Selecting your population and samples sample part of population, data is collected. The recipient of the experimental treatment in experimental design or the individuals to be observed in a non-experimental design Types of sampling Probability - equal presentation/ chances in the population. Simple random technique Used a single/identical group. Fish bowl technique Stratified random sampling You will first going to create a sub population from the whole population before doing randomization. One population, you divide it. Cluster random sampling You will first create a sub area in a population before doing the randomization. In one population, you make it smaller Systematic random sampling choosing a sample every nth name in the population. Multiple of 100 names Sampling frame list of names appearing as your population Non-probability sampling you are not choosing by chance. Accidental/ convenience sampling Base on the accessibility/availability of your sample. Kung sino pinakamalapit syo, yun ang kukunin mo. Purposive/judgmental sampling base on the common knowledge or popular knowledge. Snow-ball sampling get sampling base on last referral Quota Sampling Setting criteria and getting samples fitting the criteria Conducting pilot studies Collecting data types : questionnaires use of pen and paper method dichotomous divided into two. Eg. true orfalse. Yes or no rating scale poor 1, good 2, better 3, best 4 multiple choice Interview use of oral method of collection of data. Use of active listening Structured with checklist, formal talk, list of question Unstructured informal talk, no pattern, anything goes records pre existing data observation use of ocular method using your senses participant observation non-participant observation Problems : Hawthornes effects The data you get from your sample is not accurate. The sample has a problem Solution : double blind research they should not be conscious that they are being studied Halo effect The researcher has a problem. He is manipulating the data collection. It is affected by special feelings/treatment between the researcher and the sample. Analysis of Data part of research when the researcher is forming a body of knowledge out of data collected for the purpose of affirming or denying your hypothesis Methods Nominal method get data by means of categories. eg. male, female, income Ordinal method base on rank eg. mild, moderate, severe Interval base on the distance between 2 numerical values eg. BP 150/100 120/80, wt, circumference, ht ratio 3:10 children are malnourish Interpretation of Data 2 Methods quantitative method base on numerical or graphical standards qualitative method use of narrative words Communicating your conclusion Explaining the results of your work to the public Conclusion final answer to your research Recommendation suggestion to others Dissemination of Information Methods : thesis/book written form symposia/symposium oral presentation publish a lot will be able to read your research