semantic web technologies - meteck.org · ontology and ontologies foundational ontologies ontology...

114
Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development Maria Keet email: keet -AT- inf.unibz.it home: http://www.meteck.org blog: http://keet.wordpress.com/category/computer-science/72010-semwebtech/ KRDB Research Center Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy 23 November 2009 1/48

Upload: others

Post on 22-May-2020

19 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Semantic Web TechnologiesLecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Maria Keetemail: keet -AT- inf.unibz.it

home: http://www.meteck.org

blog:

http://keet.wordpress.com/category/computer-science/72010-semwebtech/

KRDB Research CenterFree University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy

23 November 2009

1/48

Page 2: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Outline

Ontology and ontologies

Foundational OntologiesDOLCEBFO

Ontology Design PatternsOverviewPatterns

2/48

Page 3: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

So, we have OWL and OWL 2 as W3C standardised ontologylanguages—but what is an ontology, how dow you develop one,and what do you do with it?

3/48

Page 4: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Outline

Ontology and ontologies

Foundational OntologiesDOLCEBFO

Ontology Design PatternsOverviewPatterns

4/48

Page 5: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Background

– Aristotle and colleagues: Ontology– Engineering: ontologies (count noun)

– Investigating reality, representing it– Putting an engineering artifact to use

What then, is this engineering artifact?

some slides based on

http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/resource/presentation/NicolaGuarino 20060202/DOLCE–

NicolaGuarino 20060202.pdf

5/48

Page 6: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

A few definitions

• Most quoted: “An ontology is a specification of aconceptualization” (by Tom Gruber, 1993)

• More detailed: “An ontology is a logical theory accounting forthe intended meaning of a formal vocabulary, i.e. itsontological commitment to a particular conceptualization ofthe world. The intended models of a logical language usingsuch a vocabulary are constrained by its ontologicalcommitment. An ontology indirectly reflects this commitment(and the underlying conceptualization) by approximating theseintended models.” (Guarino, 1998)

• JWS03 paper: “with an ontology being equivalent to aDescription Logic knowledge base” (Horrocks et al, 2003)

6/48

Page 7: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

A few definitions

• Most quoted: “An ontology is a specification of aconceptualization” (by Tom Gruber, 1993)

• More detailed: “An ontology is a logical theory accounting forthe intended meaning of a formal vocabulary, i.e. itsontological commitment to a particular conceptualization ofthe world. The intended models of a logical language usingsuch a vocabulary are constrained by its ontologicalcommitment. An ontology indirectly reflects this commitment(and the underlying conceptualization) by approximating theseintended models.” (Guarino, 1998)

• JWS03 paper: “with an ontology being equivalent to aDescription Logic knowledge base” (Horrocks et al, 2003)

6/48

Page 8: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

A few definitions

• Most quoted: “An ontology is a specification of aconceptualization” (by Tom Gruber, 1993)

• More detailed: “An ontology is a logical theory accounting forthe intended meaning of a formal vocabulary, i.e. itsontological commitment to a particular conceptualization ofthe world. The intended models of a logical language usingsuch a vocabulary are constrained by its ontologicalcommitment. An ontology indirectly reflects this commitment(and the underlying conceptualization) by approximating theseintended models.” (Guarino, 1998)

• JWS03 paper: “with an ontology being equivalent to aDescription Logic knowledge base” (Horrocks et al, 2003)

6/48

Page 9: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Description Logic knowledge base

TBox(with intensional

knowledge)

ABox(with extensional

knowledge involving objects and values)

Ontology

7/48

Page 10: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Ontologies and meaning

8/48

Page 11: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Ontologies and reality

Reality

9/48

Page 12: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Either way... Quality of the ontology

10/48

Page 13: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Either way... Quality of the ontology

• “Bad ontologies are (inter alia) those whose general termslack the relation to corresponding universals in reality, andthereby also to corresponding instances.”

• “Good ontologies are reality representations, and the fact thatsuch representations are possible is shown by the fact that, asis documented in our scientific textbooks, very many of themhave already been achieved, though of course always only atsome specific level of granularity and to some specific degreeof precision, detail and completeness”

(Smith, 2004)

11/48

Page 14: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Either way... Quality of the ontology

• “Bad ontologies are (inter alia) those whose general termslack the relation to corresponding universals in reality, andthereby also to corresponding instances.”

• “Good ontologies are reality representations, and the fact thatsuch representations are possible is shown by the fact that, asis documented in our scientific textbooks, very many of themhave already been achieved, though of course always only atsome specific level of granularity and to some specific degreeof precision, detail and completeness”

(Smith, 2004)

11/48

Page 15: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Initial Ontology Dimensions that have Evolved

• Semantic• Degree of Formality and Structure• Expressiveness of the Knowledge Representation Language• Representational Granularity

• Pragmatic• Intended Use• Role of Automated Reasoning• Descriptive vs. Prescriptive• Design Methodology• Governance

slide from, and more details available in:http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2007/symposium/

OntologyFramework symposium–Gruninger-Obrst 20070424.ppt

12/48

Page 16: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Initial Ontology Dimensions that have Evolved

• Semantic• Degree of Formality and Structure• Expressiveness of the Knowledge Representation Language• Representational Granularity

• Pragmatic• Intended Use• Role of Automated Reasoning• Descriptive vs. Prescriptive• Design Methodology• Governance

slide from, and more details available in:http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2007/symposium/

OntologyFramework symposium–Gruninger-Obrst 20070424.ppt

12/48

Page 17: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Outline

Ontology and ontologies

Foundational OntologiesDOLCEBFO

Ontology Design PatternsOverviewPatterns

13/48

Page 18: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

General notion

• Provide a top-level with basic categories of kinds of things

• Principal choices• Endurantist vs. Perdurantist• Universals vs. Particulars

• Formal...• ... logic: connections between truths – neutral wrt truth• ... ontology: connections between things – neutral wrt reality

14/48

Page 19: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

General notion

• Provide a top-level with basic categories of kinds of things

• Principal choices• Endurantist vs. Perdurantist• Universals vs. Particulars

• Formal...• ... logic: connections between truths – neutral wrt truth• ... ontology: connections between things – neutral wrt reality

14/48

Page 20: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

General notion

• Provide a top-level with basic categories of kinds of things

• Principal choices• Endurantist vs. Perdurantist• Universals vs. Particulars

• Formal...• ... logic: connections between truths – neutral wrt truth• ... ontology: connections between things – neutral wrt reality

14/48

Page 21: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Outline

Ontology and ontologies

Foundational OntologiesDOLCEBFO

Ontology Design PatternsOverviewPatterns

15/48

Page 22: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering

• Strong cognitive/linguistic bias:• Descriptive (as opposite to prescriptive) attitude• Categories mirror cognition, common sense, and the lexical

structure of natural language.

