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PROTA
SEISMIC ISOLATION
DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION
IN JAPAN
Nobuyuki Mori
Nikken Sekkei Ltd
PROTA
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HOSPITAL CONDOMINIUM OTHERS
279
Database by JSSI
SEISMICALY ISOLATED BUILDINGS INCREASING
HANSHIN EQHANSHIN EQ
The first seismically isolated building in Japan completed PROTA
DESTRUCTIVE DESTRUCTIVE
EARTHQUAKEEARTHQUAKE
DemonstrateDemonstrate
High PerformanceHigh Performance
ReputationReputation
MoreMore
ApplicationApplication
Minor DamageMinor Damage
Technical RefinementTechnical Refinement
RecognitionRecognition
SEISMIC ISOLATION DISCIPLIED BY EARTHQUAKE
OBTAIN TRUST FROM THE SOCIETY
PROTA
PROOF OF EFFICIENCY IN 1995 KOBE EARTHQUAKE
WEST BUILDING of Ministry of Communication
A base isolated six-storied building at north district of
Kobe City
1st FL
6th FL
Foundation Mat Level : ααααmax = 300 cm/s2
1st Floor Level : ααααmax = 106 cm/s2
6th Floor Level : ααααmax = 103 cm/s2
Figures from Earthquake Resistant Building by Nikkei BPPROTA
SUPPORT FOR IMPLEMENTATION (1)
DESIGN APPRAISAL SYSTEM
✓✓✓✓ Technical appraisal by authorized specialists committee based on the latest lessons of earthquakes.
✓✓✓✓ Mandatory to obtain building permit for buildings including seismically isolated ones that have to be
designed with time history earthquake response analysis.
✓✓✓✓ Guidelines /specifications for verifying performance by time history response analysis have been
established by the committees.
✓✓✓✓ Basic rules for design are stipulated but philosophy of design engineer is regarded.
✓✓✓✓ Maintenance plan is required.
ALTERNATIVE SIMPLE DESIGN PROCEDURE
Enhance accountability and reliability of
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Structural design of seismically isolated buildings meeting with certain conditions
✓✓✓✓ shall conform response spectrum analysis procedure and relevant design code but
✓✓✓✓ no needs for applying above special design appraisal but checked by building authorities in normal
procedure.Generalization and popularization of
SEISMICALLY ISOLATED BUILDINGSPROTA
SUPPORT FOR IMPLEMENTATION (2)
QUALIFICATION SYSTEM OF DEVICES
✓✓✓✓ Technical review by authorized specialists committee such as the Japan Society of Seismic
Isolation.
✓✓✓✓ Confirmation of key characteristics of products.
for Isolators and dampers:
shape /configuration and sizes
vertical load bearing performance, stiffness, compressive/tensile strength
lateral stiffness, ultimate lateral strain
temperature/strain dependency and change on standing of characteristics
tolerance in production
✓✓✓✓ Qualified products are released to public.
✓✓✓✓ Design engineers can perform structural design including parametric study based on the
released data of variation of characteristic values.
Enhance accountability and reliability of
PRODUCTS
PROTA
SUPPORT FOR IMPLEMENTATION (3)
ESTABLISHING FRAMEWORK FOR MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION
OWNER DESIGN ENGINEER
Conduct regular, immediate and detail inspection.
Conduct special inspection in case of renewal.
Contractor(s) or specialty inspecting agencies are
assigned.
