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SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF WATER

STORAGE UNDER THE DIFFERENT

EARTHQUAKE LOADING

NORSYAHIRAH HAIFAA BINTI MOHD

ARRIFFIN

B. ENG(HONS.) CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that I have checked this thesis and in my opinion, this thesis is adequate

in terms of scope and quality for the award of the bachelor degree in civil engineering.

_______________________________

(Supervisor’s Signature)

Full Name : IR. DR. SAFFUAN BIN WAN AHMAD

Position : LECTERUR

Date : 25 JUNE 2018

STUDENT’S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work in this thesis is based on my original work except for

quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has

not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at Universiti Malaysia

Pahang or any other institutions.

_______________________________

(Student’s Signature)

Full Name : NORSYAHIRAH HAIFAA BINTI MOHD ARRIFFIN

ID Number : AA14086

Date : 25 JUNE 2018

SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF WATER STORAGE UNDER THE

DIFFERENT EARTHQUAKE LOADING

NORSYAHIRAH HAIFAA BINTI MOHD ARRIFFIN

Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of the

Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

JUNE 2018

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Alhamdulillah, praise upon to Allah s.w.t, for the blessings and gifts that have been given,

has finally been given the opportunity to undergo a final year project that have been

conducted for two semester as required by Faculty of Civil Engineering of Universiti

Malaysia Pahang to finish my degree.

First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Ir. Dr. Saffuan Bin

Wan Ahmad for the continuous support for my thesis, for his patience, motivation and

infinite knowledge. He also provided guidance throught out my project to be done.

Besides my advisor, i would like to thank my friends who are support me from the

beginning until I finished my thesis. They helped me to give a view in preparing this

thesis, giving me strength when i gave up and always give me tutoring for what i do not

understand.

Last but not least, i would also like to thank my parents Mohd Arriffin Bin Abdullah and

Zuraidah Binti Mamat also my sibling for supporting me spiritually throughout my life.

iii

ABSTRAK

Gempa bumi sering menyebabkan kerosakan teruk kepada bangunan seperti kegagalan

ricih dan mod kegagalan ricih lenturan dalam rasuk, kegagalan bersama paksi dalam lajur

dan retak yang berkaitan. Tangki air bertingkat adalah salah satu struktur yang terjejas

yang disebabkan oleh gempa bumi dan ia perlu berfungsi selepas gempa bumi yang teruk

untuk menghadapi kebakaran pasca gempa bumi dan bagi tujuan domestik yang lain.

Laporan kajian ini membentangkan analisis dan reka bentuk analisa modal, spektrum

respon dan analisis sejarah masa tangki air bertingkat menggunakan SAP2000 sebagai

analisis perisian. Tangki air tertakluk kepada beban mati, beban hidup, berat badan dan

beban seismik. Pengiraan beban seismik dilakukan dengan mengikuti Eurocode 8 2004.

Analisa modal memberikan kekerapan semulajadi struktur dan sejarah masa dimana

menentukan tingkah laku struktur dalam interval waktu tertentu terhadap pelbagai fungsi

seperti halaju, perpindahan, percepatan, daya ricih, dan momen lenturan.

iv

ABSTRACT

Earthquakes often cause severe damage to buildings such as shear failure and bending

shear failure mode in beams, axial failure in column and cracks in connection. The

elevated water tank is one of the affected structure caused by an earthquake and it is

necessary to be functional after a severe earthquake for suffering from post-earthquake

fire and for others domestic purpose. These study reports present the analysis and design

of modal analysis, response spectrum and time history analysis of an elevated water tank

using SAP2000 as a software analysis. The water tank is subjected to a dead load, live

load, self-weight and seismic load. A seismic load calculation is done by follow Eurocode

8 2004. The capital analysis gives the natural frequency of the structure and time history

where define the behavior of the structure in certain time interval against various

functions such as velocity, displacement, acceleration, shear force, and bending moment.

v

TABLE OF CONTENT

DECLARATION

TITLE PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii

ABSTRAK iii

ABSTRACT iv

TABLE OF CONTENT v

LIST OF TABLES viii

LIST OF FIGURES ix

LIST OF SYMBOLS xii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background of Study 1