• Emphasis on cognitive invariants

• Categories as conceptual containers: no ‘deep’ metaphysicalimplications

• Focus on design rationale to allow easy comparison withdifferent ontological options

• Rigorous, systematic, interdisciplinary approach• Rich axiomatization

• 37 basic categories• 7 basic relations• 80 axioms, 100 definitions, 20 theorems

• Rigorous quality criteria

• Documentation16/48

Page 23: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering

• Strong cognitive/linguistic bias:• Descriptive (as opposite to prescriptive) attitude• Categories mirror cognition, common sense, and the lexical

structure of natural language.

• Emphasis on cognitive invariants

• Categories as conceptual containers: no ‘deep’ metaphysicalimplications

• Focus on design rationale to allow easy comparison withdifferent ontological options

• Rigorous, systematic, interdisciplinary approach• Rich axiomatization

• 37 basic categories• 7 basic relations• 80 axioms, 100 definitions, 20 theorems

• Rigorous quality criteria

• Documentation16/48

Page 24: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering

• Strong cognitive/linguistic bias:• Descriptive (as opposite to prescriptive) attitude• Categories mirror cognition, common sense, and the lexical

structure of natural language.

• Emphasis on cognitive invariants

• Categories as conceptual containers: no ‘deep’ metaphysicalimplications

• Focus on design rationale to allow easy comparison withdifferent ontological options

• Rigorous, systematic, interdisciplinary approach• Rich axiomatization

• 37 basic categories• 7 basic relations• 80 axioms, 100 definitions, 20 theorems

• Rigorous quality criteria

• Documentation16/48

Page 25: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering

• Strong cognitive/linguistic bias:• Descriptive (as opposite to prescriptive) attitude• Categories mirror cognition, common sense, and the lexical

structure of natural language.

• Emphasis on cognitive invariants

• Categories as conceptual containers: no ‘deep’ metaphysicalimplications

• Focus on design rationale to allow easy comparison withdifferent ontological options

• Rigorous, systematic, interdisciplinary approach• Rich axiomatization

• 37 basic categories• 7 basic relations• 80 axioms, 100 definitions, 20 theorems

• Rigorous quality criteria

• Documentation16/48

Page 26: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering

• Strong cognitive/linguistic bias:• Descriptive (as opposite to prescriptive) attitude• Categories mirror cognition, common sense, and the lexical

structure of natural language.

• Emphasis on cognitive invariants

• Categories as conceptual containers: no ‘deep’ metaphysicalimplications

• Focus on design rationale to allow easy comparison withdifferent ontological options

• Rigorous, systematic, interdisciplinary approach• Rich axiomatization

• 37 basic categories• 7 basic relations• 80 axioms, 100 definitions, 20 theorems

• Rigorous quality criteria

• Documentation16/48

Page 27: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering

• Strong cognitive/linguistic bias:• Descriptive (as opposite to prescriptive) attitude• Categories mirror cognition, common sense, and the lexical

structure of natural language.

• Emphasis on cognitive invariants

• Categories as conceptual containers: no ‘deep’ metaphysicalimplications

• Focus on design rationale to allow easy comparison withdifferent ontological options

• Rigorous, systematic, interdisciplinary approach• Rich axiomatization

• 37 basic categories• 7 basic relations• 80 axioms, 100 definitions, 20 theorems

• Rigorous quality criteria

• Documentation16/48

Page 28: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering

• Strong cognitive/linguistic bias:• Descriptive (as opposite to prescriptive) attitude• Categories mirror cognition, common sense, and the lexical

structure of natural language.

• Emphasis on cognitive invariants

• Categories as conceptual containers: no ‘deep’ metaphysicalimplications

• Focus on design rationale to allow easy comparison withdifferent ontological options

• Rigorous, systematic, interdisciplinary approach• Rich axiomatization

• 37 basic categories• 7 basic relations• 80 axioms, 100 definitions, 20 theorems

• Rigorous quality criteria

• Documentation16/48

Page 29: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering

• Strong cognitive/linguistic bias:• Descriptive (as opposite to prescriptive) attitude• Categories mirror cognition, common sense, and the lexical

structure of natural language.

• Emphasis on cognitive invariants

• Categories as conceptual containers: no ‘deep’ metaphysicalimplications

• Focus on design rationale to allow easy comparison withdifferent ontological options

• Rigorous, systematic, interdisciplinary approach• Rich axiomatization

• 37 basic categories• 7 basic relations• 80 axioms, 100 definitions, 20 theorems

• Rigorous quality criteria

• Documentation16/48

Page 30: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering

• Strong cognitive/linguistic bias:• Descriptive (as opposite to prescriptive) attitude• Categories mirror cognition, common sense, and the lexical

structure of natural language.

• Emphasis on cognitive invariants

• Categories as conceptual containers: no ‘deep’ metaphysicalimplications

• Focus on design rationale to allow easy comparison withdifferent ontological options

• Rigorous, systematic, interdisciplinary approach• Rich axiomatization

• 37 basic categories• 7 basic relations• 80 axioms, 100 definitions, 20 theorems

• Rigorous quality criteria

• Documentation16/48

Page 31: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering

• Strong cognitive/linguistic bias:• Descriptive (as opposite to prescriptive) attitude• Categories mirror cognition, common sense, and the lexical

structure of natural language.

