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ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS

WOJCIECH W. GASPARSKI (b. 1936), studied at Silesian Technical University, Gliwice (M.Eng. 1959); Polish Academy of Science, Institute of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Warsaw (Dr.Sc. 1969); Warsaw Technical University (Dr.Habil. 1978), associate professor and Head of Design Methodology Unit at the Department of Praxiology of the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of Polish Academy of Sciences, scientific secretary of the Committee of the Science of Science. Main fields of interest: praxiology, science of science, and design and systems methodology. Member of Design Research Society (U.K.) and Design Methods Group (U.S.A.), as well as of editorial boards of Inter­national Journal of General Systems, Design Studies, Metamedicine, Praxiology, Progress in Cybernetics.

EUGENIUSZ GEBLEWICZ (1904-1974), studied philosophy and psychology at Warsaw University, Ph.D. physiology and psychology at Sorbonne; as research fellow discovered so-called Le Grand - Geblewicz optical psycho­physiological phenomenon. Professor of Warsaw, t,6dz Univ. and Warsaw Academy of Physical Education, former dir. of Dep. in Min. of Higher School and Education, co-founder of Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences (Nencki Institute), professor at Institute of History of Science, Education and Technics, Polish Academy of Science. Main fields of interest: psychology, praxiology, science of science.

HENRYK GRENIEWSKI (1903-1972) studied at Jagiellonian University of Cracow (Ph.D. 1926) ; professor, dean of Economics Faculty of Warsaw Univer­sity, Head of Econometrics Dep. of Polish Academy of Sciences, founder of Polish Cybernetics Society. 1951-1958 professor of logic at Higher School of Pedagogy. Main fields of interest: praxiology, logic, economics, econometry, cybernetics. Main pUblications: Elementy logiki formalnej (Elements of the Formal Logic) (1955), Elementy logiki indukcji (Elements of the Logic of Induction) (1955), Cybernetyka Z lotu ptaka (A Bird's Eye View of Cybernetics) (1963).

JOZEF KONIECZNY (b. 1936) studied at Warsaw University (ph.D. 1968), Military Technical Academy, Dr. Sc. 1971, member of standing Committee of Polish Cybernetics Society, associate professor of Military Technical Academy (Dr.habil. 1979). Main points of interest: systems engineering, general system theory, praxiology, theory of exploitation, logic.

TADEUSZ KOTARBINSKI (1886-1981), studied philosophy at Lw6w University (Ph.D. 1912). Professor of Warsaw University 1919-1%1, professor and rector of t,6dz University 1945-1949, member of Polish Academy of Sciences and president 1957-1%2, permanent president of Polish Philosophical Society,

403

404 ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS

president of International Institute of Philosophy 1960-1963, doctor honoris causa of numerous Polish and foreign universities, member of many Academies of Science abroad. Founder of Polish school of praxiology, the last repre­sentative of world known Polish school of logic, one of the greatest Polish philosophers; fields of interest not only logic and praxiology but ethic, ontology, gnosiology, epistemology, methodology, pedagogy too. Main publi­cations in foreign languages: Ler;ons sur l'histoire de la logique (Warsaw-Paris 1965-1971), Gnosiology. The Scientific Approach to the Theory of Knowledge (Oxford-Warsaw 1966); 'Ce qu'il-y-a d'essential dans l'appreciation moral', In: Library of the Tenth International Congress of Philosophy, Vol. 1, Pro­ceedings of the Tenth International Congress of Philosophy, Amsterdam, August 11-18 (Amsterdam 1948); 'Sur l'attitude reiste (ou concretiste)', Synthese Bussum, 1948-1949, V. 7, Nos. 4-5, pp. 262-273); 'The Fundamental Ideas of Pasomatism', Mind, Edinburgh 1955, V. 64, No. 256, pp. 488-500; 'Sur l'attitude reiste ou concretiste', In: Le language (Actes du XIIIe Congres des Societes de Philosophie de Langue Fran~ise) NeuchAtel, 1966, pp. l00-lO2.

