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Content

Semantic Web

Ontology

RDF, URI

Linked Data

RDFa, Schema.org

* Social Semantics

00

Semantic Web

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Growth of the Web 01 – The amount of information available on the Web grows so fast.

– The February 2014 survey shows there exist at least 920,120,079 sites (http://news.netcraft.com/archives/category/web-server-survey/).

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The.. 02

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Semantic 03

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Semantic Web 04

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Inside the Web 05

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Links among Objects 06

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Querying on the web, searching the Web 07 Show me Peter’s Photo Eva likes.

Play me a music Eva Listened Yesterday at Last.fm.

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Definition of Semantic Web 08 The Semantic Web is an extension of the Web through standards by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).

The standards promote common data formats and exchange protocols on the Web, most fundamentally the Resource Description Framework(RDF). According to the W3C, "The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across application, enterprise, and community boundaries". The term was coined by Tim Berners-Lee for a web of data that can be processed by machines. While its critics have questioned its feasibility, proponents argue that applications in industry, biology and human sciences research have already proven the validity of the original concept.

또..나!!

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee

2007

Process-able? Understand-able?

shared and reused ≒ interoperable

W3C standard

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Web vs Semantic Web 09 With HTML mark-ups, Web is about displaying the data

Semantic web is about the meaning of the data

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Semantic Web Data Representation 10

또..나!!

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDF

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire

create

create

entitle

descriptionStandard

standardize standardize

The Semantic Web is an extension of the Web through standards by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The standards promote common data formats and exchange protocols on the Web, most fundamentally the Resource Description Framework(RDF). According to the W3C, "The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across application, enterprise, and community boundaries". The term was coined by Tim Berners-Lee for a web of data that can be processed by machines. While its critics have questioned its feasibility, proponents argue that applications in industry, biology and human sciences research have already proven the validity of the original concept.

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Vision of Semantic Web

최종적인 목적지는 인공지능 Agent의 실현

11

Siri

Ok Google

IBM Watson

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Graph Data Model with Shared Data schema 12

자동차 정보 데이터 in Database

Table Structure (Data Schema)

Data Schema on the Web

Data on the Web or local

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Self describing Data with Shared Data Schema 13

Ok, got it. Ok, got it.

Ok, got it.

Ok, got it.

현대 그랜져

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Graph Data could be diverse 14

현대 아반때

쉐보레크루즈

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Graph Data could be entailed 15 Inference, Reason, Entail unstated statements

차종 대형

3등급 연비등급

현대 그랜져

현대 그랜져

현대 그랜져

Entailed Statements

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Goal of Semantic Web 16

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Semantic Web Layer Cake 17

Data Description Structure

Encoding, Addressing

Common Syntax

Vocabularies

Querying Language Shared Meanings(Ontology) Rule Description

Establish logical truth, Infer Unstated statements

Trustworthiness of statements

Ontology, RDF, URI

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Semantic Web Data Representation 01

또..나!!

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDF

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire

create

create

entitle

descriptionStandard

standardize standardize

The Semantic Web is an extension of the Web through standards by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The standards promote common data formats and exchange protocols on the Web, most fundamentally the Resource Description Framework(RDF). According to the W3C, "The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across application, enterprise, and community boundaries". The term was coined by Tim Berners-Lee for a web of data that can be processed by machines. While its critics have questioned its feasibility, proponents argue that applications in industry, biology and human sciences research have already proven the validity of the original concept.

