seismic code requirements
DESCRIPTION
Observation of the behavior of real buildings inreal earthquakes have been the single largestinfluence on the development of our buildingcodesTRANSCRIPT
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 1
CE243A 1
Seismic Code RequirementsSeismic Code Requirements
John W. Wallace, Ph.D., P.E.John W. Wallace, Ph.D., P.E.Associate ProfessorAssociate Professor
University of California, Los AngelesUniversity of California, Los Angeles
CE243A 2
1971San Fernando, California
Earthquake
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 2
CE243A 31971 San Fernando Earthquake
Olive View Hospital Complex
CE243A 41971 San Fernando Earthquake
Soft-story
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 3
CE243A 51971 San Fernando Earthquake
CE243A 61971 San Fernando Earthquake
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 4
CE243A 7
1971 San Fernando Earthquake
Ties @ 18” o.c. Spiral @ 3” o.c.
Confinement
CE243A 81994 Northridge Earthquake
Cal State Northridge
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 5
CE243A 91994 Northridge Earthquake
Cal State Northridge
CE243A 101994 Northridge Earthquake
Northridge Fashion Mall
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 6
CE243A 111994 Northridge Earthquake
Barrington Building
CE243A 121994 Northridge Earthquake
Barrington BuildingHoliday Inn – Van Nuys
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 7
CE243A 13
1994 Northridge Earthquake1994 Northridge Earthquake
Major failures:Major failures:–– Steel momentSteel moment--resisting framesresisting frames–– PrecastPrecast concrete parking structuresconcrete parking structures–– TiltupTiltup & masonry buildings with wood & masonry buildings with wood
roofsroofsMajor successesMajor successes–– retrofitted retrofitted unreinforcedunreinforced masonry masonry
structuresstructures–– retrofitted bridge structuresretrofitted bridge structures
CE243A 14
1994 Northridge Earthquake1994 Northridge Earthquake
1997 UBC & NEHRP 1997 UBC & NEHRP changes:changes:–– removal of preremoval of pre--
qualified steel qualified steel connection detailsconnection details
–– addition of nearaddition of near--fault factor to base fault factor to base shear equationshear equation
–– prohibition on prohibition on highly irregular highly irregular structures in nearstructures in near--fault regionsfault regions
–– stricter detailing for stricter detailing for nonnon--participating participating elementselements
–– deformation deformation compatibility compatibility requirementsrequirements
–– chords & collectors chords & collectors designed for “real” designed for “real” forcesforces
–– redundancy factor redundancy factor added to design added to design forcesforces
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 8
CE243A 15
SummarySummary
Observation of the behavior of real buildings in Observation of the behavior of real buildings in real earthquakes have been the single largest real earthquakes have been the single largest influence on the development of our building influence on the development of our building codescodesThe lull in earthquakes in populated areas The lull in earthquakes in populated areas between approximately 1940 and 1970 gave a between approximately 1940 and 1970 gave a false since of security at a time when the false since of security at a time when the population of California was expanding rapidlypopulation of California was expanding rapidlyPerformance of newer buildings and bridges has Performance of newer buildings and bridges has generally been good in recent earthquakes; generally been good in recent earthquakes; however, older buildings pose a substantial however, older buildings pose a substantial hazard. hazard.