• Emphasis on cognitive invariants

• Categories as conceptual containers: no ‘deep’ metaphysicalimplications

• Focus on design rationale to allow easy comparison withdifferent ontological options

• Rigorous, systematic, interdisciplinary approach• Rich axiomatization

• 37 basic categories• 7 basic relations• 80 axioms, 100 definitions, 20 theorems

• Rigorous quality criteria

• Documentation16/48

Page 32: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering

• Strong cognitive/linguistic bias:• Descriptive (as opposite to prescriptive) attitude• Categories mirror cognition, common sense, and the lexical

structure of natural language.

• Emphasis on cognitive invariants

• Categories as conceptual containers: no ‘deep’ metaphysicalimplications

• Focus on design rationale to allow easy comparison withdifferent ontological options

• Rigorous, systematic, interdisciplinary approach• Rich axiomatization

• 37 basic categories• 7 basic relations• 80 axioms, 100 definitions, 20 theorems

• Rigorous quality criteria

• Documentation16/48

Page 33: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering

• Strong cognitive/linguistic bias:• Descriptive (as opposite to prescriptive) attitude• Categories mirror cognition, common sense, and the lexical

structure of natural language.

• Emphasis on cognitive invariants

• Categories as conceptual containers: no ‘deep’ metaphysicalimplications

• Focus on design rationale to allow easy comparison withdifferent ontological options

• Rigorous, systematic, interdisciplinary approach• Rich axiomatization

• 37 basic categories• 7 basic relations• 80 axioms, 100 definitions, 20 theorems

• Rigorous quality criteria

• Documentation16/48

Page 34: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering

• Strong cognitive/linguistic bias:• Descriptive (as opposite to prescriptive) attitude• Categories mirror cognition, common sense, and the lexical

structure of natural language.

• Emphasis on cognitive invariants

• Categories as conceptual containers: no ‘deep’ metaphysicalimplications

• Focus on design rationale to allow easy comparison withdifferent ontological options

• Rigorous, systematic, interdisciplinary approach• Rich axiomatization

• 37 basic categories• 7 basic relations• 80 axioms, 100 definitions, 20 theorems

• Rigorous quality criteria

• Documentation16/48

Page 35: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Rough outline of DOLCE categories

17/48

Page 36: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

DOLCE’s basic relations

• Parthood• Between quality regions (immediate)• Between arbitrary objects (temporary)

• Dependence: Specific/generic constant dependence

• Constitution

• Inherence (between a quality and its host)

• Quale• Between a quality and its region (immediate, for unchanging

entities)• Between a quality and its region (temporary, for changing

entities)

• Participation

• Representation

18/48

Page 37: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

DOLCE’s basic relations

• Parthood• Between quality regions (immediate)• Between arbitrary objects (temporary)

• Dependence: Specific/generic constant dependence

• Constitution

• Inherence (between a quality and its host)

• Quale• Between a quality and its region (immediate, for unchanging

entities)• Between a quality and its region (temporary, for changing

entities)

• Participation

• Representation

18/48

Page 38: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

DOLCE’s basic relations

• Parthood• Between quality regions (immediate)• Between arbitrary objects (temporary)

• Dependence: Specific/generic constant dependence

• Constitution

• Inherence (between a quality and its host)

• Quale• Between a quality and its region (immediate, for unchanging

entities)• Between a quality and its region (temporary, for changing

entities)

• Participation

• Representation

18/48

Page 39: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

DOLCE’s basic relations

• Parthood• Between quality regions (immediate)• Between arbitrary objects (temporary)

• Dependence: Specific/generic constant dependence

• Constitution

• Inherence (between a quality and its host)

• Quale• Between a quality and its region (immediate, for unchanging

entities)• Between a quality and its region (temporary, for changing

entities)

• Participation

• Representation

18/48

Page 40: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

DOLCE’s basic relations

• Parthood• Between quality regions (immediate)• Between arbitrary objects (temporary)

• Dependence: Specific/generic constant dependence

• Constitution

• Inherence (between a quality and its host)

• Quale• Between a quality and its region (immediate, for unchanging

entities)• Between a quality and its region (temporary, for changing

entities)

• Participation

• Representation

18/48

Page 41: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

DOLCE’s basic relations

• Parthood• Between quality regions (immediate)• Between arbitrary objects (temporary)

• Dependence: Specific/generic constant dependence

• Constitution

• Inherence (between a quality and its host)

• Quale• Between a quality and its region (immediate, for unchanging

entities)• Between a quality and its region (temporary, for changing

entities)

• Participation

• Representation

18/48

Page 42: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

DOLCE’s basic relations

• Parthood• Between quality regions (immediate)• Between arbitrary objects (temporary)

• Dependence: Specific/generic constant dependence

• Constitution

• Inherence (between a quality and its host)

• Quale• Between a quality and its region (immediate, for unchanging

entities)• Between a quality and its region (temporary, for changing

entities)

• Participation

• Representation

18/48

Page 43: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

DOLCE’s basic relations

• Parthood• Between quality regions (immediate)• Between arbitrary objects (temporary)

• Dependence: Specific/generic constant dependence

• Constitution

• Inherence (between a quality and its host)

• Quale• Between a quality and its region (immediate, for unchanging

entities)• Between a quality and its region (temporary, for changing

entities)

• Participation

• Representation

18/48

Page 44: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

DOLCE’s basic relations

• Parthood• Between quality regions (immediate)• Between arbitrary objects (temporary)

• Dependence: Specific/generic constant dependence

• Constitution

• Inherence (between a quality and its host)

• Quale• Between a quality and its region (immediate, for unchanging

entities)• Between a quality and its region (temporary, for changing

entities)