OSKAR LANGE (1904-1965) studied economics and mathematical statistics at the Universities of Poznail. and Cracow (Iagiellonian University), 1928 Ph.D. (Economics), 1934-1935 in the USA and England - among others Cambridge Mass., London School of Economics, Oxford, Cambridge (Rockeffeler Founda­tion's scholarship). 1934-1945 professor at U.S. universities (Michigan, Chicago, Illinois, California, Stanford, Columbia, N. York). 1945-1948 Polish ambassador to the USA and the United Nations Organization. Professor at the Central School of Planning and Statistics in Warsaw, Warsaw University, Institute of Social Sciences of the Polish United Workers Party (PZPR). Member of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Econometrics Society, Institute of Social Studies (the Hague), Royal Statistical Society. Politician - chairman and later vice­chairman of the State Council (Rada Paflstwa), member of the Central Com­mittee of the Polish United Workers' Party. Actively engaged in resolving the country's economical problems as chairman of the Economical Council of Poland and economic adviser to the governments of India. Ceylon and Arabian Countries. For his achievements in the field of political economics received national prizes in Poland (1955, 1964). Author of books translated and used as manuals in many countries. In English: On the Economic Theory of Socialism (Minneapolis 1938 and 5 later editions); Price, Flexibility and Employment (Bloomington Indiana 1944); Political Economy (Oxford, War­szawa 1963, V. II, 1971); Introduction to Econometrics (Oxford, Warszawa 1962); Wholes and Parts (Oxford-Warsaw 1965).

EDWARD LENIEWICZ (b. 1934) studied philosophy at Warsaw University, lecturer of logic (ph.D. 1970), research fellow in Praxiology Dep. of the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, former managing editor of Prakseologia and Praxiology. Engaged in develop­ment of praxiology and theory of events.

ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS 405

MARIA NOWAKOWSKA (b. 1929) studied at Jagiellonian University in Kra­k6w in the domain of mathematical social sciences. (ph.D. and habilitation). Associate Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Psychology and Action Theory, Dep. of Praxiology of the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Co-editor of Intern. J. of Cybernetics and member of Editorial Boards of Prakseologia, Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa, Studia Psycho­logiczne, Scientometrics, Ars Semiotica, Annals of Systems Research, Intern. I. of Man-Machine Studies, Text -Intern. Journal for the Study of Discourse, Mathematical Social Sciences, Intern. Journal of Systems, Measurement and Decisions, and Behavioral and Brain Sciences. She is a member of Research Committee on Alienation of ISA, and an afilliate member of the International Council for Science Policy Studies. She is the author of 6 books, over 100 arti­cles and over 30 chapters in books, most of them in Polish, English or German. Dr Nowakowska's main contribution is formal theory of actions, which was substantially developed and applied to such fields as mathematical psychology, decision theory, mathematical sociology, linguistics (theory of dialogues and texts), semiotics, science of science.

JAN JORDAN PIOTR OSTROWSKI-NAUMOFF (b. 1901) studied engineering at Warsaw Technical University, philosophy at University of Warsaw, jour­nalism, after the II World War Polish University Abroad, London - 1%1 M.A., 1971 Ph.D., 1982 Dr.habil.), professor of Polish University Abroad, member of Royal Institute of Philosophy, Polish Society of Arts and Sciences in London, Polish Historical Society in Great Britain, Union of Polish Writers Abroad, Polish Social and Cultural Association (London) and other. Author of books and many articles on philosophy of action, praxiology, cybernetics, futurology and other.

TADEUSZ PSZCZOLOWSKI (b. 1922) studied philosophy at Warsaw Univer­sity (1951 Ph.D.), 1951-1961 organizer of TV programme production, Professor and head of Praxiology Dep. of Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 1972-1974 Professor of theory of organization - Institute of Management of Warsaw University. Dr.habil. Warsaw University 1969. Editor in chief of quarterly Prakseologia and yearbook Praxiology. Engaged in develop­ment of praxiology and theory of organization.