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Research Objective 4

1.4 Scope of Study 5

1.5 Significance of Study 5

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Earthquake 6

2.1.1 Fundamental of Earthquake 6

2.1.2 Types of Seismic Waves 8

vi

2.1.3 Magnitude 11

2.1.4 Intensity 11

2.2 Introduction To Water Storage 12

2.2.1 Types of Water Tank 12

2.2.2 Issues On Earthquake Effects 13

2.3 Introduction To SAP2000 Software 15

2.4 An Overview Of Literature Review 16

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 20

3.1 Introduction 20

3.2 Research Planning 21

3.3 Gathering Information Data 21

3.4 Modeling 22

3.5 SAP2000 Software Flow Chart 23

3.6 Step Analysis In SAP2000 Software 24

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 29

4.1 Introduction 29

4.1.1 Time History 29

4.1.2 Displacement 29

4.1.3 Acceleration 29

4.2 Analysis Of Concrete Elevated Water Tank 30

4.2.1 Modal Analysis 30

4.2.2 Dead Load (DL) + Live Load (LL) 38

4.2.3 Dead Load (DL) + Live Load (LL) + Earthquake Load 39

vii

4.3 Summary Analysis 58

4.3.1 Modal Analysis 58

4.2.3 Characteristic Of Water Tank During The Earthquake 59

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 65

5.1 Introduction 65

5.2 Recommendation 66

REFERENCES 68

viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 Structural element size 22

Table 3.2 Material used 22

Table 4.1 Result of joint displacement for Aceh Earthquake Loading 40

Table 4.2 Result of joint displacement for El-centro Earthquake Loading 41

Table 4.3 Result of joint acceleration for Aceh Earthquake Loading 48

Table 4.4 Result of joint acceelration for El-centro Erathquake Loading 49

Table 4.5 Summary of modal analysis 58

ix

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Major tectonic plates surround Malaysia 4

Figure 1.2 Location of Sumatran fault 4

Figure 2.1 Type of plate boundaries 7

Figure 2.2 P waves 8

Figure 2.3 S waves 9

Figure 2.4 Rayleigh waves 10

Figure 2.5 Richter scale of Earthquake Energy 11

Figure 2.6 Elevated water tank of Puerto Varas Hotel in Chile earthquake 13

Figure 2.7 Elevated water tank with 700 m³ capacity in Chile earthquake 14

Figure 2.8 Elevated water tank of Gujarat, India 15

Figure 2.9 Elevated water tank with capacity 680 m³ in Bhurj 15

Figure 3.1 Flow chart of methodology 21

Figure 3.2 Flow chart of modeling structures 23

Figure 3.3 Select structure model type 24

Figure 3.4 Define grid system data 25

Figure 3.5 Add restraints at the base condition 25

Figure 3.6 Load combination data 26

Figure 3.7 Time History function using Aceh earthquake data 27

Figure 3.8 Time History function using El-centro earthquake data 27

Figure 3.9 Set load cases to run the analysis 28

Figure 4.1 Mode shape 1 30












Figure 4.13 Modal case analysis 37

x

Figure 4.14 Deformed shape from the analysis of Dead Load (DL) and Live

Load (LL) 38

Figure 4.15 An overview for joint of walls 39

Figure 4.16 Joint of wall versus displacement in x-axis for Aceh earthquake 42

Figure 417 Joint of wall versus displacement in x-axis for El-centro earthquake 43

Figure 4.18 Joint of wall versus displacement in y-axis for Aceh earthquake 44

Figure 4.19 Joint of wall versus displacement in y-axis for El-centro earthquake 45

Figure 4.20 Joint of wall versus displacement in z-axis for Aceh earthquake 46

Figure 4.21 Joint of wall versus displacement in z-axis for El-centro earthquake 47

Figure 4.22 Joint of wall versus acceleration in x-axis for Aceh earthquake 50

Figure 4.23 Joint of wall versus acceleration in x-axis for El-centro earthquake 51

Figure 4.24 Joint of wall versus acceleration in y-axis for Aceh earthquake 52

Figure 4.25 Joint of wall versus acceleration in y-axis for El-centro earthquake 53

Figure 4.26 Joint of wall versus acceleration in z-axis for Aceh earthquake 54

Figure 4.27 Joint of wall versus acceleration in z-axis for El-centro earthquake 55

