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SelectingRepertoireforK-6ChoirsMara E. Culp Ph.D. Candidate Penn State Michigan Music Conference 1/23/16

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ElementaryMusicinPreviousYears•  LowellMason

•  Singingasthebasisofelementarycurriculum•  1950s

•  Spacerace•  Interestincoresubjects

•  GeneralMusic•  Academically-drivenclimate•  Measurablestandards•  Focusbecomesliteracy

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ElementaryMusicToday•  GeneralmusicisoHentherequiredmusicalexperience•  LackofLmeforbothchoirandgeneralmusic

•  Onemusicteachertofillbothroles•  LackofemphasisonchildvocalpedagogyandsingingopportuniLes(Gackle,2004)

•  Communitychoirsdevelopedtofillthisneed•  Repertoire&StandardsCommiUees

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CompositionofElementarySchoolChoirs•  GradedivisionsbetweenbuildingsoHendeterminechoircomposiLon

•  Youngerthan5thgradeoHencannotjoinachoir•  PerforminschoolproducLons•  3rdand4thgradersareverycapablechoristers(Wilson,2003)•  ProvidingyoungstudentswithopportuniLestosinginstructuredgroups“affordsstudentstheopportunitytousetheirvoicesinwaysthatwillprovidemaximumvocaldevelopment”(Wilson,2003,p.33).

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Thatbringsushere…

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HOW?

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Importance“FewsingersareabletoovercomedifficulLescausedbyrepertoirethatisnotsuitedfortheirvoices”(Nix,2002,p.217).•  Inappropriateliterature:

•  Impairvocaldevelopment•  Hindergoodtechnique

•  Idealliterature:•  Manageable•  Challengesstudents•  Encouragesmusicalgrowth

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PurposeandGuidingQuestionsThispresentaLonwillprovideeducatorscriteriabywhichtoselectelementarychoralrepertoireandhowtohelpstudentsmeetCoreArtsStandards(2014)inelementarychoirs.

1.  Whattypesofrepertoireareappropriateforelementarychoirs?

2.  WhatcriteriashouldbeconsideredwhenselecLngrepertoireforelementarychoirs?

3.  InwhatwayscanelementarychoralexperienceshelpstudentsmeetCoreArtsStandards(2014)?

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TypesofLiterature•  FolkSongs•  SongsfromMulLpleCultures•  Spirituals&Gospel•  ArtMusic•  Popular/Contemporarymusic•  PatrioLcSongs ©

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CONSIDERATIONS(Gackle2006;Cox2006;Apfelstadt2001;Nix2002;Marshall2005)

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ConsiderationsforSelectingRepertoire•  Musical/Educa4onal

•  PhysicalConsideraLons•  VocalConsideraLons•  Expressive&EmotionalConsiderations•  Musicianship•  Quality

•  Extra-MusicalConsiderations•  Students•  Resources•  Community•  Program

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PhysicalConsiderationsElements related to physiological development

•  Age •  Technical problems •  Experience

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VocalConsiderationsElementsconcerningtheactofsinging•  Range•  Tessitura•  Placementofvowelsthroughouttessitura

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Expressive&EmotionalConsiderationsExpressiveandemo4onalconsidera4onsaddressagroup’sabilitytoexpresstheemo4onalcontentoftherepertoire.•  Directorenthusiasm•  EmoLonalmaturity•  Temperament/Personality•  Text

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Musicianship

Theabilityofthesingersandconductortonego4atethecomposer'sinstruc4onsaccurately

•  Individualdevelopment•  Melody•  Harmony•  Accompaniment•  Voicing•  Unison

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QualityInternalqualityconcernsthecomposiLonalelementsofapiece.Externalqualityconcernstheroleofapiecewithintheperformanceandtheenjoymentbytheaudience.•  ComposiLon•  FacilitaLonofvocaldevelopment•  Encouragementofmusicaldevelopment•  Diversity•  Context/Audience

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Extra-musicalConsiderations

•  Students•  LearningStyles•  AUenLonSpan•  Interests

•  Resources•  Budget•  Personnel•  FaciliLes

•  Community•  Values•  Culture

•  Program•  Purpose•  Length•  PorLonandPosiLoninPerformance

Considera4onsthataddresselementsoutsideoftypicalmusicalconsidera4ons

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ADDRESSINGTHENATIONALSTANDARDS

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The1994NationalStandardsforMusicEducation

1.  Singing,aloneandwithothers,avariedrepertoireofmusic.

2.  Performingoninstruments,aloneandwithothers,avariedrepertoireofmusic.

3.  Improvisingmelodies,variaLons,andaccompaniments.4.  Composingandarrangingmusicwithinspecified

guidelines.5.  ReadingandnotaLngmusic.6.  Listeningto,analyzing,anddescribingmusic.7.  EvaluaLngmusicandmusicperformances.8.  UnderstandingrelaLonshipsbetweenmusic,theother

arts,anddisciplinesoutsidethearts.9.  UnderstandingmusicinrelaLontohistoryandculture.