JAROSLAW RUDNIANSKI (b. 1921), studied Polish philology in Lw6w University, philosophy and psychology in Rome, Oxford, Warsaw Universities, Ph.D. 1967, asc. prof. in Praxiology Dep. of Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of Polish Academy of Sciences (Dr.habil. 1980). Main fields of interest: psychology, praxiology, theory of struggle, value theory; author of several books for students about technic of learning, creativity, organization of studies.

HENRYK STONERT (b. 1923), studied philosophy (1954 Ph.D.) at Warsaw University, Ass. Prof. and Vice-Dean of Social Science Faculty W.U. Since 1981

406 ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS

associated professor of the Depart. of Praxiology of the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of Polish Academy of Sciences. Main points of interest : philo­sophy, methodology (Main works: Definicje w naukach dedukcyjnych (Defini­tions in deductive sciences), Warszawa 1956), logic, semantic (J~zyk i nauka (Language and science), Warszawa 1964), science of science, praxiology, formal theory of action.

KLEMENS SZANIAWSKI (b. 1925), studied mathematics and philosophy in Warsaw and t,6dZ Universities, Ph.D. 1960. Professor of logic of Warsaw Univ., President of Polish Philosophical Society. Member of several editorial boards of journals, e.g. Synthese, Theory and Decision, Erkenntnis, Prakseologia, and Studia Logica. Main fields of interest: philosophy of science, praxiology, logic of non-deductive inference, decision theory, foundations of probability, statistics.

BOHDAN WALENTYNOWICZ (b. 1912), studied technical sciences at Warsaw Technical University, 1936 E.E., 1964 E.D. Editor and publisher of scientific and technical books and papers, editor in chief of monthly Przeglqd Elektro­techniczny, quarterly Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa and quarterly Science of Science. Professor (retired) at Praxiology Dep., Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Praesidium member of two Polish Academy of Sciences Committees - Science of Science and of Terminology Committee. President of Polish Committee of Electrical Terminology, member of International Council for Science Policy Studies. Engaged in philosophical, methodological and praxiological problems of technology and engineering, systemic approach to engineer's activity, scientific and technical communication theory.

ZBIGNIEW WASIU'TYlii'SKI (1902-1974) studied Warsaw Politechnical School, Warsaw University and Facult6 des Sciences of Paris University. Professor of Warsaw Technical University and of the Institute of Foundamental Problems of Technology of Polish Academy of Sciences. Designer and builder of bridges, Polish Diet, Ministry of Communication, building of Statistics Office, Polish greatest printing house in Warsaw and other buildings. Member of Polish Academy of Sciences, president of its Engineering Committee, founder of the Polish Association of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. Well known as theoretician and practitioner of civil engineering and construction; interested in science of science and praxiology.

TADEUSZ W6JCIK (1917-1975) studied at Foreign Trade Academy in Lw6w, philosophy at t.6dZ and Warsaw Universities (1%0 Ph.D.) Assoc. prof. of logic in Warsaw University, later of the Institute of Librology and Scientific Infor­mation of Warsaw Univ., Praxiology Dep. of Polish Academy of Sciences, head of Scientific Information Postgraduate Studies of Warsaw Univ., collaborator of Polish Normalization Committee. Main fields of interest: logic, praxiology,

ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS 407

theory of classification, theory of scientific information, theory and praxis of rationalization.

JAN ZffiLENIEWSKI (1900-1973) studied philosophy, 1922 Ph.D. Jagiellonian Univ. Cracow, Director of Silesia steel factories. Professor of foreign trade at Warsaw Main School of Planning and Statistics, co-author with S. Szczypiorski of the handbook for students: Principles of organization and technics of foreign trade (two editions in Polish). Professor and head of Praxiology Dep. Polish Academy of Sciences, founder and editor in chief of Praxeologia. Head of chair of Management Sciences of l.6dZ Univ. President of Scientific Manage­ment and Control Association. Author of great number of publications in Polish and other languages.