• Participation

• Representation

18/48

Page 45: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

DOLCE’s basic relations

• Parthood• Between quality regions (immediate)• Between arbitrary objects (temporary)

• Dependence: Specific/generic constant dependence

• Constitution

• Inherence (between a quality and its host)

• Quale• Between a quality and its region (immediate, for unchanging

entities)• Between a quality and its region (temporary, for changing

entities)

• Participation

• Representation

18/48

Page 46: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

DOLCE’s basic relations

• Parthood• Between quality regions (immediate)• Between arbitrary objects (temporary)

• Dependence: Specific/generic constant dependence

• Constitution

• Inherence (between a quality and its host)

• Quale• Between a quality and its region (immediate, for unchanging

entities)• Between a quality and its region (temporary, for changing

entities)

• Participation

• Representation

18/48

Page 47: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

DOLCE’s primitive relations between basic categories

19/48

Page 48: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

DOLCE’s basic relations (w.r.t. qualities)

20/48

Page 49: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

DOLCE’s basics on universals

.......

21/48

Page 50: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

DOLCE’s characterisation of categories

... etc...

22/48

Page 51: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Can all that be used?

• DOLCE in KIF

• DOLCE in OWL:• DOLCE-Lite: simplified translations of Dolce2.0• Does not consider: modality, temporal indexing, relation

composition• Different names are adopted for relations that have the same

name but different arities in the FOL version• Some commonsense concepts have been added as examples

• DOLCE-2.1-Lite-Plus version includes some modules forPlans, Information Objects, Semiotics, Temporal relations,Social notions (collectives, organizations, etc.), a Reificationvocabulary, etc.

23/48

Page 52: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Can all that be used?

• DOLCE in KIF

• DOLCE in OWL:• DOLCE-Lite: simplified translations of Dolce2.0• Does not consider: modality, temporal indexing, relation

composition• Different names are adopted for relations that have the same

name but different arities in the FOL version• Some commonsense concepts have been added as examples

• DOLCE-2.1-Lite-Plus version includes some modules forPlans, Information Objects, Semiotics, Temporal relations,Social notions (collectives, organizations, etc.), a Reificationvocabulary, etc.

23/48

Page 53: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Can all that be used?

• DOLCE in KIF

• DOLCE in OWL:• DOLCE-Lite: simplified translations of Dolce2.0• Does not consider: modality, temporal indexing, relation

composition• Different names are adopted for relations that have the same

name but different arities in the FOL version• Some commonsense concepts have been added as examples

• DOLCE-2.1-Lite-Plus version includes some modules forPlans, Information Objects, Semiotics, Temporal relations,Social notions (collectives, organizations, etc.), a Reificationvocabulary, etc.

23/48

Page 54: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

DLP3971

• Several Modules for (re)use: DOLCE-Lite, SocialUnits,SpatialRelations, ExtendedDnS, and others

• Still rather complex to understand (aside from usingOWL-DL): Full DOLCE-Lite-Plus with 208 classes, 313 objectproperties, etc (check the “Active ontology” tab in Protege)and basic DOLCE-Lite 37 classes, 70 object properties etc (inSHI)

• Time for a DOLCE-Lite ultra-“ultralight”? e.g. for use withOWL 2 QL or OWL 2 EL

• Current DOLCE Ultra Lite—DUL—uses friendly names andcomments for classes and properties, has simple restrictions forclasses, and includes into a unique file the main parts ofDOLCE, D&S and other modules of DOLCE Lite+

• BUT... is still in OWL-DL (OWL-Lite+Disjointness)

• http://wiki.loa-cnr.it/index.php/LoaWiki:Ontologies

24/48

Page 55: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

DLP3971

• Several Modules for (re)use: DOLCE-Lite, SocialUnits,SpatialRelations, ExtendedDnS, and others

• Still rather complex to understand (aside from usingOWL-DL): Full DOLCE-Lite-Plus with 208 classes, 313 objectproperties, etc (check the “Active ontology” tab in Protege)and basic DOLCE-Lite 37 classes, 70 object properties etc (inSHI)

• Time for a DOLCE-Lite ultra-“ultralight”? e.g. for use withOWL 2 QL or OWL 2 EL

• Current DOLCE Ultra Lite—DUL—uses friendly names andcomments for classes and properties, has simple restrictions forclasses, and includes into a unique file the main parts ofDOLCE, D&S and other modules of DOLCE Lite+

• BUT... is still in OWL-DL (OWL-Lite+Disjointness)

• http://wiki.loa-cnr.it/index.php/LoaWiki:Ontologies

24/48

Page 56: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

DLP3971

• Several Modules for (re)use: DOLCE-Lite, SocialUnits,SpatialRelations, ExtendedDnS, and others

• Still rather complex to understand (aside from usingOWL-DL): Full DOLCE-Lite-Plus with 208 classes, 313 objectproperties, etc (check the “Active ontology” tab in Protege)and basic DOLCE-Lite 37 classes, 70 object properties etc (inSHI)

• Time for a DOLCE-Lite ultra-“ultralight”? e.g. for use withOWL 2 QL or OWL 2 EL

• Current DOLCE Ultra Lite—DUL—uses friendly names andcomments for classes and properties, has simple restrictions forclasses, and includes into a unique file the main parts ofDOLCE, D&S and other modules of DOLCE Lite+

• BUT... is still in OWL-DL (OWL-Lite+Disjointness)

• http://wiki.loa-cnr.it/index.php/LoaWiki:Ontologies

24/48

Page 57: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Examples

25/48

Page 58: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Examples

26/48

Page 59: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Comment: “The immediate relationholding between endurants and per-durants (e.g. in ’the car is run-ning’).Participation can be constant (inall parts of the perdurant, e.g. in ’thecar is running’), or temporary (in onlysome parts, e.g. in ’I’m electing thepresident’).A ’functional’ participant isspecialized for those forms of participa-tion that depend on the nature of par-ticipants, processes, or on the intention-ality of agentive participants. Tradi-tional ’thematic role’ should be mappedto functional participation.For relationsholding between participants in a sameperdurant, see the co-participates rela-tion.”