CE243A 16
Seismic Codes and Source DocumentsSeismic Codes and Source Documents
SEAOC
ASCE 7
NEHRP
StandardStandardBuilding CodeBuilding Code
UniformUniformBuilding CodeBuilding Code
BOCA NationalBOCA NationalBuilding CodeBuilding CodeStandardStandard
Building CodeBuilding CodeUniformUniform
Building CodeBuilding Code
BOCA NationalBOCA NationalBuilding CodeBuilding Code
International Building CodeInternational Building Code
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 9
CE243A 17
IBC 2000, 2003IBC 2000, 2003
International Code International Code Council (ICC), Council (ICC), established in 1994established in 1994Seismic provisionsSeismic provisions–– ASCE 7ASCE 7--0202
ModelingModelingForcesForces
–– Material codesMaterial codesACI, ASCEACI, ASCE
IBC 2003 (ASCE 7IBC 2003 (ASCE 7--02, 02, ACI 318ACI 318--02)02)
CE243A 18
Material CodesMaterial CodesInternational Building CodeInternational Building Code
ACI 318-02ACI 318R-02
Building Code Requirements forStructural Concrete (ACI 318-02)and Commentary (ACI 318R-02)
american concrete instituteP.O. BOX 9094
FARMINGTON HILLS, MI 48333aci
MANUALOF STEEL
CONSTRUCTION
LOAD &RESISTANCE
FACTORDESIGN
Volume I
Structural Members,Specifications,
& Codes
Second Edition
AISC
An ACI Standard
Reported by ACI Committee 318
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 10
CE243A 19
Shake Table Test Shake Table Test –– Flat PlateFlat Plate
CE243A 20
Earthquake Building ResponseEarthquake Building Response
TimeTimeShak
ing
Shak
ing
F4 = m4a4(t)
F3 = m3a3(t)
F2 = m2a2(t)
F1 = m1a1(t)
V(t) = ∑miai(t) i=1,4
Note: Forces generally Increase with height
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 11
CE243A 21
Building Response AnalysisBuilding Response Analysis
In general, three types of analyses are In general, three types of analyses are done to design buildings subjected to done to design buildings subjected to earthquakesearthquakes–– Response History AnalysisResponse History Analysis
Linear or nonlinear approach to Linear or nonlinear approach to calculate time varying responses calculate time varying responses (P, M, V, (P, M, V, δδ))
–– Response Spectrum AnalysisResponse Spectrum AnalysisLinear approach to calculate modal Linear approach to calculate modal responses (peak values) and responses (peak values) and combine modal responsescombine modal responses
–– Equivalent Lateral Force Equivalent Lateral Force Nonlinear approach used for Nonlinear approach used for rehabilitation (e.g., FEMA 356)rehabilitation (e.g., FEMA 356)Linear approach Linear approach –– assume assume response is dominated by first response is dominated by first mode response (very common)mode response (very common)
TimeTimeShak
ing
Shak
ing
SSdd
SSaa
Vbase
F4F3F2
F1
CE243A 22
Building Response AnalysisBuilding Response Analysis
Response History AnalysisResponse History Analysis–– Analyze structure by applying Analyze structure by applying
acceleration history at base of acceleration history at base of structurestructure
–– Typically requires use of several Typically requires use of several recordsrecords
–– Elastic or inelastic responseElastic or inelastic response–– Time consuming and results can vary Time consuming and results can vary
substantially between recordssubstantially between records
TimeTimeShak
ing
Shak
ing
SSaa
TT
Response Spectrum AnalysisResponse Spectrum Analysis–– Elastic responseElastic response–– Determine peak responses for each Determine peak responses for each
mode of responsemode of response–– Combine modal responses (SRSS, Combine modal responses (SRSS,
CQC)CQC)
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 12
CE243A 23
Acceleration Response SpectrumAcceleration Response Spectrum
KM
TimeTimeShakingShaking
MaximumAcceleration
Structural Period, T
Aground
KM2πT =
CE243A 24
Displacement Response SpectrumDisplacement Response Spectrum
KM
TimeTimeShakingShaking
MaximumDisplacement
Structural Period, T
KM2πT =
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 13
CE243A 25
Modal AnalysisModal Analysis
Sd,1
T3 T2 T1
nTn
nTn
φφφφ
KM2πTn =
Sd,2
Sd,3
ndnn S ,max, φδ =
CE243A 26
Dynamic Building ResponseDynamic Building Response
Base Shear
MDOF System SDOF Model
StoryForces
Sd,n
δx=4
Sd,n
δx=4
δx=1
δx=2
δx=1
δx=2
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 14
CE243A 27
ADRS SpectrumADRS Spectrum
Alternative format for Alternative format for response spectrumresponse spectrum
“Capacity Spectrum” “Capacity Spectrum” approach approach –– ATC 40ATC 40
Spectrum for a given Spectrum for a given earthquake versus earthquake versus smooth spectrumsmooth spectrum
Spectral Spectral AccelerationAcceleration
Spectral DisplacementSpectral Displacement
T = constant
CE243A 28
Code Analysis ProceduresCode Analysis Procedures
UBCUBC--97 and IBC97 and IBC--2000 2000 –– Equivalent static analysis approachEquivalent static analysis approach–– Response spectrum approachResponse spectrum approach–– Response (Time) history approachResponse (Time) history approach–– Other (Peer review)Other (Peer review)
FEMA 273/356 & ATC 40FEMA 273/356 & ATC 40–– Linear Static & Dynamic Procedures (LSP, LDP)Linear Static & Dynamic Procedures (LSP, LDP)–– Nonlinear Static Analysis (NSP) “pushover”Nonlinear Static Analysis (NSP) “pushover”–– Nonlinear Dynamic Procedure (NDP)Nonlinear Dynamic Procedure (NDP)
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 15
CE243A 29
1997 UBC1997 UBC Design Response SpectrumDesign Response Spectrum
Period (Seconds)
V/W
(Acc
eler
atio
n)
CA
T0
CV/T
2.5CA
TS
Long-Period Limits
Control PeriodsTS = CV/2.5CA
T0 = 0.2TS
CE243A 30
UBCUBC--97: Response Spectrum Analysis97: Response Spectrum Analysis
6)-(30 Eq. 11.0
5)-(30 Eq. 5.2
4)-(30 Eq.