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HTML, XML 02

In HTML In XML

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XML, RDF, Ontology, URI 03

XML describes Data

RDF supports Logical Description

<fact> <person>Tim_Berners-Lee</person> <behavior>create</behavior> <object>Semantic_Web</object> </fact>

<rdf:Description rdf:about="Tim_Berners-Lee"> <create>Semantic Web</create> </rdf:Description>

Ontology explains Meanings

<rdf:Description rdf:about="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee"> <scientificBehavior:create resource=“https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic Web”></ scientificBehavior:create > </rdf:Description>

URI

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Def. of RDF, Ontology, URI 04

Semantic Web 기반으로 데이터/온톨로지를 표기하기 위한 Standard 데이터 포맷

공유 가능한 개념들을 표현해 놓은 집합

웹에서 표현 가능한 자원, 대상을 지칭하기 위한 방법, 혹은 이름

RDF

URI

Ontology

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Ontology

Ontology

– Ontology is the philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations. – In Philosophy

– Ontology is said to be an agreement about a shared, formal, explicit and partial account of a conceptualisation.- In Computer Science

Heterogeneous/ Interoperability

05

Concept

Symbol Referent

Concept: 머리 속에 담아두고 있는 바 (개념) Symbol:개념을 언어로 표현한 것(단어) Referent: 개념이 지시하는 대상(외연) Meaning

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Ontology 구성요소

1. 클래스(Class) - 클래스는 일반적으로 우리가 사물이나 개념 등에 붙이는 이름 "키보드", "모니터", “자동차“

2. 인스턴스(Instance) - 인스턴스는 사물이나 개념의 구체물이나 사건 등의 실질적인 형태를 지칭 - "LG전자 ST-500 울트라슬림키보드", "삼성 싱크마스터 Wide LCD 모니터", "로미오와 줄리엣의 사랑"은 일반적으로 인스

턴스라 볼 수 있음. 이와 같은 클래스와 인스턴스의 구분은 응용과 사용목적에 따라서 달라짐

3. 속성(Property) - 속성은 클래스나 인스턴스의 특정한 성질, 성향등을 나타내기 위하여 클래스나 인스턴스를 특정한 값(value)와 연결시킨

것 - 예를 들어, "삼성 싱크마스터 Wide LCD 모니터 크기(size)는 XX인치이다."라는 것을 표현하기 위하여, Size와 같은 속성

을 정의할 수 있음

4. 관계(Relation, Object Property) - 관계는 클래스 – 인스턴스, 인스턴스-인스턴스 간에 존재하는 관계들을 지칭 - 예를 들어, 소나타-brand-현대차 와 같은 정보를 표현하고자 할 때 인스턴스를 대상으로 가지는 속성, brand는 Relation

이라고 함

06

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Ontology Example 1 07

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Ontology Example 2 08

Brand

Model Name

Publish Year

Standard Price

Warranty Miles

Service Center

Phone Number

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Modeling Ontology 101 09

Ontology Modeling - “Ontology Development 101”, Natasha Noy, Stanford University - http://protege.stanford.edu/publications/ontology_development/ontology101-noy-mcguinness.html FOAF (Friend of a friend) - http://www.foaf-project.org/

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Around Ontology, Modeling 10

Ontology Editor - http://protege.stanford.edu/ Querying Language - SPARQL (w3c Recommendation) Ontology Description Language - RDF, OWL

Online Ontology Editor - http://vowl.visualdataweb.org/webvowl/

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RDF 11

RDF stands for

Resource

Description

Framework

: URI를 갖는 모든 것 (웹 페이지, 이미지, 동영상 등)

: 자원(Resource)들의 속성, 특성, 관계 기술

: 위의 것들을 기술하기 위한 모델, 언어, 문법

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URI 12

URL : Uniform Resource Locator

URN : Uniform Resource Name

URI (통합 자원 식별자,Uniform Resource Identifier): 인터넷에 있는 자원을 나타내는 유일한 주소

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RDF Data Model 13

subject Object predicate

주어 (Resource)

술어 (Property, Relation)

목적어 (Resource, Literal)

URI Blank Node

URI URI Literal

RDF는 Graph Model 을 갖고 있다.

http://dbpedia.org/resource/Billie_Jean has a singer whose value is http://dbpedia.org/resource/Michael Jackson

• Subject : http://dbpedia.org/resource/Billie_Jean (URI)

• Predicate: www.example.com/terms/singer (URI)

• Object: http://dbpedia.org/resource/Michael_Jackson (URI)