INSPECTING ORGANIZATIONMAINTENANCE
AGENCY
consultation
report
proposal for remedyconsultation
commission
commission
report
request for
immediate inspection
report and proposal for remedy
Reference document, “USER’S MANNUAL” is prepared by JSSI PROTA
PROVIDING INSTALLATION FOR MAINTENANCE
Product specimen provided in the building to monitor
aging deterioration and
change in property due to fire or submergence
Movement during earthquake action is
recorded to
provide basic data for exchanging
dampers
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DEVELOPPING VARIETY OF DEVICES ((((1))))
LAMINATED RUBBER BEARING
NATURAL Rubber Laminate
HIGH-DAMPING Rubber Laminate
STEEL/RUBBER
LAMINATE
STEEL/RUBBER
LAMINATE
LEAD PLUG
with LEAD PLUG(S)
ISOLATORS ((((Laminated Rubber Bearing))))
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SLIDE BEARING
SLIDING SHOE SLIDING SHOE + LRB
Sliding Table
Sliding Plate (e.g. teflon)
Laminated Rubber
Bearing
CROSS LINEAR SLIDER MULTIPLE BALL BEARING
ROLL BEARING
CROSS LINEAR SLIDER SINGLE BALL BEARING SINGLE BALL BEARING
ON CURVED SURFACE
ISOLATORS ((((SLIDE/ROLL BEARING))))
DEVELOPPING VARIETY OF DEVICES ((((2))))
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DAMPERS
HYSTERESIS DAMPERS
FRICTIONAL DAMPERS
OIL DAMPAERS
VISCOUS DAMPAERS
LEAD DAMPER
STEEL DAMPER
DEVELOPPING VARIETY OF DEVICES ((((3))))
PROTA
INCREASING VARIETY OF APPLICATION ( 1 )
✓✓✓✓ ENHANCED PERFORMANCE for ESSENTIAL FACILITIES
✓✓✓✓ SEISMIC UPGRADING of EXISTING BUILDINGS
✓✓✓✓ SEISMIC RETROFITTING of HISTORICAL BUILDINGS
✓✓✓✓ PROTECTION of VALUABLE GOODS in BUILDINGS
✓✓✓✓ MIDDLE STORY ISOLATION in MIXED-USE BUILDINGS
✓✓✓✓ 3-D ISOLATION
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Variety of DevicesINCREASING VARIETY OF APPLICATION ( 2 )
Application to Essential Facilities
Osaka City Hall Yamanashi Pref. Hospital
National/local governments stipulate that important/hazardous public facilities shall have enhanced seismic
strength.
It is recognized that performance of seismically isolated building is equivalent to the highest earthquake
resistance required by the stipulation
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Variety of DevicesINCREASING VARIETY OF APPLICATION ( 3 )
Retrofitting Historical Buildings
International Library of Children’s Literature
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INCREASING VARIETY OF APPLICATION ( 4 )
Middle Story Isolation in Mixed-use Buildings
IIDABASHI FIRST BUILDING/TOKYO
SHIODOME SUMITOMO BUILDING/TOKYO
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SHIODOME SUMITOMO BUILDING
LARGE ATRIUM
MIDDLE STORY
ISOLATION
・・・・ISOLATORS: Laminated natural rubber isolators 1000 - 1300φφφφ: 41 nos.
・・・・DAMPERS: Lead dampers: 100 nos. Steel rod dampers: 14 nos.
・・・・MASS RATIO (mass of upper structure / total mass above ground) : 0.68
・・・・DAMPER YIELD RATIO (damper yield force / total weight above ground) : 0.033PROTA
LOWER LEVEL FLOORS
for HOTEL
VERTICAL BRACE
ATRIUM COLUMNS (resisting axial force only)
FRAMING PLAN Upper floors plan is drastically
different from that in lower floors.
Intensive irregularity in plan exists
in lower floors.
UPPER LEVEL FLOORS
for OFFICE
PROTA
Office
Atrium Hotel
Office
Atrium
Seismic
Isolation
Interface
39.5m 109.6m
125.9m
115.9m
Rubber bearing (1000φφφφ) Lead damper Steel damperPROTA
Upper structure
Isolation story
Lower structure
DESIGN CONCEPT Middle-Story Isolation introduces mass-damper
effects
In Upper Structures,
high seismic performances as those in normal seismically
isolated buildings are realized.
In Lower Structures,
due to the mass damper effect of the upper structure, the
responses in the lower structures are also reduced
remarkably and high flexibility in architectural/structural
planning becomes possible.
as Middle-story Isolation makes it easy to adopt different
types of structural systems for upper and lower parts of a
building, optimum combination of structural systems to
suit the different use of each part becomes possible.
In Mixed-Use Buildings,
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PERIOD IN SECOND
VE
LO
CIT
Y I
N C
M/S
0.1 0.5 1 5 10
1000
500
100
50
10
+ K1-WAVE* K2-WAVE■ K3-WAVE
K3-WAVE
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
Qmax(kN)
Floor
With isolation layer
Without isolation layer
Elastic limit resistance
25F
20F
12F
10F
5F
1F
Lower structure
Isolationlayer
Upper structure
Maximum story shear force Qmax (kN)
REDUCTION
EFFECTS OF ISOLATION
MAXIMUM RESPONSE STORY SHEAR
FLOOR
PROTA
SEISMIC ISOLATION in PERFORMANCE BASED SEISMIC DESIGN ((((1))))
TARGET PERFORMANCE & PERFORMANCE GRADE
supposed damage for
frequent seismic action moderate seismic action mega EQ action
probability of being exceeded in 50 years
Seismic
Performance
Grade
80 % 10 % 5 %
Applicable building
SU PR EM E No Damage
Fully Functional
No Damage
Fully Functional
Facilities which need
special consideration
H IG H
No Damage
Fully Functional
No Damage
Fully Functional
Slight Damage
Main Function Secured
Base facilities for
disaster prevention
M IDDL E
No Damage
Fully Functional
No Damage
Fully Functional
Small Damage
Limited Function Secured
Facilities which need
damage control
M INIM UM
No Damage
Fully Functional
Slight Damage
Main Function Secured
Moderate Damage
Life Safety Secured
General facilities
TBD
Grade setting by JSCA but modified by Nikken Sekkei
However, the target is not the performance of structures
but the performance of buildings!! PROTA
WHY SEISMIC ISOLATION ?