IWCV
WR
ICV
WRT
ICV
abase
abase
vbase
≥
≤
=
Ca = Seismic Coefficient (Acceleration)Cv = Seismic Coefficient (Velocity)
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 16
CE243A 31
Modal AnalysisModal AnalysisEigenEigen AnalysisAnalysis–– Requires mass (M) and stiffness (K) matricesRequires mass (M) and stiffness (K) matrices
M is often assumed to be diagonalM is often assumed to be diagonalK (e.g., from direct stiffness assembly)K (e.g., from direct stiffness assembly)
–– Frequencies (Frequencies (ωω, , T=2T=2ππ//ωω) ) and mode shapes (and mode shapes (ΦΦ))Mode shapes Mode shapes φφ are columns of are columns of ΦΦ matrix matrix (orthogonal property)(orthogonal property)
Modal Analysis Modal Analysis –– solve uncoupled equationssolve uncoupled equations
CQC) SRSS, (e.g., responses modal Combinefor solve )(
nm }]{[}{]][[][
}]{[}{ );}({}]{[}]{[}]{[
nTnnnnnnn
nT
mT
n
ytpyKyCyM
MMM
yvtpvKvCvM
φ
φφ
=++
==ΦΦ=
Φ==++
CE243A 32
UBCUBC--97 Approach: Response Spectrum97 Approach: Response Spectrum
Base Shear
MDOF System Model Equivalent SDOF
StoryForces
Sd,n
δx=4
Sd,n
δx=4
δx=1
δx=2
δx=1
δx=2
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 17
CE243A 33
UBCUBC--97 Approach: Response Spectrum97 Approach: Response SpectrumPeak modal responses Peak modal responses –– 11stst ModeMode
4/31
11
1
)(T
KM2πT
nt hC=
=
1,2
11,
1,11,
1,11
ad
abase
a
SS
SMVSMF
ω=
=
=
Sd,1
δx=4
δx=1
δx=2
Vbase,1
F1=M1Sa,1
K1
Period (Seconds)
V/W
(Acc
eler
atio
n)
T0 TST1Ac
cele
ratio
n, g
Period (sec)
δx=3
{ } 1,4131211114,1 ,,,}{ dT
x Sφφφφδ ==
CE243A 34
UBCUBC--97 Approach: Response Spectrum97 Approach: Response SpectrumPeak modal responses Peak modal responses –– 22ndnd to nto nthth ModeMode
{ }
i
i
KM
TTTT
π2T
,,,T
i
4321
=
=
)4/( 2222,2,
2,22,
2,22
πTSS
SMVSMF
ad
abase
a
=
=
=
Sd,2
δx=4
δx=1
δx=2
Vbase,2
K2
Period (Seconds)
V/W
(Acc
eler
atio
n)
T0 TST2
Acce
lera
tion,
g
Period (sec)
{ } 2,4232221224,1 ,,,}{ dT
x Sφφφφδ ==
δx=3F2=M2Sa,2
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 18
CE243A 35
UBCUBC--97 Approach: Response Spectrum97 Approach: Response SpectrumModal CombinationsModal Combinations
Peak modal responses do not occur at the same Peak modal responses do not occur at the same time, that is, the peak roof displacement for mode time, that is, the peak roof displacement for mode one occurs at tone occurs at t11 , whereas the peak displacement , whereas the peak displacement for mode two occurs at tfor mode two occurs at t22, and so on. Therefore, , and so on. Therefore, peak modal responses must be combined based peak modal responses must be combined based on the correlation between modes. on the correlation between modes. Modal Combination ApproachesModal Combination Approaches–– SRSS: SquareSRSS: Square--rootroot--sumsum--squares, works well squares, works well
for systems with wellfor systems with well--separated modes (2D separated modes (2D models)models)
–– CQC: CompleteCQC: Complete--QuadraticQuadratic--Combination (3D)Combination (3D)
CE243A 36
UBCUBC--97 Approach: Response Spectrum97 Approach: Response SpectrumMass ParticipationMass Participation
The (force) participation of each mode can be The (force) participation of each mode can be gauged by the mass participation factor. gauged by the mass participation factor.
