selected pages from the night before essay planner (hall, 2007) - write-referencing 2

7/30/2019 Selected pages from The night before essay planner (Hall, 2007) - Write-referencing 2

1/10

ReferencingGeneral referencing tipsREFERENCING INVOLVES ACKNOWLEDGING the published sources you use in your essay.While most of us can understand why we have to reference, it's how we should reference and whatwe need to reference that drives us a little batty. And for add ed fun , there is so much contrad icto ryinformation an d advice ou t there; it 's no wonder we all want to head to the pub as soon as wethink about referencing!Th is sec tion d etails six major referencing systems:1. Harvard2. American Psychological Association (APA)3. Modern Languages Association (MLA)4. Chicago author-dates. Footnotes (Chicago)6. Endnotes (Vancouver)

The information presented here is distilled from large, comprehensive volumes, so consult theprimary or authorita tive source of the referencing system you use if you are unsure about howto present a reference in yo ur essay. T he reference examples given in this section are fic ti tious, sodon't try and look them up ... you' ll be looking for a long time.

Most importantly; you must use the style that is relevant fo r your discip line (check with yo urtutor) and be consistent throughout your essay. You can't use the Harvard system for half of youressay and footnotes for the rema inder. Be abso lutely consisten t and use one system exclusive ly.

Don't forget, the po in t of referencing is to add credibility to your argum ent and to tell thereader where yo u got your in forma tion, allow ing them to look up the o riginal so urce if they needto. Once yo u understand how and what to reference in an essay; yo u' ll find it is not as stressful asit first appears. It's just a matter of learning the rules.

126


2/10

IssueHow do I know whichreferencing system to use?

Why do I need to reference?

What do I need to reference?

What is a reference list orbibliography?

How to reference correctlyThis is the most important question to ask, since each faculty, school and/or discipline in auniversity will have one referencing system that you mustuse. This is not negotiable.It is important to check which system you should use every time youreceive an essay topic, as you will almost certainly take subjects indifferent disciplines, and the referencing requirements may change.Additionally,your individual tutors may have a preference for the way youpresent references, and their methods could be a ittle different to the waythings are presented in this planner. The golden rule is: do exactly whatyour tutor tells you. You will lose marks for incorrect or sloppy referencingand you will definitely lose marks if you don't reference your essay usingthe preferred referencing style.In academic writing, referencing shows the reader where you got yourinformation in an organised, efficient manner. It adds clout and credibilityto your argument. It shows the reader that you have taken literature,research or studies into account, considered them , analysed them andformed your own perspective or argument. If the reader wants to havea ook at the original material, the referencing information allows easyaccess to it.You must reference directly after you use another author's concept or idea,even if you have rewritten it into your own words (otherwise known asparaphrasing). You also need to reference direct quotes, tables, graphs,statistics, and even pictures if you have used such material. Anything thatcomes from someone else's work must be acknowledged . If you don'treference someone else's work, you are plagiarising (claiming it as yourown) and whether you do this intentionally or unintentionally there areserious academic penalties.At the end of your essay, you need to provide a comprehensive list of allthe bibliographic information of the references you used. Abibliographyincludes sources you consulted, but did not use in the essay while areference list only includes sources actually referenced in the body of youressay.

127


3/10

IssueDirect quotes"Bia bla"

Identifying typo's In directquotes using [sic]