INDEX OF NAMES

Aeschylus 40 Ajdukiewicz, K. 115, 283 Amelineux, E. C. 34-35 Amensmhet I 64 Anaxagoras of Clasomene 41 Aristotle 19, 27, 240-241 Arrow, K. J. 148, 153-155 Asimov, M. 245,247, 374,388 Atkinson, J. W. 152

Bacon,F. 26,239-240,373 Benveniste, E. 39 Bogdanov, A. VIII, 27 Borowski, M. 28 Bourdeau, L. 39

Chajtman, S. 359 Chomsky, N. 148, 158, 161 Clauberg, K. 57

Darlington, C. D. 31 Democritus of Abdera 41 Descartes, R. 21 Dokt6r, K. 359 Douaouf 35 Dubislav, W. 57 Duns Scotus 211-212, 215

Edward VIII, the king of England 11 Engels, F. 212 Espinas, A. V, VIII, 28, 33, 35, 39-

42, 223

409

Fester, R. 43 Fisher, R. A. 88 Fraenkel, E. E. S. 39

Gandhi, M. K. 37 Gasparski, W. IX, XI, 61-83, 237.

249-250, 281-312, 349 Geblewicz, E. IX, 47-60 Giedymin, J. 307 Giese, F. 28 Gilgamesh 33 Gogol, N. V. 209 Goscinski, J. 359 Greniewski, H. X, 195-222 Greniewski, M. 219

Hall, A. D. 242 Helwig, Z. 359 Heraclitus 41 Hesiod 40 Hintikka, J. 157 Homer 12, 36, 40 Hostelet, G. 285 Hurwicz, P. S. 90, 95-96

Jeanmaire, H. 44 Jedynak, S. 33 Jevons, W. S. 5 JodI, F. 33

Kant, I. 106 Kantorovich, L. V. 228 Kapp,E. 55 Khonsu-hotep 35 KieZun, W. 359

410 INDEX OF NAMES

Knaster, B. 209 Konieczny, J. X, 179-194 Kotarbinski, T. VII, 1-19, 21-30,

36-37, 42, 48-49, 66-67, 110-112, 114, 221, 223, 234-235, 237, 239-240, 243, 245-246, 248, 252, 260-261, 281, 313-325, 329, 335, 348, 359, 365; 373, 386

Kuhn, H. 43 Kulikowski, R. 359 Kumal, J. 348, 359

Lange, O. X, XII-XIII, 196, 221, 223-229, 252, 361-371

Lalande, A. 58 Lao-Tse 37 Laplace, P. S. 90, 93-94 Lasker, E. 313 Leniewicz, E. XI, 265-279 Lindley, D. V. 88 Likert, V. R. 358 Lun-YU 37

Lukasiewicz, J. 241,248

Madsen, K. B. 310-311 Maharesh Mahesh 33 Mahrburg, A. 56-57 Mao Tse-tung 37-38 March,J.<3. 358 Marx, K. 362 Mayntz-Trier, R. 359 Mc<3regor, D. 358 Mencius (Meng-Ko) 37 Merire-Pepi I 34 Meyerson, J. 44 Mickiewicz, A. 13 Moliere XIII, 361 Morgenstern O. 86

Nemchynov, B. S. 195,221 Nowak, L. 294-295 Nowakowska, M. X,143-177

Ossowska, M. 106 Ostrowski, J. VIII, 31-45

Petraiycki, L. 27, 105,239-240 Petrushewyc, M. 37-38 Piaget, J. 143 Plato 41 Podg6recki, A. 244, 251 Przetacznikowa, M. 167, 175 Pszczotowski, T. IX, 36, 103-124

Rabelais, F. 211 Ramus, P. 239-240 Rapoport, A. 313 Ravetz, J. R. 285-286 Rudnianski, J. XII, 325-345

Sadowski, W. 359 Saggil-Kinam-Ubbit 33 Salomon 36 Schiller, L. 222 Schlick, M. 58 Schmidt, R. R. 32 Semagiku Setna-Khamuas 35 Senusret I 34 Sigwart, Ch. 57 Simon, H. A. 358-359 Slutsky, E. 223 Smith, A. 366 Solon 40 Sorel, <3. 37 Stonert, H. XI,231-263 Strzatecki, A. 18 Sun-tzy 37 Sutton, L. P. E. 38 Szaniawski, K. IX, 85-101, 359