27/48

Page 60: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Outline

Ontology and ontologies

Foundational OntologiesDOLCEBFO

Ontology Design PatternsOverviewPatterns

28/48

Page 61: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

BFO Overview

• Ontology as reality representation

• Aims at reconciling the so-called three-dimensionalist andfour-dimensionalist views

• A Snap ontology of endurants which is reproduced at eachmoment of time and is used to characterize static views of theworld

• Span ontology of happenings and occurrents and, moregenerally, of entities which persist in time by perduring

• Endurants (Snap) or perdurants (Span)

• Limited granularity

• Heavily influenced by parthood relations, boundaries,dependence

29/48

Page 62: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

BFO Overview

• Ontology as reality representation

• Aims at reconciling the so-called three-dimensionalist andfour-dimensionalist views

• A Snap ontology of endurants which is reproduced at eachmoment of time and is used to characterize static views of theworld

• Span ontology of happenings and occurrents and, moregenerally, of entities which persist in time by perduring

• Endurants (Snap) or perdurants (Span)

• Limited granularity

• Heavily influenced by parthood relations, boundaries,dependence

29/48

Page 63: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

BFO Overview

• Ontology as reality representation

• Aims at reconciling the so-called three-dimensionalist andfour-dimensionalist views

• A Snap ontology of endurants which is reproduced at eachmoment of time and is used to characterize static views of theworld

• Span ontology of happenings and occurrents and, moregenerally, of entities which persist in time by perduring

• Endurants (Snap) or perdurants (Span)

• Limited granularity

• Heavily influenced by parthood relations, boundaries,dependence

29/48

Page 64: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

BFO Overview

• Ontology as reality representation

• Aims at reconciling the so-called three-dimensionalist andfour-dimensionalist views

• A Snap ontology of endurants which is reproduced at eachmoment of time and is used to characterize static views of theworld

• Span ontology of happenings and occurrents and, moregenerally, of entities which persist in time by perduring

• Endurants (Snap) or perdurants (Span)

• Limited granularity

• Heavily influenced by parthood relations, boundaries,dependence

29/48

Page 65: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

BFO Overview

• Ontology as reality representation

• Aims at reconciling the so-called three-dimensionalist andfour-dimensionalist views

• A Snap ontology of endurants which is reproduced at eachmoment of time and is used to characterize static views of theworld

• Span ontology of happenings and occurrents and, moregenerally, of entities which persist in time by perduring

• Endurants (Snap) or perdurants (Span)

• Limited granularity

• Heavily influenced by parthood relations, boundaries,dependence

29/48

Page 66: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

BFO Overview

• Ontology as reality representation

• Aims at reconciling the so-called three-dimensionalist andfour-dimensionalist views

• A Snap ontology of endurants which is reproduced at eachmoment of time and is used to characterize static views of theworld

• Span ontology of happenings and occurrents and, moregenerally, of entities which persist in time by perduring

• Endurants (Snap) or perdurants (Span)

• Limited granularity

• Heavily influenced by parthood relations, boundaries,dependence

29/48

Page 67: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

BFO Overview

• Ontology as reality representation

• Aims at reconciling the so-called three-dimensionalist andfour-dimensionalist views

• A Snap ontology of endurants which is reproduced at eachmoment of time and is used to characterize static views of theworld

• Span ontology of happenings and occurrents and, moregenerally, of entities which persist in time by perduring

• Endurants (Snap) or perdurants (Span)

• Limited granularity

• Heavily influenced by parthood relations, boundaries,dependence

29/48

Page 68: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Overview

• BFO 1.1 in OWL with 39 classes, no object or data properties,in ALC.

• There is a bfo-ro.owl to integration relations of the RelationOntology with BFO

• Version in Isabelle (mainly part-wholes, but not all categories)

• Version in OBO (the original Gene Ontology format, withlimited, but expanding, types of relationships)

• Version in Prover9 (first order logic model checker andtheorem prover)

30/48

Page 69: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Overview

• BFO 1.1 in OWL with 39 classes, no object or data properties,in ALC.

• There is a bfo-ro.owl to integration relations of the RelationOntology with BFO

• Version in Isabelle (mainly part-wholes, but not all categories)

• Version in OBO (the original Gene Ontology format, withlimited, but expanding, types of relationships)

• Version in Prover9 (first order logic model checker andtheorem prover)

30/48

Page 70: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Overview

• BFO 1.1 in OWL with 39 classes, no object or data properties,in ALC.

• There is a bfo-ro.owl to integration relations of the RelationOntology with BFO

• Version in Isabelle (mainly part-wholes, but not all categories)

• Version in OBO (the original Gene Ontology format, withlimited, but expanding, types of relationships)

• Version in Prover9 (first order logic model checker andtheorem prover)

30/48

Page 71: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

BFO Taxonomy

31/48

Page 72: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

32/48

Page 73: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

BFO Core

• A non-extensional temporal mereology with collections, sums,and universals

• BFO as a collection of smaller theories• EMR, QSizeR, RBG, QDiaSizeR, ..., Adjacency, Collections,

SumsPartitions, Universals, Instantiation,ExtensionsOfUniversals, PartonomicInclusion,UniversalParthood

• Reference material http://www.ifomis.org/bfo/fol andhttp://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/∼bittner3/Theories/BFO/

33/48

Page 74: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Section of one of the sub-theories in BFO Core

34/48

Page 75: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Outline

Ontology and ontologies

Foundational OntologiesDOLCEBFO

Ontology Design PatternsOverviewPatterns

35/48

Page 76: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Outline

Ontology and ontologies

Foundational OntologiesDOLCEBFO

Ontology Design PatternsOverviewPatterns

36/48

Page 77: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Rationale

• It is hard to reuse only the “useful pieces” of a comprehensive(foundational) ontology, and the cost of reuse may be higherthan developing a new ontology from scratch