Inserting additionalinformation Into directquotes using squarebrackets [1

Ellipsis ... in directquotations

Paraphrasing

128

How to reference correctlyDirect quotes must always be in quotation marks and the reference informationmust be provided directly after the quote.Direct quotes should only make up about 10% of your essay. Save them for whenyou really want to make apoint. When used well, direct quotes can be apowerfuladdition to your argument, because they demonstrate exactly what anotherauthor supports or rejects."Sic", is aLatin word meaning "thus". You can use this in your essay whendirectly quoting another author, if the quote has aspelling mistake or variation.This lets the reader know that the spelling was in the original source. When youuse it, "sic" should be in square brackets, all lowercase letters and directly afterthe mistake or misspelling in the quote.Occasionally you may need to add some words to a direct quote to establish thecontext of the quote or alter the tense. You can do this by pu tting your additionalinformation in square brackets.Square brackets are often used in journalistic writing where the journalist quotesfrom an interview, but needs to adjust the tense or add aword to explain thecontext, so that the quote fits into their piece of writing. Keep on the lookout thenext timeyou read the newspaper.An ellipsis is three dots(.. . that are used when you quote another author, butleave out some of the quote,because it is not relevant to your point. The threepoints indicate where there is part of the original quote missing.When you add an ellipsis, you should put it in square brackets if there is alreadyan ellipsis in the sentence you are quoting, otherwise just insert the ellipsis whereyou require it. If it is at the end of the sentence, it becomes four points (threepoints for the ellipsis and one full stop).Paraphrasing is rewriting anauthor's concept or idea into your own words. Parais "to parrot", or copy the phrase in your own way. Paraphrasing means that youdon't use quotation marks, but you must still reference the nformation. You alsoneed to be careful not to change the point,message or context of the information.Paraphrasing is auseful and necessary skill to master in essay writing becauseit ensures that you process information and express it in your own voice.Paraphrasing also helps you to stop and think about what you are writing, ratherthan producing an essay that is aseries of linked direct quotes.


4/10

IssueWhen one author quotesanother, and you wantto use that quote in youressay, this is called an"indirect quote"

Et al. (three or moreauthors)

Ibid (the same place)

Op. cit. (the work cited)

How to reference correctlyYou can use a quote in your essay that you found quoted in abook by adifferentauthor. To do this, you need to provide the referencing information of the sourceyou found the quote in. However, you do still need to acknowledge the author ofthe actual quote, by his/her name, followed by the words-"cited in" or "quoted in",and then the details of the source you found it in.In the reference or bibliography list at the end of your essay, you only need toinclude the reference details of the book you found the information in."Et al." is aLatin abbreviation for et alii, which means, "and others".ln the bodyof your essay you can refer to a reference that has three or more authors (somereferencing systems may require five or more authors) by the first author and then"et al."However, in your reference list at the end of your essay, you need to detail thecomplete reference, which includes all authors' names."Ibidem" is aLatin word meaning "the same place". When you reference the sameauthor twice in a row, instead of writing the author's name asecond time, you canreplace the name with "ibid". You can use "ibid" with consecutive references only.

"Op. cit." is an abbreviation of the Latin word opus citatium, meaning "the workcited". You can use this instead of the author's name if you have already cited thework earlier in your essay.Whereas ibid (explained above) can only be used for consecutive references,op. cit. can be used when you refer to the same author several references later.

129


5/10

Issuen.d.What if there is no date?

n.p.What if there are nopublication details?

The first author

pers. comm.Referencing personalcommunication

Referencing informationfrom detached pages

130

How to reference correctlyIf there is no date in the publication information of the source you want to cite, youcan put "n.d." (no date) where you would normally put the date.

If there are no publication details, you can let the reader know this by putting "[nopublication details given]" in square brackets where you would normally put thepublication details.The order of authors' names on a reference is mportant, because the names aregenerally in order of the principal writer (the one who did the most work), down tothe person who contributed the least. It is important to keep the authors' names inthe order they are published.

As ageneral rule, try to avoid referencing personal communication like emails,phone calls, nterviews, or things you have heard in the media or on the street.Leave that to the journalists.You should aim to use only published works to supportyour argument, as this will add credibility to your work.Having said this, referencing personal communication is permitted under officialreferencing guidelines, so if you need to reference personal communications youcan do so by stating: "pers. comm." and the exact date it occurred. You do notneed to list the personal communication in your reference list at theend of youressay, because it is not widely available (i.e. published) for others to access.However, for the purposes of university essay writing, try not to reference personalcommunications. If you find something interesting in your inbox, or hear it on theradio, do the research and find apublished author who supports that particularpoint of view.Where information you want to reference is broken up or scattered over anumberof pages, you can reference this by identifying the pages covered (e.g . 17 22).