Typical mass participation factors: Typical mass participation factors: PFPFmm–– Frame buildings: 1Frame buildings: 1stst Mode Mode –– 80 to 85%80 to 85%–– Shear wall buildings: 1Shear wall buildings: 1stst Mode Mode –– 60 to 70%60 to 70%–– To achieve 100% mass participation, all modes To achieve 100% mass participation, all modes
must be included in the modal analysismust be included in the modal analysis
}]{[}{}1]{[}{
,n
Tn
Tn
nm MrMPFφφ
φ ==
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 19
CE243A 37
UBCUBC--97 Approach: Response Spectrum97 Approach: Response SpectrumSpecific RequirementsSpecific Requirements
1631.5.2 1631.5.2 -- For regular buildings, include sufficient For regular buildings, include sufficient modes to capture 90% of participating mass. In modes to capture 90% of participating mass. In general, this is relatively few modesgeneral, this is relatively few modes1631.5.3 1631.5.3 -- Modal combinations Modal combinations –– Use appropriate Use appropriate methods (SRSS, CQC). For 3D models with methods (SRSS, CQC). For 3D models with closely spaced modes closely spaced modes –– need CQC. need CQC. 1630.5.4 1630.5.4 –– R factors and limits on reducing base R factors and limits on reducing base shear where response spectrum analysis is usedshear where response spectrum analysis is used1630.5.5 1630.5.5 –– Directional effects: consider seismic Directional effects: consider seismic forces in any horizontal direction (1630.1)forces in any horizontal direction (1630.1)1630.5.6 1630.5.6 –– Account for torsionAccount for torsion
CE243A 38
UBCUBC--97 Approach: Response Spectrum97 Approach: Response Spectrum
Combine response Combine response spectrum analysis results spectrum analysis results with analysis results for with analysis results for gravity forcesgravity forcesLoad combinations (1612)Load combinations (1612)–– Same as new ACI load Same as new ACI load
combinationscombinationsDrift limits (1630.10)Drift limits (1630.10)–– hhss = Story height= Story height–– ∆∆ss = = DisplDispl. for code . for code
level forceslevel forces
Dead & Live Loads
sm
sm
sm
hh
R
025.0 :sec 0.7T025.0 :sec 0.7 T
7.0
<∆≥<∆<
∆=∆
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 20
CE243A 39
1997 UBC1997 UBC –– Equivalent StaticEquivalent Static
Period (Seconds)
V/W
(Acc
eler
atio
n)
CA
T0
CV/T
2.5CA
TS
Long-Period Limits
Control PeriodsTS = CV/2.5CA
T0 = 0.2TS
T1
CE243A 40
UBCUBC--97 Base Shear Equations97 Base Shear EquationsEquivalent Static AnalysisEquivalent Static Analysis
6)-(30 Eq. 11.0
5)-(30 Eq. 5.2
4)-(30 Eq.