• Need for small (or cleverly modularized) ontologies withexplicit documentation of design rationales, and bestreengineering practices

• Hence, in analogy to software design patterns: ontologydesign patterns

• ODPs summarize the good practices to be applied withindesign solutions

• ODPs keep track of the design rationales that have motivatedtheir adoption

content of slides based on Presutti et al, 2008

37/48

Page 78: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Rationale

• It is hard to reuse only the “useful pieces” of a comprehensive(foundational) ontology, and the cost of reuse may be higherthan developing a new ontology from scratch

• Need for small (or cleverly modularized) ontologies withexplicit documentation of design rationales, and bestreengineering practices

• Hence, in analogy to software design patterns: ontologydesign patterns

• ODPs summarize the good practices to be applied withindesign solutions

• ODPs keep track of the design rationales that have motivatedtheir adoption

content of slides based on Presutti et al, 2008

37/48

Page 79: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Rationale

• It is hard to reuse only the “useful pieces” of a comprehensive(foundational) ontology, and the cost of reuse may be higherthan developing a new ontology from scratch

• Need for small (or cleverly modularized) ontologies withexplicit documentation of design rationales, and bestreengineering practices

• Hence, in analogy to software design patterns: ontologydesign patterns

• ODPs summarize the good practices to be applied withindesign solutions

• ODPs keep track of the design rationales that have motivatedtheir adoption

content of slides based on Presutti et al, 2008

37/48

Page 80: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Rationale

• It is hard to reuse only the “useful pieces” of a comprehensive(foundational) ontology, and the cost of reuse may be higherthan developing a new ontology from scratch

• Need for small (or cleverly modularized) ontologies withexplicit documentation of design rationales, and bestreengineering practices

• Hence, in analogy to software design patterns: ontologydesign patterns

• ODPs summarize the good practices to be applied withindesign solutions

• ODPs keep track of the design rationales that have motivatedtheir adoption

content of slides based on Presutti et al, 2008

37/48

Page 81: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Rationale

• It is hard to reuse only the “useful pieces” of a comprehensive(foundational) ontology, and the cost of reuse may be higherthan developing a new ontology from scratch

• Need for small (or cleverly modularized) ontologies withexplicit documentation of design rationales, and bestreengineering practices

• Hence, in analogy to software design patterns: ontologydesign patterns

• ODPs summarize the good practices to be applied withindesign solutions

• ODPs keep track of the design rationales that have motivatedtheir adoption

content of slides based on Presutti et al, 2008

37/48

Page 82: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

ODP definition• An ODP is an information object• A design pattern schema is the description of an ODP,

including the roles, tasks, and parameters needed in order tosolve an ontology design issue

• An ODP is a modeling solution to solve a recurrent ontologydesign problem. It is an Information Object that expresses aDesign Pattern Schema (or skin) that can only be satisfied byDesignSolutions. Design solutions provide the setting forOntology Elements that play some ElementRole(s) from theschema. (Presutti et al, 2008)

38/48

Page 83: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

ODP definition• An ODP is an information object• A design pattern schema is the description of an ODP,

including the roles, tasks, and parameters needed in order tosolve an ontology design issue

• An ODP is a modeling solution to solve a recurrent ontologydesign problem. It is an Information Object that expresses aDesign Pattern Schema (or skin) that can only be satisfied byDesignSolutions. Design solutions provide the setting forOntology Elements that play some ElementRole(s) from theschema. (Presutti et al, 2008)

38/48

Page 84: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

ODP definition• An ODP is an information object• A design pattern schema is the description of an ODP,

including the roles, tasks, and parameters needed in order tosolve an ontology design issue

• An ODP is a modeling solution to solve a recurrent ontologydesign problem. It is an Information Object that expresses aDesign Pattern Schema (or skin) that can only be satisfied byDesignSolutions. Design solutions provide the setting forOntology Elements that play some ElementRole(s) from theschema. (Presutti et al, 2008)

38/48

Page 85: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Outline

Ontology and ontologies

Foundational OntologiesDOLCEBFO

Ontology Design PatternsOverviewPatterns

39/48

Page 86: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Types of Patterns

• Six families of ODPs: Structural OPs, Correspondence OPs,Content OPs (CPs), Reasoning OPs, Presentation OPs, andLexico-Syntactic OPs

• CPs can be distinguished in terms of the domain theyrepresent

• Correspondence OPs (for reengineering and mappings—nextlecture)

• Reasoning OPs are typical reasoning procedures

• Presentation OPs relate to ontology usability from a userperspective; e.g., we distinguish between Naming OPs andAnnotation OPs

• Lexico-Syntactic OP are linguistic structures or schemas thatpermit to generalize and extract some conclusions about themeaning they express

40/48

Page 87: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Types of Patterns

• Six families of ODPs: Structural OPs, Correspondence OPs,Content OPs (CPs), Reasoning OPs, Presentation OPs, andLexico-Syntactic OPs

• CPs can be distinguished in terms of the domain theyrepresent

• Correspondence OPs (for reengineering and mappings—nextlecture)

• Reasoning OPs are typical reasoning procedures

• Presentation OPs relate to ontology usability from a userperspective; e.g., we distinguish between Naming OPs andAnnotation OPs

• Lexico-Syntactic OP are linguistic structures or schemas thatpermit to generalize and extract some conclusions about themeaning they express

40/48

Page 88: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Types of Patterns

• Six families of ODPs: Structural OPs, Correspondence OPs,Content OPs (CPs), Reasoning OPs, Presentation OPs, andLexico-Syntactic OPs

• CPs can be distinguished in terms of the domain theyrepresent

• Correspondence OPs (for reengineering and mappings—nextlecture)

• Reasoning OPs are typical reasoning procedures

• Presentation OPs relate to ontology usability from a userperspective; e.g., we distinguish between Naming OPs andAnnotation OPs

• Lexico-Syntactic OP are linguistic structures or schemas thatpermit to generalize and extract some conclusions about themeaning they express