Tatarkiewicz, W. 104 Tolstoy, L. 14, 37 Tversky, A. 153, 156 Twardowski, K. 237

Usirkare-Ati 34 Uyumov, A. I. 386

Varagnac, A. 31 Vemant, P. 44 Von Clausewitz, K; 38 Von Mises, L. 223,356

INDEX OF NAMES

Von Neumann, J. 86 Von Wright, G. H. 110

Wald, A. 88-89

411

Walentynowicz, B. xm, 373-391 Wasiutyilski, Z. xm, 79, 237, 250,

348-349, 373-391 W6jcik, T. 125-141 Wuest, W. 43

Zieleniewski, J. XII, 67, 107, 111, 115, 347-360

Zwicky, F. 310

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

act 9, 11,270 action(s) 8-9, II, 32-34, 39, 47-49,

158, 163-164, 231, 251, 253-255, 257, 259, 266, 271-272, 274, 279, 374, 376, 381, 385

admissible 143, 145-146, 162, 164, 170-171

compound 231-232 composite 144 elementary 143-144 joint 149 non-verbal 171 optimal 90 practical 234-235, 253, 260 simple 331-332 verbal 171 alphabet of 162 basis of 232, 257-258 chain of 182 components of 231 consciousness of 382 language of 143-145 mode of 275, 277-278 operation of 231 relation of 232 semantic of 173 set of 172 strings of 143-144, 146, 148-149,

151,158 system of 171, 183 subsystem of 182 values of 232

acumen 35 adaptation 374 admissibility of a string of actions

145 organizational 145

412

physical 145, 162 psychological 145, 147, 162 social 145

adequacy of a problem 289 adequate theorem 239-240 adequate theory 27, 239-240 adequate thesis 239-240 adversary 326, 328, 334-339 agent, agenthood 23, 37, 39, 54, 59,

232,257,260,285-286,288,290 aggregation 298, 301-303, 305 aim 173 algorithm 215

theory of 222 alliance 334, 339 anticipation principle 24 aproval 103 arete 35 Arrow's impossibility theorem 148,

153-156 art 40-41

of conducting war 313 artefacts 32, 375 artifical objects 235-236, 288

- phenomena 236 attainability of outcomes 147, 149-

151 attitude 330

favourable 330-331, 338 hostile 331 neutral 331

automata 41 theory of 169

behaviour 158, 174 actual 151

INDEX OF SUBJECTS 413

non-verbal 147, 152 optimal 151 rational 227 verbal 147, 152 decisional aspects of 143 semantic aspects of 174 structural aspects of 148 syntactic aspects of 173-174

causation 162 cause 48,53 chance 118 change 282, 284, 288-289, 380 choice 152-156

individual 154 social 148, 153-154 situation 156 of goals 174,266-268,273,285 of action 267-268, 271, 273-274,

277, 384-385 of conditions 271, 273, 275, 277

classification of sciences 61 of technology 375

coertion 337-339, 344-345 mental 336-341, 344 physical 336-339, 344 structural 337, 344

communication 129,134 concretism IX conditions 383

of attaining a goal 265-266, 268-270,272,274,276-277,279

configuration of objects 145 conflict 150-151, 325, 327, 329, 338,

340 confronter 220 consequences of actions 68 control 350 cooperation 327, 340

negative 326, 334, 338-339 positive 340

cooperating counteraction 6, 15

cooperator 130-131, 133 energic 130 multi-link 131 semiotic 130 single-link 131 splice 131

cost 89 curiosity 241-243 cybernetics 61, 179,222,367

of planning 195,221

decision as social choice 148, 150 function 89, 154-155 making 90-91, 153, 163 model 148 problem 85, 144 theory 143

decomposition 298-300 defeat 317 dense social environment XII, 327-

330, 332-335, 337, 339-341 definition of 327

descriptive statements 235 descriptive theses 235 design, designing XI, 245-249, 255,