IWCV
WR
ICV
WRT
ICV
abase
abase
vbase
≥
≤
=
Ca = Seismic Coefficient (Acceleration)Cv = Seismic Coefficient (Velocity)
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 21
CE243A 41
UBCUBC--97 Approach: Equivalent Static97 Approach: Equivalent Static
Q)-16 (Table S 0.4,For Z 40.0R)-16(Table S0.4,For Z 40.0
B
B
====
aa
vv
NCNC
Z = Seismic Zone Factor (0.075 to 0.4)S = Soil Profile TypeNv = Near Source Coefficient (velocity)
Seismic Source A (M > 7.0, SR > 5 mm/yr)Distance = 5 km Nv = 1.6 (Table 16-T)
Na = Near Source Coefficient (acceleration)Seismic Source A (M > 7.0, SR > 5 mm/yr)Distance = 5 km Na = 1.2 (Table 16-S)
CE243A 42
UBCUBC--97 Equivalent Static Analysis97 Equivalent Static Analysis
4)-(30 Eq. WRT
ICV vbase =
I = Importance Factor (1.0 to 1.25; Table 16-K)W = Building Seismic Dead LoadR = Force Reduction Coefficient (Table 16-N)T = Fundamental Structural Period
sec37.0)48(02.0)( 4/34/3 === fthCT nt
Ct = Coefficient (e.g., 0.02 for rc walls)hn = Building height (feet)
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 22
CE243A 43
Equivalent Static Lateral ForcesEquivalent Static Lateral Forces
sec 0.7 T 0.0sec 0.7T 07.0
)(
1
<=>=
−=
∑=
t
t
n
iii
xxtbasex
FTVF
hw
hwFVF
Vbase
4F
3F
2F
1F
Dead & Live Loads
Ft
CE243A 44
Lateral Force Resisting SystemLateral Force Resisting SystemLFRS “Gravity” System
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 23
CE243A 45
Details of a Details of a building in building in EmeryvilleEmeryville
CE243A 46
““NonNon--Participating” SystemParticipating” SystemAlso referred to as: “Gravity” SystemAlso referred to as: “Gravity” SystemFlat plate floor systems (Gravity loads)Flat plate floor systems (Gravity loads)–– Efficient and economicalEfficient and economical–– Easy to form, low story heightsEasy to form, low story heights–– Strong column Strong column –– weak beam concept weak beam concept
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 24
CE243A 47
Perimeter LFRS and Interior “GFRS”Perimeter LFRS and Interior “GFRS”
CE243A 48
UBCUBC--97: LFRS Design97: LFRS DesignEquivalent Static or Response SpectrumEquivalent Static or Response Spectrum
50 ft
100 ft
Floor Plan Elevation View LFRS
12 ft
12 ft
12 ft
12 ft
LFRSModel
Note: Neglecting torsion
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 25
CE243A 49
UBCUBC--97 Equivalent Static Analysis97 Equivalent Static Analysis
WhCTR
WRT
ICVnt
vbase )(
)0.1)(6.1(4.04/3=
==
kips 500psf))(10050'x '100(4 ==W
kips 500psf))(10050'x '100(3 ==W
kips 500psf))(10050'x '100(2 ==W
kips 500psf))(10050'x '100(1 ==W
kips 2000floors)(4kips500 ==W
CE243A 50
UBCUBC--97 Equivalent Static Analysis97 Equivalent Static Analysis
R = Force Reduction Coefficient (Table 16-N)Accounts for nonlinear response of building(Building strength, ductility, damping)R = 1 is associated with elastic responseTypical Values: R = 8.5 for a rc special moment frameR = 5.5 for a rc wall building
)kips 2000()(
)0.1)(6.1(4.04/3 =
=== W
hCTRW
RTICV
nt
vbase
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 26
CE243A 51
UBCUBC--97 Equivalent Static Analysis97 Equivalent Static Analysis
R > 1.0 requires inelastic responseStructure must be specially detailed to control inelastic behavior
(design) kips 435)5.5/(2400(elastic) 24001/)2000(2.1
2.1)2.1)(4.0(5.25.2
73.173.1)37.0(
64.0)63.0(
)0.1)(6.1(4.0
======
==≤
===
==
RVkipsRV
MR
gWR
WR
ICV
MR
gWR
WR
V
WR
WRT
ICV
base
base
abase
base
vbase
CE243A 52
1997 UBC1997 UBC Seismic CriteriaSeismic Criteria(Seismic Zone 4, Soil Type S(Seismic Zone 4, Soil Type SBB, N, Naa ==NNvv =1)=1)
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2Period (Seconds)
V/W
(Acc
eler
atio
n)
Response SpectrumDesign Spectrum (CN)Design Force - R/I = 4.5Design Force - R/I = 8.5
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 27
CE243A 531971 San Fernando Earthquake
Ties @ 18” o.c. Spiral @ 3” o.c.