(ascitedinRutkowski,1989,p.25)

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NationalCoreMusicStandards

AnchorStandards

(11)

ArLsLcProcess(3)

Steps(4-7),EQ(1-2),EU

(1-2)

Strands(4)

Level(5)

Perf.Standards(13-19)

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NationalCoreMusicStandards:AnchorStandards#1.GenerateandconceptualizearLsLcideasandwork.#2.OrganizeanddeveloparLsLcideasandwork.#3.RefineandcompletearLsLcwork.#4.Analyze,interpret,andselectarLsLcworkforpresentaLon.#5.DevelopandrefinearLsLcworkforpresentaLon.#6.ConveymeaningthroughthepresentaLonofarLsLcwork.#7.PerceiveandanalyzearLsLcwork.#8.InterpretintentandmeaninginarLsLcwork.#9.ApplycriteriatoevaluatearLsLcwork.#10.Synthesizeandrelateknowledgeandpersonalexperiencestomakeart.#11.RelatearLsLcideasandworkswithsocietal,culturalandhistoricalcontexttodeepenunderstanding.

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NationalCoreMusicStandards:ArtisticProcessandSteps•  Ar#s#cProcess:Crea4ng

•  Steps:Imagine;PlanandMake;EvaluateandRefine,andPresent•  AddressAnchorStandards1-3

•  Ar#s#cProcess:Performing•  Steps:Select;Analyze;Interpret;Rehearse,Evaluate,andRefine;andPresent

•  AddressAnchorStandards4-6•  Ar#s#cProcess:Responding

•  Steps:Select;Analyze;Interpret;andEvaluate•  AddressAnchorStandards7-9

•  *Open-endedConnec4ngoutcomes

•  cross-referencetoCreaLng,Performing,andRespondingperformancestandardsandareanessenLalpartofeacharLsLcprocess.

•  AddressAnchorStandards10-11

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NationalCoreMusicStandards:Strands&Levels•  Fourstrands:

•  TheoryandHistory•  HarmonizingInstruments•  MusicTechnology•  Tradi4onalandEmergingEnsembles

•  Fivelevels:

•  Novice(5thgrade*)•  Intermediate(8thgrade*)•  Proficient,Accomplished,andAdvanced(HighSchool)*Nominallyassigned

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ConsiderationsforAddressingtheStandards

Musical/Educa4onal

•  Tempo•  Key•  Meter•  Tonality•  Range•  Tessitura•  Language•  Style•  Voicing•  Quality

Extra-Musical•  Students

•  LearningStyles•  AUenLonSpan•  Interests

•  Resources•  Budget•  FaciliLes

•  Community•  Values

•  Program•  Purpose•  Length

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PlanningforSuccessviaConsiderations

Musical/Educa4onal

Considera4ons•  Whatshouldstudentslearn?•  Learntosingintune•  Learntousethe"singingvoice"musically

•  Learntosinginensemble

•  Learntheinfluenceofrepertoireonaudienceresponse(ACDA,1989)

Extra-musicalConsidera4ons

• Whatperformancesarecomingup?•  Occasion:Holiday,Spring,MemorialDay,CommemoraLon

•  Length•  FaciliLes•  Audience

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PlanningforSuccessbyDesign

•  PlannedaroundthebeauLfulrepertoireOccasion

• WhateveristhemostbeauLful!Repertoire

•  Singintune•  Use“singingvoice”musically

•  Singinensemble•  Understandimpactofrepertoire

Goals

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PlanningforSuccessbyDesign• Singintune• Use“singingvoice”musically

• Singinensemble• Understandinfluenceofrepertoire

Goals

• TheFirstNoel• Caroling,Caroling• CaroloftheBellsRepertoire

• 4thand5thgradechoirwillgivea10minuteperformanceofHolidayMusicforeldercarefacilitywithnopianoaspartofaholidaymusicalshowcaseOccasion

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StandardAddressedWhenConsideringanOccasionRirst•  AnchorStandard:CommonAnchor#6,ConveymeaningthroughthepresentaLonofarLsLcwork.