SEISMIC ISOLATION in PERFORMANCE BASED SEISMIC DESIGN ((((2))))
EARTHQUAKE RESITANT
BUILDING
EARTHQUAKE RESITANT BUILDING +
FURNITURE & NON-BUILDING
COMPONENTS FIXED OR TIED
SEISMICALLY ISOLATED
BUILDING
PROTA
SUPREME GRADE
HIGH GRADE
MIDDLE GRADE
MINIMUM GRADE
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
BUILDING HEIGHT ((((m))))
ORDINARY SEISMIC
RESISTANCE SYSTEM
SEISMIC CONTROL SYSTEM
SEISMIC ISOLATION SYSTEM
SE
ISM
IC P
ER
FO
RM
AN
CE
GR
AD
E
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM and SEISMIC PERFORMANCE GRADE
SEISMIC ISOLATION in PERFORMANCE BASED SEISMIC DESIGN ((((3))))
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DESIGN GROUND MOTION((((1))))
Ground Motion for Time History Analysis
✓✓✓✓ Ground Motion Records of Past Earthquakessss ((((H/V))))
ENTRO, TAFT, HACHINOHE/JAPAN, B
✓✓✓✓ Simulated Motion with Stipulated Response Spectrum
5% damped acceleration response spectrum is given at engineering
bedrock is stipulated.
Amplification by the surface soil shall be considered.
✓✓✓✓ Site Specific Simulated Motion ((((H/V))))
Appropriate modeling of ground motion is the keykeykeykey-issueissueissueissue in
designing seismically isolated buildings.
→→→→ destructive shaking caused by
INLAND NEAR FIELD EARTHQUAKES
→→→→ long-period, and long-lasting shaking caused by
MEGA EARTHQUAKESPROTA
DESIGN GROUND MOTION((((2))))
SITE SPECIFIC GROUND MOTION SIMULATION METHOD
DEVELOPPED BY NIKKEN SEKKEI
SOURCE FAULT
SEISMIC BEDROCK
SEDIMENTARY
LAYER
BUILDING
Fault Scale & Form of Slip Source Characteristics
Distance from Source to Site Propagation Characteristics
propagate
Stiffness & Thickness of Sedimentary Layer Amplification Characteristics
reflected in
simulation
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DESIGN GROUND MOTION((((3))))
AN EXAMPLE OF SITE SPECIFIC GROUND MOTION SIMULATION
SELECTED SITE
for
MODEL PROJECT
OVERVIEW OF PLATE TECTONICS
PROTA
THREE TYPES OF EARTHQUAKES TO BE STUDIED
TYPE-A
INLAND NEAR FIELD
EARTHQUAKE
M = 6.5 to 7
Caused by undetected
fault in the vicinity of
the site
TYPE-B
SOUTH KANTO
EARTHQUAKE
M = 7.9
Caused by predicted
active fault near the site
TYPE-C
SUCCESSIVE THREE MEGA-
EARTHQUAKES COMBINED
M = 8.0, 8.2, 8.6
Caused by successive slip of
large scale faults.
ASSUMED SITE LOCATION
PROTA
RESULTS OF SIMULATION – 5 % DAMPED ACCELERATION
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
TYPE-A
INLAND NEAR FIELD
EARTHQUAKE
TYPE-B
SOUTH KANTO
EARTHQUAKE
TYPE-C
THREE MEGA-EARTHQUAKES
COMBINEDPROTA
RESULTS OF SIMULATION – ACCELEROGRAM
TYPE-A INLAND NEAR-FIELD EARTHQUAKE
TYPE-B SOUTH KANTO EARTHQUAKE
TYPE-C THREE MEGA-EARTHQUAKES COMBINED
PROTA
RESULTS OF SIMULATION – ACCELEROGRAM IN OTHER DISTRICTS
OSAKA in 3-MEGA EQ
-3.0
0.0
3.0T
OP
DIS
P.