6/10

I

IssueComputer programs forreferencing

What if there is noauthor?

What if two differentauthors have the samename and date ofpublication?

What if more than onereference supports thesame idea?

How to reference correctlyThere are computer programs (Endnote and Reference Manager are two of themost popular) that create databases for you to record your referencing information.These are fantastic, because you only need to write the details once, and can justtransport any reference information into your essay when you need it.Alternatively, you can utilise the reference function in MS Word on your computer.Using this function in MS Word, you can enter reference information as you go, soat the end of your essay, your reference list can be created by the click of a mouse,saving you typing in all the information at the last minute.

If there is no author for the information you want to reference, you can use thename of the group or organisation that produced the material. You identify theorganisation in place of where the author's name normally appears.If you can 't find information on the group who put the information together, you canuse an abbreviated version of the title of the book, pamphlet, report or whatever itis you are referencing.Identify authors with the same name and publication date (or the same author whohas two publications in the one year) by assigning each reference with a owercase letter ("a", "b", "c" etc) after the year of publication. Don't forget to alsoinclude the letter in your reference list or bibliography so the reader can match thein-text or footnote reference with the full bibliographic information in the referencelist at the end of the paper.Multiple authors will sometimes share the same idea. If you want to cite more thanone author for the same idea, simply list the authors in alphabetical order withinthe same in-text reference or footnote, separated by asemicolon.

131


7/10

Referencing with the APA systemThis system acknowledges the authors and sources yo u got your informa tion from th roughoutyour essay. You need to identify where you got your in fo rmat ion directly after using it in youressay. You must reference when using a direct quote and also when using another author's conceptor idea, even when you write it in your own words.

W hen yo u reference in the body of your essay, you must always include the author (s) and theyea r of publication, but you only need to include the page nu mbe r when you use a d irect quote.Use the following examples as templates for the APA style in the body of your essay.

Direct quotes

Your own words- paraphrasing anauthor

Your own words withthe author's nameused in the sentence

Direct quote using theauthor's name In thesentence

Quoting largepassagesIndent quote ratherthan using quotationmarks

Travelling through Morocco poses many health risks to backpackers. "It 's inevitablethat at some stage you'll be struck down with diarrhoea, maybe just as a result of achange of food or water but more often because of a bug of some sort" (Crowther &Finlay, 1989,p.24).

Travelling through Morocco poses many health risks to backpackers.The foreign dietcoupled with the likelihood of catching a common stomach bug, means that mosttravellers have an experience of diarrhoea (Crowther &Finlay, 1989).

Travelling through Morocco poses many health risks to backpackers. Crowther andFinlay (1989) suggest most travellerswill experience diarrhoea, most probably causedby catching a stomach bug.

Travelling through Morocco poses many health risks to backpackers. Crowther &Finlay(1989) believe that " .. at some stage you'll be struck down with diarrhoea, maybe justas a result of achange of food or water but more often because of abug of some sort"(p. 24).

Travelling through Morocco poses many health risks to all backpackers. Crowther andFinlay 1989 suggest:It's inevitable hat at some stage you'll be struck down with diarrhoea, maybe justas a result of achange of food or water but moreoften because of a bug of somesort. Don't go pumping yourself full of antibiotics at the first sign of trouble. Th is isnot a good way to treat your stomach and you can oftendo more harm han goodby destroying all the useful intestinal flora in your gut as well as the nasties that aregiving you problems (p. 24).

Travellers need o understand the variety of foreign healthconditions hey may besubjected o and how to treat themappropriately.139


8/10

Creating a reference list with the APA systemReferencing a ...

Book

Chapter in an editedbook

Journal

Electronic journalarticle

Published papersin conferenceproceedings

140

Format used to present reference information in thereference list using the APA systemAuthor(s) I year of publication I title I edition I city of publication I publisher.Smith, C. (1996). Indonesian wildlife. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Author(s) of chapter I year of publication I title of chapter I "In" I editor's first initialthen surname followed by "(Ed.)" I title of book I page number(s) I city ofpublication I publisher.Davies, J. (2000). Staying up late: In depth interviews with insomniacs. In B. Hall (Ed.),The full moon and its psychosocial impacts (pp.17 -32).Sydney: University of SydneyPress.