•  Ar4s4cProcess:Performing•  Step:Present:Performexpressively,withappropriateinterpretaLonandtechnicalaccuracy,andinamannerappropriatetotheaudienceandcontext.•  EnduringUnderstanding:Thecontextandhowaworkispresentedinfluencetheaudienceresponse.

•  Essen4alQues4on:Howdocontextandthemannerinwhichmusicalworkispresentedinfluenceaudienceresponse?

•  Strand:Ensemble•  Level:Novice•  PerformanceStandard:MU:Pr6.1.E.5aDemonstrateaUenLontotechnicalaccuracyandexpressivequaliLesinpreparedandimprovisedperformancesofavariedrepertoireofmusic.

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AdditionalConsiderationsforK-2Choristers•  Involvemovement•  ScaffoldlearningSLOWLY

•  4measures,8measuresataLme

•  Scheduling•  AskclassestomeetduringothermusicLmes

•  Conduc4ng•  Don’tbeLedtoapaUern•  TEACHyourgestures

•  TypesofMusic•  FUNandengaging•  THENbeauLfulandmelodic•  Youhavetobeexcited!

•  AmountofLiterature•  LESSisMORE•  3holiday,5-7spring

•  Voicing/Arranging•  Unison->PartnerSong->Canons->Rounds

•  Assigngradestoparts•  Arrangepartmusicsothat

kindergartenalwayshasmelody

•  Giveharmonyto1stor2ndgrade(par4cularly3rds)

•  Assignverses,allsingchorus•  Addextravoicestosongsincommondomain

•  Accompaniment•  Guitars,pianos,orchestralinstruments,recordings

•  Askaccompanisttoarrangeforamelody

•  Seniorstudentsplay•  Choristersplayinstruments

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FinalThoughts•  Choosingrepertoireisthegreatesttask•  Repertoirecan:

•  Enhancemusicianship•  Impedeotherwisetalentedstudentsand•  Stuntmusicalgrowth

•  Chooseafewselec4onscarefully(Smith,1987)•  Theoutcomeofanyrepertoireshouldbetoenhancemusicianship(Smith1987;Gackle2006;Marshall2005;Nix2002)

•  OveralleducaLonalvalueshouldbeoftheutmostimportance

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References•  AmericanChoralDirectorsAssociaLon.(2012,December1).Children'sandcommunityyouthchoir

repertoire&standardsmissionstatement.RetrievedfromhUp://acda.org/page.asp?page=childcommyouthmissionstatement

•  Apfelstadt,H.(2001).Firstthingsfirst:SelecLngrepertoire.ChoralJournal,41(7),31-35. •  Bruno,K.L.(2009).KeepAmerica’syouthsinging.ChoralJournal,50(3),57-60.•  Cox,N.(2006).Repertoirestandards:Children'schoirs-selecLngchoralliteraturefor•  children'schoirs:Acloserlookattheprocess-partI.ChoralJournal,47(5),101-109.•  Gackle,L.(2004).Repertoire&standardscommiUeereports:Children'schoirs-theelementary

children'schoir.ChoralJournal,45(5),85-86.•  Gackle,L.(2006).Repertoirestandards:Children'schoirs-selecLngchoralliteratureforchildren's

choirs:Acloserlookattheprocess,partII.ChoralJournal,47(6),49-55.•  Lana,R.&Westgate,K.A.(2008).Children’schoirs:Makingmusicwithouryoungestsingers.Choral

Journal,49(3),77-80.•  Marshall,H.D.(2005).Elementarychoirresources.GeneralMusicToday,18(2),38-42.doi:

10.1177/10483713050180020110•  Nix,J.(2002).CriteriaforselecLngrepertoire.JournalofSinging-theOfficialJournaloftheNa#onal

Associa#onofTeachersofSinging,58(3),217-221.•  Rutkowski,J.(1989).Guidingmusicaldevelopment:Acurricularapproach.StateCollege:PA.The

SchoolofMusicCollegeofArts&Architecture,ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity.•  Smith,J.P.(1987).SelecLngmusicfortheelementaryschoolchorus.MusicEducatorsJournal,73(8),

54-57.•  Rutkowski,J.,Shelley,D.,&Kooistra,L.(2012).Musicinchildhood:Aguideforclassroomteachers

andcare-givers.StateCollege,PA:ProCopyCourseworks•  Wilson,S.W.(2003).Theyoungelementaryschoolchorus:AnintroducLontochoralsinging.Music

EducatorsJournal,89(5),32-37.

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