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RDF is Graph Model 14

http://dbpedia.org/resource/Billie_Jean

http://www.example.com/terms/singer

1983-01-02

http://www.example.com/terms/released

http://dbpedia.org/resource/Michael_Jackson

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Graph Model Expandable 15

http://dbpedia.org/resource/Billie_Jean

http://www.example.com/terms/singer

Michael_Jackson

1983-01-02

http://www.example.com/terms/released

http://dbpedia.org/resource/Michael_Jackson

http://www.example.com/terms/name

http://dbpedia.org/resource/USA

http://www.example.com/terms/bornIn

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Semantic Web 관련 언어 흐름 16

Ontology (information science)

RDF (W3C WD)

1997.08

XML (W3C WD)

RDF Scheme (W3C WD)

OWL (W3C WD)

SPARQL (WD)

DAML

OIL (Europe IST Project)

DAML+OIL

1970s

1996.11

1998.04 1999 2000

1999 2002

2004.10

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RDF is Database? 17

Ontology = Schema

RDF = Data

URI = Key 값

Database ?

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RDF as a Database 18

Movie Ontology (Shared Schema)

subClassof

Artifact

Project Music

Singer

hasSinger

Matrix

Director

Du Hast

Wachowski brothers Rammstein

isA isA

isA

isA

hasDirector

hasDirector hasPlayer RDF Data

Movie Database

URI URI URI URI

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Web as a Database 19

Movie data #3

Person data #1

Standard Schema

Web of Data

Web of Data

Movie data #1

Movie data #2

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Web of Data 20

Universally Opened

Semantically Expandable

Easily Re-usable

Database on the Web

Web of Data

Linked Data, RDFa, Schema.org

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Linking Open Data Project 01 Building a “Web of Data” to enhance the current Web

The Linking Open Data (LOD) project:

http://linkeddata.org/ Translating existing datasets into RDF and linking them

together.

For example, DBpedia (Wikipedia) and GeoNames, Freebase, BBC programmes, etc.

Government data also available as Linked Data DATA.gov DATA.gov.uk

공유자원포탈(http://data.go.kr) by 인터넷 정보화 진흥원

서울 열린 데이터 광장(http://data.seoul.go.kr) by 서울시 정정보화 사업단

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Linked Data Cloud 02

2008

2007

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Linked Data Cloud Expanded 03

2011

2009

2010

또..나!!

‘5-star Open Data’

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Linked Data Cloud Now 04

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Linked Data Data 05

- DBLP Bibliography - provides bibliographic information about scientific papers; it contains about 800,000 articles, 400,000 authors, and approx. 15 million triples

- GeoNames provides RDF descriptions of more than 6,500,000 geographical features worldwide.

- riese - serving statistical data about 500 million Europeans (the first linked dataset deployed with XHTML+RDFa)

- Sensorpedia - A scientific initiative at Oak Ridge National Laboratory using a RESTful web architecture to link to sensor data and related sensing systems.

- BBC Things - Data on the places, people and organisations that appear in BBC programmes and online content.

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What they do with LOD

The Bio2RDF Cloud

06

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What they do with LOD

DBtune Slashfacet

07 • Visualizes music-related Linked Data

• Uses LastFM, MySpace, and BBC data

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What they do with LOD

Where-are-jobs

08 http://www.symsoftsolutions.com/award/2011-where-are-jobs

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What they do with LOD

Google Knowledge Graph

09

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Origin of Linked Data

Wikipedia to DBPedia

10

2007

2014

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Wikipedia.org 11

54 | 70

Wikipedia.org

Knowledge of Crowd

12

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DBpedia 13

DBPedia is a community effort to

extract structured (“infobox”) information from Wikipedia

provide a SPARQL endpoint to the dataset

interlink the DBpedia dataset with other datasets on the Web

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Extracting structured data from Wikipedia 14

@prefix dbpedia <http://dbpedia.org/resource/>.

