self-efficacy: the key to high performance in ... 2016... · albert bandura described these beliefs...
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©2014 Positive Matters
Self-Efficacy: The key to high performance in organizations
Louisa Jewell, [email protected]
CPPA President
©2014 Positive Matters
• What is Self Efficacy?
• How does it affect performance?
• Why is it more important for innovation than creativity?
Agenda
• What can we do to build it in organizations?
3 ©2016 Louisa Jewell
Self-Efficacy
• Self-efficacy is a person’s belief in his or her ability to succeed in a particular situation. Albert Bandura described these beliefs as determinants of how people think, behave, and feel (1994).
• Self-efficacy is domain-specific Dr. Albert Bandura
Belief
Expectation
Motivation
Performance
Interpretation
Beliefs as Self-fulfilling Prophecies
Subjective
5 ©2016 Louisa Jewell
Psychological Capital
• Hope
• Efficacy
• Resilience
• Optimism
“The good news is these can all be increased and managed”
Dr. Fred LuthansLuthans F., Youssef, C.M., & Avolio, B. J. (2007)
Psychological capital. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
6 ©2016 Louisa Jewell
Self-Efficacy strongly correlated to work-performance
Results of the primary meta-analysis indicated a significant
correlation between self-efficacy and work-related performance
= .38
• This increase in performance due to self-efficacy represents a
greater gain than those obtained in meta-analyses examining
the effect on performance of goal-setting, feedback
interventions and organizational behavior modification
Stajkovic, A. D., & Luthans, F. (1988). Self-efficacy and work-related performance: Ameta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 124(2), 240-261. (over 2000 citations)
Intrinsic Motivation
Autonomy
CompetenceRelatedness
Much research has shown that competence is an important human need central to achievement motivation and goal pursuit
Source: Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (2000). The “What” and “Why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behaviour. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268.
Self-Determination Theory
Efficacy beliefs affect motivation and action
Efficacy Beliefs affect performance by influencing…
The level of Goals we set
The amount of effort we expend towards those goals
Whether we persevere in the face of setbacks while striving for goals
More positive outcome expectancies
Self-efficacy improves resilience…
“When faced with obstacles, setbacks and failures, those who doubt their capabilities slacken their efforts,
give up prematurely, or settle for poorer solutions. Those who have a strong belief in their capabilities
redouble their effort to master the challenges.”
Albert Bandura
Self-efficacy reduces stress…
“Those of low efficacy are stressed both emotionally and physiologically by perceived overload, in which task
demands exceed their perceived coping capabilities; whereas those who hold a high belief in their efficacy
and that of their group are unfazed by heavy workloads”
Albert Bandura
©2016 Positive Matters
“Everything is figuroutable”
Marie Forleo
Self-efficacy Beliefs
Behavior Action
Self-efficacy is more important to innovation than creativity
Jack Canfield &
Mark Victor Hansen
4 Ways to Develop Self-efficacy
1. Successful
Performance
experiences
17 ©2016 Louisa Jewell
Make it Safe to Fail
The King of Failure
© 2012 Accentuate Consulting; Positive Matters© 2012 Accentuate Consulting; Positive Matters
High performers need to know how to deal with set-backs and failure effectively…
Because success and failure is actually on the same road…
Promote a Growth mindset
You are born with a certain IQ and you
can’t significantly change that
IQ stays fixed over your lifetime
You either have it or you don’t
You are not born with a certain IQ and you
can significantly change your IQ
IQ is not fixed over your lifetime
If you don’t have it, you can develop it
Fixed Mindset
Growth Mindset
Fixed Mindset
Growth Mindset
• Were more concerned with ‘looking good’
• Avoided challenges
• Gave up more easily
• Saw effort as a sign of low intelligence or
talent
• Ignored useful feedback
• Were more concerned with learning
• Embraced challenges
• Persisted in the face of setbacks
• Viewed effort as a necessary path to
success
• Learned from criticism
Fixed Mindset
Growth Mindset
In what areas of your life would you say
you have a fixed mindset?
How does this affect your performance
in this area?
In what areas of your life would you say
you have a growth mindset?
How does this affect your performance
in this area?
Building a Growth Mindset: Praise and Criticize the right way
Researchers identified two distinct patterns of reactions to failure:
A helpless pattern
A mastery-oriented pattern
The following predicted reactions to a subsequent failure:
Person Praise/Criticism
Outcome Praise/Criticism
Process Praise/Criticism
Kamins, M., & Dweck, C. (1999). Person versus process praise and criticism: Implications forcontingent self-worth and coping. Developmental Psychology, 35, 835–847.
Other Outcomes
Contingent Self-Worth
That our self-worth (or self-esteem) is invested in certain domains of our lives
Person praise promotes this idea of contingent self-worth
Contingent self-worth is problematic especially when we fail
Dr. Jenny Crocker Ohio State University
Crocker’s Critique of Self-Esteem
When we are more concerned with boosting our self-esteem (and feeling good) we don’t necessarily engage in the activities required to improve our performance and mastery over time
There is a difference between ‘having’ self-esteem and ‘pursuing’ self-esteem
“Why do I care?”
Ego-system: Inward motivation
Eco-system: Outward motivation
Dr. Jenny Crocker Ohio State University
Mental RehearsalModeling
4 Ways to Develop Self-efficacy
2. Vicarious experiences
4 Ways to Develop Self-efficacy
3. Social Persuasion
© 2012 Accentuate Consulting; Positive Matters© 2012 Accentuate Consulting; Positive Matters
The average person talks to themselves at a
rate of 300 to 1000 words per minute
©2016 Positive Matters
Practice Self-Compassion
I can’t love myself!
Research Studies…
Self-compassionate students reported feeling less self-conscious and nervous before a big interview when compared to the group with high self-esteem.
After a failure, self-compassionate participants were less likely to feel humiliated or incompetent, or to take it too personally compared with the high self esteem group – Self compassion makes it safe to fail
Self-compassionate people were relatively unflustered when receiving both positive and negative feedback and willing to take responsibility
Self-compassion is associated with steadier and more constant feelings of self-worth over time.
Dr. Kristin Neff
©2016 Positive Matters
Self-compassion Exercise
1. Find a partner
2. Partner A & B: What types of things do you usually criticize, judge or beat yourself up about?
3. Make note of what you usually say to yourself when you are particularly harsh with yourself. Share this with your partner.
4. Once you have finished sharing what you say to yourself. Tell your partner what your most compassionate friend would say to you about this same thing.
5. Do the two differ? Are they similar?
What will your self-compassionate mantra be?
4 Ways to Develop Self-efficacy
4. Interpretation of physiological and emotional states
• Re-interpret signs of nervousness• Power poses • Turn your mood into a good mood
©2016 Positive Matters
Human Flourishing – Positivity Ratios
Positive Emotion
Negative Emotion
Higher ratios correlated with higher levels of well-being and performance
Source: Fredrickson & Losada (2005). American Psychologist, 60, 678-686.
=
Increase Team Positivity Ratio
Encourage people to get outside for lunch every day, take 15-minute coffee break with co-workers, music, perform random acts of kindness, yoga, walking desks, gratitude walls
Employ effective conflict resolution processes, flex hours, stop email after a certain hour and/or weekends, teach psychological safety, be tough on bullying
What can you do in your workplace?