Confinement
CE243A 54
UBCUBC--97 Equivalent Static Analysis97 Equivalent Static Analysis
Base Shear Vbase = 435 kips
sec 0.7 T 0.0sec 0.7T 07.0
)(
1
<=>=
−=
∑=
t
t
n
iii
xxtbasex
FTVF
hw
hwFVF4F
3F
2F
1F
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 28
CE243A 55
UBCUBC--97 Equivalent Static Analysis97 Equivalent Static Analysis
Base ShearVbase = 435 kips
kips 4354387131174
431.0000,60
)'12)(500)(0435(
872.0000,60
)'24)(500)(0435(
1313.0000,60
)'36)(500)(0435(
1744.0000,60
)'48)(500)(0435(
ft-kip 60,000
)48'36'24'kips)(12' (500
4
1
1
2
3
4
1
=+++=
==−=
==−
=
==−
=
==−=
=
+++=
∑
∑
=
−=
−=
−=
−=
=
xx
kkft
k
x
kkft
k
x
kkft
k
x
kkft
k
x
n
iii
F
VF
VF
VF
VF
hw4F
3F
2F
1F
CE243A 56
UBCUBC--97 Equivalent Static Analysis97 Equivalent Static Analysis
Base Shear = ρρEEhh
4F
3F
2F
1F
Load Combinations Load Combinations UBCUBC--97 97 -- S16.12.2.1S16.12.2.1–– U = 1.2D + 0.5L + 1.0E U = 1.2D + 0.5L + 1.0E –– U = 0.9D +/U = 0.9D +/-- 1.0E1.0E–– Where: E = Where: E = ρρEEhh+ + EEvv
EEvv=0.5C=0.5CaaID = 0.24DID = 0.24DU = 0.9D +/U = 0.9D +/-- 1.0(1.0(ρρEEhh+ + EEvv))U = (0.9+/U = (0.9+/--0.24)D +/0.24)D +/-- ρρEEhh
ρρ = redundancy factor = redundancy factor ≥≥1.01.0Conduct static analysise.g., use SAP2000
Dead & Live Loads
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 29
CE243A 57
UBCUBC--97 Equivalent Static Analysis97 Equivalent Static AnalysisLoad Combinations Load Combinations UBCUBC--97 97 -- S16.12.2.1S16.12.2.1–– U = 1.2D + 0.5L + 1.0E U = 1.2D + 0.5L + 1.0E –– U = 0.9D +/U = 0.9D +/-- 1.0E1.0E–– Where: E = Where: E = ρρEEhh+ + EEvv
EEvv=0.5C=0.5CaaID = 0.24DID = 0.24DU = 0.9D +/U = 0.9D +/-- 1.0(1.0(ρρEEhh+ + EEvv))U = (0.9+/U = (0.9+/--0.24)D +/0.24)D +/-- ρρEEhh
ρρ = redundancy factor = redundancy factor ≥≥1.01.0Conduct static analysise.g., use SAP2000Vbase
Dead & Live LoadsF4
F3
F2
F1
CE243A 58
UBCUBC--97: Drift & Drift Limits97: Drift & Drift Limits
1630.9 – Drift for all analysis is defined– Defines drift for
Maximum Inelastic Response Displacement (∆M ) and for Design Seismic Forces (∆S ): ∆M= 0.7R∆S
1630.10 – Drift limits defined– Drift < 0.025 times story
height if T < 0.7 sec– Drift < 0.02 times story
height if T ≥ 0.7 sec
Code levelDesign forces: (e.g., R=8.5)
∆ s,x=4
∆ s,x=1
∆ s,x=2
∆ s,x=3
Story Displ.: ∆s
Elevation View
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 30
CE243A 59
UBCUBC--97 Requirements97 Requirements
1633 1633 –– Detailed systems design requirementsDetailed systems design requirements1633.1 General: 1633.1 General: –– Only the elements of the designated LFRS Only the elements of the designated LFRS
shall be used to resist design forcesshall be used to resist design forces–– Consider both seismic and gravity (D, L, S)Consider both seismic and gravity (D, L, S)–– For some structures (irregular), must consider For some structures (irregular), must consider
orthogonal effects: 100% of seismic forces in orthogonal effects: 100% of seismic forces in one direction, 30% in the perpendicular one direction, 30% in the perpendicular directiondirection
CE243A 60
UBCUBC--97 Requirements97 Requirements
16333.216333.2 Structural Framing SystemsStructural Framing Systems1633.2.11633.2.1 General: General: –– Defined by the types of vertical elements usedDefined by the types of vertical elements used
1633.2.2 1633.2.2 For structures with multiple systems, For structures with multiple systems, must use requirements for more restrictive must use requirements for more restrictive systemsystem1633.2.31633.2.3 Connections Connections –– if resisting seismic if resisting seismic forces, then must be on drawingsforces, then must be on drawings1633.2.41633.2.4 Deformation compatibilityDeformation compatibility