@prefix dbterm <http://dbpedia.org/property/>.

dbpedia:Amsterdam

dbterm:officialName “Amsterdam” ;

dbterm:longd “4” ;

dbterm:longm “53” ;

dbterm:longs “32” ;

...

dbterm:leaderName dbpedia:Job_Cohen ;

...

dbterm:areaTotalKm “219” ;

...

dbpedia:ABN_AMRO

dbterm:location dbpedia:Amsterdam ;

...

as

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Automatic links among open datasets 15

<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Amsterdam>

owl:sameAs <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/...> ;

owl:sameAs <http://sws.geonames.org/2759793> ;

...

<http://sws.geonames.org/2759793>

owl:sameAs <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Amsterdam>

wgs84_pos:lat “52.3666667” ;

wgs84_pos:long “4.8833333” ;

geo:inCountry <http://www.geonames.org/countries/#NL> ;

...

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Inlink to DBpedia 16 Central of Linked Data DBpedia is being linked to from a variety of datasets. The sum of inlinks is 39,007,478.

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Linked Data is to Replace the Web? 17 Nope… is to re-organize little potion of the Web

LOD

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Rich Snippets

INTO RDF from Text Page

19

[ rdf:type schema:Review ;

schema:name "Oscars 2012: The Artist, review" ;

schema:description "The Artist, an utterly

beguiling…" ;

schema:ratingValue "5" ;

…

]

Search engines add text under results to preview what’s on page and why it’s relevant Text often extracted from structured data embedded on the page

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RDFa / MicroData / Microformat 20

We’d like to add semi-structured know-ledge to a conventional HTML document – Humans can see and understand the regular HTML content (text, images,

videos, audio)

– Machines can see and understand the data markup in XML, RDF or some other format

Possibilities include – Add a link to a separate document with the knowledge

– Embed the knowledge as comments, javascript, etc.

– Distribute the knowledge markup throughout the HTML as attributes of existing HTML tags

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Use of RDFa 21

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Where there are now?

Intelligence Agent

22

IBM Watson ExoBrainProject

EOD

Social Semantics

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Web 2.0 is about The Social Web

“Web 2.0 Is Much More

About A Change In People

and Society Than Technology”

• 1 billion people connect to the Internet • 100 million web sites • over a third of adults in US have contributed

content to the public Internet. - 18% of adults over 65

-Dion Hinchcliffe,

tech blogger

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Potential Roles for Semantic Web Technology

• Composing and integrating user-contributed data across applications – example: tagging data

• Creating aggregate value from a mix of structured and unstructured data – example: blogging data

• Ontology of Folksonomy : applications that use tag data from multiple systems – tag search across multiple sites – collaboratively filtered search

• “find things using tags my buddies say match those tags”

– combine tags with structured query • “find all hotels in Spain tagged with “romantic”

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Core concepts

• Term – a word or phrase that is recognizable by people and computers

• Document – a thing to be tagged, identifiable by a URI or a similar naming service

• Tagger – someone or thing doing the tagging, such as the user of an application

• Tagged – the assertion by Tagger that Document should be tagged with Term

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SKOS : Term

• SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organisation System(s)

– W3C 2nd Public Working Draft – work in progress!

– (probably Recommendation within 1-2 years).

• SKOS is about declaring and publishing taxonomies, thesauri or classification schemes, for use in a distributed, decentralised information system (I.e. a semantic web). – The application of library science to the semantic web.

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FOAF : Tagger

• Friend of a Friend Project - an OWL vocabulary for describing social networks

• Some centralized social networking sites, like Ecademy and LiveJournal, and other sites with network data, like the Dean Campaign, output their data in FOAF format

• Currently, there are millions of FOAF files and users. Recently the count has risen by orders of magnitude, but estimates put the total over 5,000,000

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SIOC : Document

• Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities Project

• SIOC provides methods for interconnecting discussion methods such as blogs, forums and mailing lists to each other.

• It consists of the SIOC ontology, an open-standard machine readable format for expressing the information contained both explicitly and implicitly in Internet discussion methods, of SIOC metadata producers for a number of popular blogging platforms and content management systems, and of storage and browsing/searching systems for leveraging this SIOC data.

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SIOC + FOAF + SKOS : Tagged