him.