281,288, 374 design problem 296, 306 - - making actions 282-284, 287,

289, 296 - - methodology 281, 283-284 - - general theory of 281 - - subproblem 299 - - task 296

designer perfect 284, 294-295 'desire' 47 destroying 326, 330, 341 directive statements 235 directives

practical XI, 234-235, 266-267, 271-273, 277-279

- - typical schemata of 235

414 INDEX OF SUBJECTS

of choice of actions 274-276 of choice of conditions 274-276 of goal attainment 274-276

disaproval 103 disorganization 340-341

degree of 340

econometrics 195, 221 economics 62, 65, 179, 361 economy VITI, X, 61-83, 173, 233,

314,352 of effort 151 of time 151

effectiveness 65-70, 79-80, 116-117, 120, 173, 232-233, 270, 352

gradable 122 non-gradable 122

effects desired 266 side 275

efficiency VIII, X, 61-83, 173, 314, 352

physical 80 universal 76, 78 of an instrument 134

elementary material 231,239 result 231 subsystem of exploitation 186

enemy 334 engineering of systems of actions

181 environment XII, 146, 327, 329-335,

337-341, 345, 376 ethical

criteria 333 norms 330-331, 333, 336 principles 326

ethics 28, 33 humanistic 326

evaluation 103, 106 cautious 112

economical 114 effective 112 elegant 112 emotional 104-105

aesthetic 106 ethical of strings of actions 148 exact 112 hedonistic 105 practical 110 praxiological 111, 114, 116, 118,

120 productive 114 profitable 114 pure 112 utilitarian 104-107

events 265-266, 386 kinetic 284 static 284

experimentation mental 24

formal theory of planning behaviour 148, 161

functors motivational 152, 156-157 deontic 152 emotional 152 epistemic 1 S2 intensional 152 proper 152

fuzzy sets 166, 168, 175-176

general theory of signs 125 goal IX, 47-60, 67, 107-109, 116,

120, 122, 127, 151, 163-165, 232, 253, 255-256, 259, 265-266, 269-274, 277-278, 285,

composite 149-151, 176 direct 326 indirect 326, 340 primary 51-52, 54-55 principal direct 326, 333 principal indirect 326, 340-341

INDEX OF SUBJECTS 415

secondary 51-55, 59 of an act 3-4,6-7, 9, 11-18 of an action 3-4,6-7, 9, 11-18

goal-oriented behaviour 244 - - reasoning 244

good 106 grammar of acts (actions) VII, 24, 28

heat engines 64 honesty 104

idealization 283-284, 290 identification 290 impulse

free 48-50, 55, 58 inadmissibility of sentence 156 information 81, 327, 329-335, 341-

342 categorical 86 imprecise 86 leaks 334, 339 perfect 85-101 pragmatic 85 precise 86 probabilistic 86 semantic 85 statistical 85 vacuum 333

institution 348, 351 instructions 163-165, 387 instrument 133-134, 141 interdependence 326-328, 333, 340-

341 interests 326-327, 329-330 interpretation 290 inventions 374

language context-free 148, 159-160 multidimensional 165, 171 of actions 143, 146, 167, 171, 173

of instructions 165 structure of 147

law 209 of conservation of energy 63 of nature 40 of thermodynamics 63-64

laws supernatural 40 logic of actions VII

Machiavelism 29 machine 41 magnitude 224-225 making use of science in action 231,

233, 253, 257-258 manufacture 374 material of action 232 means 58, 113, 226-227 measurement 115-116 merit ethical 17-18 messages 125, 132

arithmetical 126 linguistic 125 naturalistic 139 optimum 135 transformable 139 accessibility of 136 efficiency of 138 non-ambiguity of 135

method(s) 281-282,285 technological 377 and techniques - - algorithmic 309 - - heuristic 309 - - hybrid 310 of struggle 326, 328-329, 334, 338 - - classical 329, 332 - - infiltration 329, 332 - - winning clandestine allies