Figure 4.28 Result of maximum shear force and bending moment 56

Figure 4.29 The critical beam for an Aceh earthquake 57

Figure 4.30 Result of maximum shear force and bending moment 57

Figure 4.31 The critical beam for an El-centro earthquake 58

Figure 4.32 Result of critical force for Aceh earthquake 58

Figure 4.33 3D view of critical column 59

Figure 4.34 Result of critical force for El-centro earthquake 59

Figure 4.35 3D view of critical column 60

Figure 4.36 The bar graph shows the data of joint versus displacement in x, y and z-

axis for Aceh earthquake 61

Figure 4.37 The bar graph shows the data of joint versus displacement in x, y and z-

axis for El-centro earthquake 62

xi

Figure 4.38 The bar graph shows the data of joint versus acceleration in x, y and z-axis

for Aceh earthquake 63

Figure 4.39 The bar graph shows the data of joint versus acceleration in x, y and z-axis

for Aceh earthquake 64

xii

LIST OF SYMBOLS

Hz Haze

m meter

m/sec² meter per second square

m³ meter cubic

g gal

kN Kilo Newton

Kn.m

Km

Mw

Kilo Newto.meter

Kilometer

Moment magnitude

xiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

DL

LL

EL

MMD

Dead Load

Live Load

Earthquake Load

Malaysia Meteorology Department

PEER

RC

2D

3D

Pacific Earthquake Engineering Reserach Center

Reinforced Concrete

2 Dimensional

3 Dimensional

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Reinforced concrete (RC) elevated water tanks a critical structure that is expected

to remain functional after severe earthquakes in order to serve the water system network.

Elevated water tank is a water storage transportation supported by a tower and

constructed at an elevation to provide utility storage and pressure for a water distribution

system. It holds a huge mass of water over a staging which is most critical condition

during an earthquake. These structure depends on hydrostatic pressure produced by an

elevation of water and thus are able to supply water even during power outages. Water

storage tank should not collapse after an earthquake because it's being an important

element in human lives that can be used in essential as a provider of potable water as well

as quenching fire operations. Water storage tank has does not carry up to the possibility

of some of the earthquakes in the past. Their safety performance is a critical concern

during the strong earthquake due to a shortage of water for drinking or distressing in

quenching fire during a critical situation, by collapsing of this structure and falling down

of water perils occur for people and their health in the city.

An earthquake is a ground shaking produced by an instant slip of error that can

impact any location at any times where stresses on the outer layer push off the surface of

the fault together. Therefore, the expanding pressure and the rocks move abruptly, make

it releasing some energy. The energy was called seismic waves that travel through the

earth’s crust. It causes a tremors where anyone can address it during an earthquake.

Earthquake is one of the most important and common phenomena of natural disaster that

directly affect human life and property.

2

During an earthquake, building will tend to vibrate around one certain frequency

known as natural frequency. According to the sudden movement, it poses a great pressure

for the elements of elevated water tank structure including beams, columns, walls, and

floors, as well as the connectors that hold these elements together. If they are firmly large

enough, it can collapse or may cause damage to the structure of elevated water tank.

Experience has shown that for new constructions, creating seismic resistant regulations

and its implementation is critical protection against earthquake damage. With respect to

existing structure, it is necessary to assess and strengthen it based on assessmemt criteria

before the earthquake.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The damage of structures induced by earthquake ground motions depends

primarily on three parameters which are the characteristics of earthquake source

properties and ground motions, the properties of the structure and how close the

structure’s fundamental natural frequency to the dominant frequency of the ground

motion. 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake has demonstrated these facts

clearly. In general, the characteristics of the earth's motion involve uncertainty that exists

and cannot be operated while its structural properties have lesser flexibility and can be

dealt a little bit in general. For example, construction material and construction personnel

can be selected and the seismic resistance of the structure can be increased to a high

enough level through members detailed for increased ductility capacity.

Malaysia can be said to be free from earthquakes and categorized in low seismicity

groups but still feel the tremors in certain places. Sabah and Sarawak often experience

earthquakes as compared to Peninsular Malaysia. The magnitude 4.0 earthquake struck

Mount of Kinabalu, about 16 km west of Ranau at 9.39am, June 28th 2016 on Friday,

according to the Malaysian Meteorological Department website. Seismic damage affects

buildings and infrastructure with high damage and death. Most buildings are designed

only by considering wind effects rather than seismic effects. Therefore, the seismic effect

should be considered since the small disaster has taken place.

3

Malaysia is located between 3 major tectonic plates namely Eurasian-Sunda plate,

India-Australia plate, and Philippine-Pacific plate as shown in Figure 1.1. Remote earth

movement has been recorded by Malaysia's seismic station network, from the two most

active plate tectonic margins in the world, for example the Sumatera subduction zone,

and the long 1650 km of the Sumatran axis, and the same Philippine plate.

Figure 1.1: Major tectonic plates surround Malaysia.

Source: classified-blog.com [Online image]. (2016). Retrieved November 5, 2016 from

http://classified-blog.com/photogms/usgs-plate-boundaries

Malaysi

68

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