(m)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
(sec)
-3.0
0.0
3.0
TO
P D
ISP
.
(m)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
(sec)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
(sec)
-3.0
0.0
3.0
TO
P D
ISP
.
(m)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
(sec)
-3.0
0.0
3.0
TO
P D
ISP
.
(m)
-4.0
0.0
4.0
GR
OU
ND
AC
CE
LER
AT
ION
(m/s
ec2 )
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
(sec)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
(sec)
-3.0
0.0
3.0
TO
P D
ISP
.
(m)
-4.0
0.0
4.0
GR
OU
ND
AC
CE
LER
AT
ION
(m/s
ec2 )
-3.0
0.0
3.0
TO
P D
ISP
.
(m)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
(sec)
-3.0
0.0
3.0
TO
P D
ISP
.
(m)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
(sec)
-3.0
0.0
3.0
TO
P D
ISP
.
(m)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
(sec)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
(sec)
NAGOYA in 3-MEGA EQ
15-SORIES
T1 = 1.5 sec
60-SORIES
T1 = 6.0 sec
45-SORIES
T1 = 4.5 sec
30-SORIES
T1 = 3.0 sec
PROTA
2011 OFF THE PACIFIC COAST OF TOHOKU EARTHQUAKE
SOURCE
FAULT ZONEISHINOMAKI
0
600
400
200
-200
-400
-600
NS max = 450 cm/s2
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
sec
1st Shock 2nd Shock
Accelerogram at ISHINOMAKI
Occurred on 11 March, 2011
Mw = 9.0
Hypocentral Depth = 24 km
PROTA
2011.MAR.11 TOHOKU2011.MAR.11 TOHOKU
1995.JAN.17 KOBE1995.JAN.17 KOBE
GROUND MOTION COMPARISON KOBE 1995 vs TOHOKU 2011
PROTA
ISHINOMAKI RED-CROSS HOSPITAL
PROTA
FLOODED
AREA
ISHINOMAKI
REDCROSS
HOSPITAL
PROTA
ISHINOMAKI REDCROSS HOSPITAL
Building/Gross Floor Area : 10,173 / 32,486 sqm 7 stories above grade with 1 basement floor
Building Height : 21.4 m Steel structure with base isolation
Designed by Nikken Sekkei Ltd Construction Period : Aug. 2004 ---- Feb. 2006
Contractor: Kajima Corp.
Red-cross Plaza Emergency
Treatment
Mechanical RM
Dialysis Center
Electrical RM.
Sickroom
Management
Outpatient Diagnosis RM
Clinical Record
Storage
Isolation Space
Elevated Ground Level to prepare for flood by Kitakami RiverPROTA
ISHINOMAKI REDCROSS HOSPITAL
Sliding Shoe+NRB
below 1st Basement
NRB
below
1st Basement
Sliding Shoe+NRB
below
Ground Floor
U-type Steel DamperU-type Steel Damper
FUNDAMENTAL PERIOD : T = 1.45 sec for initial stiffness
= 3.73 sec for large displacement under very rare earthquakes
= 5.39 sec by the stiffness of isolators only
ISOLATION SPACE PLAN PROTA
6th Floor Soon After the Shock
Estimated Floor Response: 0.15 G max.
No overturning of important M/E or medical
appliances.
Documents on desks and in shelves slide down to
floors.
No human injury.
Medical Function was resumed soon after immediate
arrangement.
PROTA
600
400
200
-200
-400
-600
NS max = 450 cm/s2
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
sec
1st Shock 2nd Shock
Accelerogram at ISHINOMAKI
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Closing Remarks
✓✓✓✓ Seismic Isolation continue achieving sucsess in Japan based on experiences of disastrous earthquakes.
✓✓✓✓ Special appraisal system and other social system help the development of seismic isolation in Japan.
✓✓✓✓ Public approval system of devices facilitate to increase variety of products and enhance their reliability.
✓✓✓✓ Under these favorable circumstances, seismic isolation in Japan has been achieving variety of applica-
tions and new systems such as middle-story isolation.
✓✓✓✓ The most important features of seismic isolation is that seismically isolated buildings are not only safe
but also able to remain functional even after intense seismic actions.
✓✓✓✓ Therefore, seismic isolation is one of the most important key to the performance based seismic design.
✓✓✓✓ On the other hand, continuing R&D activities are highly required to find stable solution to the new
problems including long period and long duration ground motions.
✓✓✓✓ Seismically isolated buildings can be the last resort for sustainable society as in case of
Ishinomaki Red-Cross Hospital.
PROTA
E N D
Thank you for your kind attention
PROTA