329, 332 methodology

comprehensive 284 general 21, 23, 27, 281-283

416 INDEX OF SUBJECTS

pragmatic 283 of sciences 283

misinformation 330, 333-336, 341, 343

money economy 362-363 motivation, motives 144, 150

internal conflict of 149-150 model of achievement of 152

motivational calculus 148, 156, 178 consistency 157-158 horizon of promise 159 space 148, 152-154

natural objects 236-238 phenomena 236-238

nature 40-41, 89, 202, 374-376, 385 necessity

practical 119 needs 225, 242, 259, 291, 328, 342,

374-378, 383 basic 327-328 elementary 327 satisfaction of 242, 244, 380, 383

norms moral 333, 335-338, 340, 342, 345 social 160 technological 274-276

observer 220-221 obstacle 26 occurrence 150 operation(s) 270

research 227 technological 381 modes of 375

optimality 151 opponent 232, 325, 329, 332-333,

335, 338, 340-341 organization 163, 339, 341, 343

degree of 328, 340

level of 328, 340 and management theory 179,348-

349, 353-354, 357 theory based on a linguistic theory

of action 145 outcome(s) 89, 146-147

attainability of 147

pansomatism IX peace 38 performance 62, 150 philosophy of labour 28 plan 196, 198, 204, 206-208, 214-219 planimetrics 195, 221 possibility to act 23 potentialization 25

principle of 25 practical

disciplines 234, 240, 294 possibility 23 problem 271-274, 283, 285-286,

289 statement 234 task 26

praxiology VII, XI, 22, 25, 27-28, 31-33, 36, 42-43, 62, 67, 81, 125, 151, 179, 221, 223, 232, 361, 367, 373-388

praxiological interpretation of meth-odology 282

- design theory 281-312 - network of chains 185 - - of subsystems 187 - sequence of systems 188

praxiological theory of organization XII

praxiosemiotics X, 125-141, 143-144 precision 270 preferences of the set of options

153-154 preparation 25

INDEX OF SUBJECTS 417

principle of economic rationality 224, 226, 364

- - minimum outlay 224 probability 118, 176

subjective 148 theory 118

procedure diagnostic 291 interpretation 292

production 374 productivity 114 profit, profitability, profitableness

67,69-70, 114-115,352 projection of emotions 105 programming theory XI project-making 245

quantity 224-225 quickness 37

rationality 118, 253 in methodological sense 118

reism IX, X reliability 119, 173 researcher

perfect 294 results 146, 149-150

time 146, 149-151, 161 risk 118

satisfaction of curiosity 242 of intellectual emotions 242-244

scale global 326 macro 328, 333, 335, 341 medium 328, 333, 335, 337, 341 micro 328, 333, 335, 337

science 248-249,253,255,260 sciences

natural 375 practical 235-236, 238

social 375 technical 375 theoretical 234-235,238,240-241,

252 scientific management 349

theses 253-254 work organization 349

secrecy 331-335 definition of 332 degree of 332-333, 336, 342

situation complementary 288-289 core 288-289 practical 286-288, 290-291, 2%

selection 298, 303, 374 valuational 266-267

semiotechnical design 128 services 374 skill 19 solution of a problem 289, 296 speed 270 struggle XII, 37, 313-337, 339-345

armed 325-328,332,337, 339-341 clandestine 330-332, 337 definition of 325 general theory of 313-324, 327,

339, 341 non-armed 325, 327-328, 332,

335-343 open 330-332, 337 political 326

success 24,38,67-68,332,340 syntactic aspect of action 173 system theory 179 systemic interval 189

- sciences 179

target 196-198, 201-206, 208, 210 task 127, 163, 203 team 329-334, 336-340 techniques 40 technology 42, 62, 64, 349, 373-391

418 INDEX OF SUBJECTS

technological advance 388 object 237

tectology 27 theory

of action VII, X, XIT, I, 143, 145, 166-167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 373

of complexes VIIT of cooperation VII of decisions XII of programming 223, 227

threat 321-323 applied 374 cognitive 374 productive 374

tools 23, 37, 55, 125 semiotic 125-126

utilities 86, 98, 148, 376 utterances 152, 158, 166

value ethical 18 of information 88-92

verifiability in thechnology and praxiology 390

verification 290, 292-293 victory 316-317, 323, 336-337, 339-

340

'want' 47 war 38 work 32,64

mechanical 64-65 writing 126