Author(s) I year of journal issue I title of article I title of journal I volume number I(issue number) I page number(s) of article.Davies, J.G. &Davies, S.G. (1991 ). Promoting local talent. Business Review Journal,117 (2), 24-29.

Author I year, month, day of publication I title ofarticle I title of journal I volume I issuenumber or article number I "retrieved"/ date accessed I "from"! web address (URL).Hall, B.L. (1997, June 7). Where has all the English literature gone? Australian EnglishLanguage Online, 4, Article 7. Retrieved June 17, 2001, from http://elo.com.au/review/4.v7 litgone.html

Author(s) I year published I title of article I "In"/ Editor(s) I "(Ed.)" I title of conference Icity of publication I publisher.O'Brien, R.R. (2005). Future directions of anthropology. In P. Sarah (Ed.), Third AnnualConference on Anthropology and the Twenty First Century (pp. 55-71 ). Sydney:University of Sydney Press.


9/10

Referencing a ... Format used to present reference information in thereference list using the APA systemWorld wide web Author(s) I year of publication I title of document I "Retrieved" I date accessed Idocument "from" I name of host or organisation of site I web site (URL).O'Brien, B. (1997). Cycling and discipline. Retrieved January 20,2004, fromPhysical and Mental Cycling Group web site: http://www.intellectualcycling.com.au/research/cycdisp.html

Newspaper article Author of article I year, month, day published I title of article I name of newspaper Ipage number(s).Hall, B. (2000, March 17). Food court or food caught: Our changing relationship withfood. The Sydney Morning Herald Weekend Edition, p.17.

Thesis or dissertation Author I year I title of thesis I "Unpublished doctoral dissertation " I name ofinstitution /location of institution.OBrien, Z. (2001). The medicalisation ofallied health in thehospital setting.Unpublished doctoral dissertation,The University of Maine,Maine.

CD-ROM Author of article I year of publication I title of article I "[CD-ROM]" I edition I city ofpublication I name of publisher or producer.Walker, V. (1992). Abeginners guide to gardening in time with music [CD-ROM],London,UK: ABC Gardens Inc.

Audiovisual Name of producer /" (Producer)" I year produced I title I [typeof audiovisual] I ("Available from" I production or distributors name and address)Marcus,T. S. (Producer). (1982). Ashort film on short film [Motion picture].(Available from SBJ Promotions, 1567 Ross Boulevard, Griffith, NSW).

Personal communication Personal communication such as interviews, email, and phone calls are notincluded in the reference list, because the reader is unable to access the source(this is known as non-recoverable data).However, in the body of your essay youshould reference the information as follows:(D. Ryan,personal communication, July 17, 2005)


10/10

Creating a reference list with the APA systemSome guidelines for the reference list1. Your reference list should be on a separate sheet of paper at the end of your essay.2. It should have the title "Reference list" at the top of the page.3. List sources in alphabetical order with the author's surname first.4. All references without an author shou ld be included in alphabetical order in the reference list,

based on the title of the source.5. Initials of first and middle names should be used. Do not use an author's given name.6. Multiple references by the same author must be listed in chronological order. Begin with the

oldes t publication.7. References with on ly one author should precede references with multiple authors that begi nwith the same name.8. You must list all references used in your essay. You should not include sources you may haveread, but did not cite in your essay.

9. Only the first word of the title and subtitle should be capitalised.10. The names of journals should be capitalised.11. Book titles and names of journals should be italicised.12. The year of publication should be presented in brackets.13. Be consistent with punctu ation. Most tutors will be less critical of your referencing if you

have been tidy and consistent with your citations throughout your essay.

142

selected pages from the night before essay planner (hall, 2007) - write-referencing 2

Documents