SELF-RULE for CANADA, SELF-RULE for CANADA, AUSTRALIA, AND NEW AUSTRALIA, AND NEW

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CanadaCanada

Indigenous- original inhabitants of these Indigenous- original inhabitants of these regions were relatively few in number, and regions were relatively few in number, and white settlers quickly subdued and replace white settlers quickly subdued and replace them.them.

These two English speaking colonies, as These two English speaking colonies, as well as Canada, won independence faster well as Canada, won independence faster and with greater ease than England’s and with greater ease than England’s territories in Africa or Asia. territories in Africa or Asia.

The Canadian PatternThe Canadian Pattern

The two Canada's- Canada Act in 1791 created The two Canada's- Canada Act in 1791 created two provinces: English speaking Upper Canada two provinces: English speaking Upper Canada and French Speaking Lower Canada. Each had and French Speaking Lower Canada. Each had its own laws, legislature.its own laws, legislature.

1800s- The people of Upper Canada resented 1800s- The people of Upper Canada resented the power held by a small British elite. In Lower the power held by a small British elite. In Lower Canada, too, people felt that British officials Canada, too, people felt that British officials ignored their needs. ignored their needs.

1837, discontent flared into rebellion in both 1837, discontent flared into rebellion in both Upper and Lower Canada.Upper and Lower Canada.

The Durham ReportThe Durham Report

British learned a lesson from the American British learned a lesson from the American Revolution, so they sent a able politician, lord Revolution, so they sent a able politician, lord Durham, to study the causes of the unrest.Durham, to study the causes of the unrest.

Durham Report called for the two Canada's to Durham Report called for the two Canada's to be reunited and given control over their own be reunited and given control over their own affairs.affairs.

1840, Parliament passed the Act of Union it 1840, Parliament passed the Act of Union it gave Canada and elected legislature to gave Canada and elected legislature to determine domestic policies. Britain kept control determine domestic policies. Britain kept control of foreign policy and trade.of foreign policy and trade.

Dominion of CanadaDominion of CanadaJohn Macdonald and George Etienne John Macdonald and George Etienne Cartier, urged confederation, or unification, Cartier, urged confederation, or unification, of all Canada’s provinces. Like many of all Canada’s provinces. Like many Canadians, MacDonald and Cartier feared Canadians, MacDonald and Cartier feared that the U.S. might try to dominate that the U.S. might try to dominate Canada. A strong union would strengthen Canada. A strong union would strengthen Canada against American ambitions. Canada against American ambitions. 1867, the British North America Act was 1867, the British North America Act was passed, creating the Dominion of Canada. passed, creating the Dominion of Canada. It united four provinces in self governing It united four provinces in self governing nation.nation.

ExpansionExpansion

John Macdonald, Canada’s first prime minister, John Macdonald, Canada’s first prime minister, encouraged expansion across the continent.encouraged expansion across the continent.

1885, the Canadian Pacific Railway opened, 1885, the Canadian Pacific Railway opened, Linking eastern and western CanadaLinking eastern and western Canada

As in the U.S., westward expansion destroyed As in the U.S., westward expansion destroyed the way of life of Native Americans in Canada. the way of life of Native Americans in Canada. Most were forced to sign treaties giving up their Most were forced to sign treaties giving up their lands. Some resisted, Louis Riel led a revolt of lands. Some resisted, Louis Riel led a revolt of the Metis, people of mixed Native American and the Metis, people of mixed Native American and European descent. Government troops put down European descent. Government troops put down the uprising and executed Riel.the uprising and executed Riel.

Europeans in AustraliaEuropeans in Australia

The Dutch in the 1600s were the first The Dutch in the 1600s were the first Europeans to reach Australia. Europeans to reach Australia. 1770, Captain James Cook claimed 1770, Captain James Cook claimed Australia for Britain.Australia for Britain.The First Settlers- They had reached The First Settlers- They had reached Australia 50,000 years ago, probably form Australia 50,000 years ago, probably form Southeast Asia.Southeast Asia.Aborigines were groups of small hunting Aborigines were groups of small hunting and food gathering bands, much as their and food gathering bands, much as their Stone Age ancestors.Stone Age ancestors.

Penal ColonyPenal Colony

Prisons in London and other cities were Prisons in London and other cities were jammed with poor people arrested for jammed with poor people arrested for crimes such as stealing food or goods to crimes such as stealing food or goods to pawn. pawn. To fulfill the need for prisons, Britain made To fulfill the need for prisons, Britain made Australia into a penal colony, a place to Australia into a penal colony, a place to send people convicted of crimes. The first send people convicted of crimes. The first ships, carrying about 700 convicts arrived ships, carrying about 700 convicts arrived in Botany Bay, Australia, in 1788. The men in Botany Bay, Australia, in 1788. The men Under the brutal discipline of soldiers, Under the brutal discipline of soldiers, worked to clear land for the settlement.worked to clear land for the settlement.

The OutbackThe Outback

1851, gold was found in eastern Australia. 1851, gold was found in eastern Australia. Gold hunters stayed on to become Gold hunters stayed on to become ranchers and farmer. They pushed into the ranchers and farmer. They pushed into the rugged interior known as the Outback.rugged interior known as the Outback.There too, the y displaced the Aborigines There too, the y displaced the Aborigines and carved out huge sheep ranches and and carved out huge sheep ranches and wheat farms.wheat farms.1800s Australia had won a place in a 1800s Australia had won a place in a growing world economy.growing world economy.

Achieving Self-GovernmentAchieving Self-Government

1901, Britain helped the colonies unite into 1901, Britain helped the colonies unite into the independent commonwealth of the independent commonwealth of Australia. The new country kept its ties to Australia. The new country kept its ties to Britain by recognizing the British monarch Britain by recognizing the British monarch as its head of state. as its head of state. This set up a federal system that limited This set up a federal system that limited the power of the central government. the power of the central government. Australia quickly granted women the right Australia quickly granted women the right to vote. It also was the first nation to to vote. It also was the first nation to introduce the secret ballot.introduce the secret ballot.

New ZealandNew ZealandFar to the southeast of Australia lies New Zealand. Far to the southeast of Australia lies New Zealand. Maori struggles- Unlike Australia, where the Maori struggles- Unlike Australia, where the Aborigines were spread thinly across a large Aborigines were spread thinly across a large continent, the Maoris were concentrated in a continent, the Maoris were concentrated in a smaller area. smaller area. Maoris were settled farmers. They were also a Maoris were settled farmers. They were also a warlike people, determined to defend their land.warlike people, determined to defend their land.1840, Britain annexed New Zealand. The move was 1840, Britain annexed New Zealand. The move was designed in part to keep out other imperialist designed in part to keep out other imperialist powers.powers.1870, resistance crumbled. The Maori population 1870, resistance crumbled. The Maori population had fallen drastically, form 250,000 to less than had fallen drastically, form 250,000 to less than 50,000 Only in recent years has the Maori 50,000 Only in recent years has the Maori population started to grow once more.population started to grow once more.

Self GovernmentSelf Government

White New Zealanders sought self-rule. In White New Zealanders sought self-rule. In 1907 they won independence, with their 1907 they won independence, with their own parliament, prime minister, and own parliament, prime minister, and elected legislature. They, too, preserved elected legislature. They, too, preserved close ties to the British empire. close ties to the British empire.

1893, it became the first nation to give 1893, it became the first nation to give suffrage to women.suffrage to women.