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 31
CE243A 61
LFRS and Deformation CompatibilityLFRS and Deformation CompatibilityLFRS “Gravity” System
CE243A 62
LFRS and Deformation CompatibilityLFRS and Deformation Compatibility
Plan View: RoofRigid diaphragmFlexible diaphragm
diaphragm
∆s,x=4Code levelDesign forces:(e.g., R=8.5)
∆ s,x=4
∆ s,x=1
∆ s,x=2
∆ s,x=3
Story Displ.: ∆s
Elevation View
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 32
CE243A 63
UBCUBC--97 Requirements97 Requirements
1633.2.4 1633.2.4 –– Deformation compatibilityDeformation compatibility–– Requires that nonRequires that non--participating structural participating structural
elements be designed to ensure compatibility elements be designed to ensure compatibility of deformations with lateral force resisting of deformations with lateral force resisting systemsystem
–– NonNon--participating elements must be capable of participating elements must be capable of maintaining support for gravity loads at maintaining support for gravity loads at deformations expected due to seismic forcesdeformations expected due to seismic forces
–– Design of LFRS: Design of LFRS: Model LFRS and apply design seismic forcesModel LFRS and apply design seismic forcesNeglect lateral stiffness and strength of nonNeglect lateral stiffness and strength of non--participating elementsparticipating elements
CE243A 64
UBCUBC--97 Requirements97 Requirements
1633.2.4 1633.2.4 –– Deformation Deformation compatibilitycompatibility–– For LFRSFor LFRS
∆∆MM = 0.7R= 0.7R∆∆S S for for lateral frame at each lateral frame at each storystoryThat is, compute That is, compute story displacements story displacements for design seismic for design seismic forces applied to the forces applied to the LFRS, then multiple LFRS, then multiple by them by by them by 0.7R0.7R
Code levelDesign forces:(e.g., R=8.5)
∆ s,x=4
∆ s,x=1
∆ s,x=2
∆ s,x=3
Story Displ.: ∆s
Elevation View
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 33
CE243A 65
UBCUBC--97 Requirements97 Requirements
1633.2.4 – Deformation compatibility– Non-participating frame
Model the system (linear - element stiffness)– Shear and flexural stiffness limited to ½ gross
section values– Must consider flexibility of diaphragm and
foundationImpose story displacements on the model of non-participating frame
– The imposed displacements produce element forces, consider these to be ultimate
– check stability (support for gravity loads)– Detailing requirements: 21.11 in ACI 318-02
CE243A 66
UBCUBC--97 Requirements97 Requirements
Other items of interest– Collectors (1633.2.6)
Must provide collectors to transfer seismic forces originating in other portions of the structure to the element providing the resistance to these forces
– Diaphragms (1633.2.9)Deflection of diaphragm limited by the permissible deflection of the attached elementsDesign forces specified in (33-1)
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04 34
CE243A 67
Reinforced Concrete: ACI 318Reinforced Concrete: ACI 318--0202Chapter 21 Chapter 21 –– Seismic ProvisionsSeismic Provisions
Provide transverse steelProvide transverse steel-- Confinement, bucklingConfinement, buckling-- Maintain gravity loadsMaintain gravity loads
StrongStrong--column, weakcolumn, weak--beambeam-- Beam flexural yieldingBeam flexural yielding
Capacity designCapacity design-- Beam & column shearBeam & column shear-- Joint regionsJoint regions
Prescriptive requirementsPrescriptive requirements-- Little flexibilityLittle flexibility-- Quick, easy, and usually Quick, easy, and usually
conservativeconservative