40/48

Page 89: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Types of Patterns

• Six families of ODPs: Structural OPs, Correspondence OPs,Content OPs (CPs), Reasoning OPs, Presentation OPs, andLexico-Syntactic OPs

• CPs can be distinguished in terms of the domain theyrepresent

• Correspondence OPs (for reengineering and mappings—nextlecture)

• Reasoning OPs are typical reasoning procedures

• Presentation OPs relate to ontology usability from a userperspective; e.g., we distinguish between Naming OPs andAnnotation OPs

• Lexico-Syntactic OP are linguistic structures or schemas thatpermit to generalize and extract some conclusions about themeaning they express

40/48

Page 90: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Types of Patterns

• Six families of ODPs: Structural OPs, Correspondence OPs,Content OPs (CPs), Reasoning OPs, Presentation OPs, andLexico-Syntactic OPs

• CPs can be distinguished in terms of the domain theyrepresent

• Correspondence OPs (for reengineering and mappings—nextlecture)

• Reasoning OPs are typical reasoning procedures

• Presentation OPs relate to ontology usability from a userperspective; e.g., we distinguish between Naming OPs andAnnotation OPs

• Lexico-Syntactic OP are linguistic structures or schemas thatpermit to generalize and extract some conclusions about themeaning they express

40/48

Page 91: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Types of Patterns

• Six families of ODPs: Structural OPs, Correspondence OPs,Content OPs (CPs), Reasoning OPs, Presentation OPs, andLexico-Syntactic OPs

• CPs can be distinguished in terms of the domain theyrepresent

• Correspondence OPs (for reengineering and mappings—nextlecture)

• Reasoning OPs are typical reasoning procedures

• Presentation OPs relate to ontology usability from a userperspective; e.g., we distinguish between Naming OPs andAnnotation OPs

• Lexico-Syntactic OP are linguistic structures or schemas thatpermit to generalize and extract some conclusions about themeaning they express

40/48

Page 92: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Structural OPs

• Logical OPs:• Are compositions of logical constructs that solve a problem of

expressivity in OWL-DL (and, in cases, also in OWL 2 DL)• Only expressed in terms of a logical vocabulary, because their

signature (the set of predicate names, e.g. the set of classesand properties in an OWL ontology) is empty

• Independent from a specific domain of interest• Logical macros compose OWL DL constructs; e.g. the

universal+existential OWL macro• Transformation patterns translate a logical expression from a

logical language into another; e.g. n-aries

41/48

Page 93: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Structural OPs

• Logical OPs:• Are compositions of logical constructs that solve a problem of

expressivity in OWL-DL (and, in cases, also in OWL 2 DL)• Only expressed in terms of a logical vocabulary, because their

signature (the set of predicate names, e.g. the set of classesand properties in an OWL ontology) is empty

• Independent from a specific domain of interest• Logical macros compose OWL DL constructs; e.g. the

universal+existential OWL macro• Transformation patterns translate a logical expression from a

logical language into another; e.g. n-aries

41/48

Page 94: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Structural OPs

• Logical OPs:• Are compositions of logical constructs that solve a problem of

expressivity in OWL-DL (and, in cases, also in OWL 2 DL)• Only expressed in terms of a logical vocabulary, because their

signature (the set of predicate names, e.g. the set of classesand properties in an OWL ontology) is empty

• Independent from a specific domain of interest• Logical macros compose OWL DL constructs; e.g. the

universal+existential OWL macro• Transformation patterns translate a logical expression from a

logical language into another; e.g. n-aries

41/48

Page 95: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Structural OPs

• Logical OPs:• Are compositions of logical constructs that solve a problem of

expressivity in OWL-DL (and, in cases, also in OWL 2 DL)• Only expressed in terms of a logical vocabulary, because their

signature (the set of predicate names, e.g. the set of classesand properties in an OWL ontology) is empty

• Independent from a specific domain of interest• Logical macros compose OWL DL constructs; e.g. the

universal+existential OWL macro• Transformation patterns translate a logical expression from a

logical language into another; e.g. n-aries

41/48

Page 96: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Structural OPs

• Logical OPs:• Are compositions of logical constructs that solve a problem of

expressivity in OWL-DL (and, in cases, also in OWL 2 DL)• Only expressed in terms of a logical vocabulary, because their

signature (the set of predicate names, e.g. the set of classesand properties in an OWL ontology) is empty

• Independent from a specific domain of interest• Logical macros compose OWL DL constructs; e.g. the

universal+existential OWL macro• Transformation patterns translate a logical expression from a

logical language into another; e.g. n-aries

41/48

Page 97: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Structural OPs

• Logical OPs:• Are compositions of logical constructs that solve a problem of

expressivity in OWL-DL (and, in cases, also in OWL 2 DL)• Only expressed in terms of a logical vocabulary, because their

signature (the set of predicate names, e.g. the set of classesand properties in an OWL ontology) is empty

• Independent from a specific domain of interest• Logical macros compose OWL DL constructs; e.g. the

universal+existential OWL macro• Transformation patterns translate a logical expression from a

logical language into another; e.g. n-aries

41/48

Page 98: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Example: n-ary relation Logical OP

42/48

Page 99: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Architectural OPs

• Architectural OPs are defined in terms of composition ofLogical OPs that are used in order to affect the overall shapeof the ontology; i.e., an Architectural OP identifies acomposition of Logical OPs that are to be exclusively used inthe design of an ontology

• Examples of Architectural OPs are: Taxonomy, ModularArchitecture, and Lightweight Ontology

• E.g., Modular Architecture Architectural OP consists of anontology network, where the involved ontologies play the roleof modules, which are connected by the owl:import operationwith one root ontology that imports all the modules

43/48

Page 100: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Architectural OPs

• Architectural OPs are defined in terms of composition ofLogical OPs that are used in order to affect the overall shapeof the ontology; i.e., an Architectural OP identifies acomposition of Logical OPs that are to be exclusively used inthe design of an ontology

• Examples of Architectural OPs are: Taxonomy, ModularArchitecture, and Lightweight Ontology

• E.g., Modular Architecture Architectural OP consists of anontology network, where the involved ontologies play the roleof modules, which are connected by the owl:import operationwith one root ontology that imports all the modules

43/48

Page 101: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Architectural OPs

• Architectural OPs are defined in terms of composition ofLogical OPs that are used in order to affect the overall shapeof the ontology; i.e., an Architectural OP identifies acomposition of Logical OPs that are to be exclusively used inthe design of an ontology

• Examples of Architectural OPs are: Taxonomy, ModularArchitecture, and Lightweight Ontology

• E.g., Modular Architecture Architectural OP consists of anontology network, where the involved ontologies play the roleof modules, which are connected by the owl:import operationwith one root ontology that imports all the modules

43/48

Page 102: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Reasoning OPs

• Applications of Logical OPs oriented to obtain certainreasoning results, based on the behavior implemented in areasoning engine

• Examples of Reasoning OPs include: classification,subsumption, inheritance, materialization, and de-anonymizing

• Inform about the state of that ontology, and let a systemdecide what reasoning has to be performed on the ontology inorder to carry out queries, evaluation, etc

• Name all relevant classes, so no anonymous complex classdescriptions are left (restriction deanonymizing), Nameanonymous individuals (skolem de-anonymizing), Materializethe subsumption hierarchy (automatic subsumption) andnormalize names, Instantiate the deepest possible class orproperty, Normalize property instances (property valuematerialization)

44/48

Page 103: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Lexico-Syntactic OPs• linguistic structures or schemas that consist of certain types of

words following a specific order and that permit to generalizeand extract some conclusions about the meaning they express;verbalisation patterns

• E.g., “subClassOf” relation, NP<subclass> beNP<superclass>, a Noun Phrase should appear before theverb—represented by its basic form or lemma, be in thisexample—and the verb should in its turn be followed byanother Noun Phrase

• Other Lexical OPs provided for OWL’s equivalence betweenclasses, object property, subpropertyOf relation, datatypeproperty, existential restriction, universal restriction,disjointness, union of classes

• For English language only, thus far• Similar to idea of specification of ORM’s verbalization

templates45/48

Page 104: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Lexico-Syntactic OPs• linguistic structures or schemas that consist of certain types of

words following a specific order and that permit to generalizeand extract some conclusions about the meaning they express;verbalisation patterns

• E.g., “subClassOf” relation, NP<subclass> beNP<superclass>, a Noun Phrase should appear before theverb—represented by its basic form or lemma, be in thisexample—and the verb should in its turn be followed byanother Noun Phrase

• Other Lexical OPs provided for OWL’s equivalence betweenclasses, object property, subpropertyOf relation, datatypeproperty, existential restriction, universal restriction,disjointness, union of classes

• For English language only, thus far• Similar to idea of specification of ORM’s verbalization

templates45/48

Page 105: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Lexico-Syntactic OPs• linguistic structures or schemas that consist of certain types of

words following a specific order and that permit to generalizeand extract some conclusions about the meaning they express;verbalisation patterns

• E.g., “subClassOf” relation, NP<subclass> beNP<superclass>, a Noun Phrase should appear before theverb—represented by its basic form or lemma, be in thisexample—and the verb should in its turn be followed byanother Noun Phrase

• Other Lexical OPs provided for OWL’s equivalence betweenclasses, object property, subpropertyOf relation, datatypeproperty, existential restriction, universal restriction,disjointness, union of classes

• For English language only, thus far• Similar to idea of specification of ORM’s verbalization

templates45/48

Page 106: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Lexico-Syntactic OPs• linguistic structures or schemas that consist of certain types of

words following a specific order and that permit to generalizeand extract some conclusions about the meaning they express;verbalisation patterns

• E.g., “subClassOf” relation, NP<subclass> beNP<superclass>, a Noun Phrase should appear before theverb—represented by its basic form or lemma, be in thisexample—and the verb should in its turn be followed byanother Noun Phrase

• Other Lexical OPs provided for OWL’s equivalence betweenclasses, object property, subpropertyOf relation, datatypeproperty, existential restriction, universal restriction,disjointness, union of classes

• For English language only, thus far• Similar to idea of specification of ORM’s verbalization

templates45/48

Page 107: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Lexico-Syntactic OPs• linguistic structures or schemas that consist of certain types of

words following a specific order and that permit to generalizeand extract some conclusions about the meaning they express;verbalisation patterns

• E.g., “subClassOf” relation, NP<subclass> beNP<superclass>, a Noun Phrase should appear before theverb—represented by its basic form or lemma, be in thisexample—and the verb should in its turn be followed byanother Noun Phrase

• Other Lexical OPs provided for OWL’s equivalence betweenclasses, object property, subpropertyOf relation, datatypeproperty, existential restriction, universal restriction,disjointness, union of classes

• For English language only, thus far• Similar to idea of specification of ORM’s verbalization

templates45/48

Page 108: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

How to create an ODP

• See chapter 3 of (Presutti et al., 2008)

• From where do ODPs come from (section 3.4—in part: lagacysources, which we deal with in the next lecture)

• Annotation schema

• How to use them

• Content Ontology Design Anti-pattern (AntiCP)

46/48

Page 109: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

How to create an ODP

• See chapter 3 of (Presutti et al., 2008)

• From where do ODPs come from (section 3.4—in part: lagacysources, which we deal with in the next lecture)

• Annotation schema

• How to use them

• Content Ontology Design Anti-pattern (AntiCP)

46/48

Page 110: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

How to create an ODP

• See chapter 3 of (Presutti et al., 2008)

• From where do ODPs come from (section 3.4—in part: lagacysources, which we deal with in the next lecture)

• Annotation schema

• How to use them

• Content Ontology Design Anti-pattern (AntiCP)

46/48

Page 111: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

How to create an ODP

• See chapter 3 of (Presutti et al., 2008)

• From where do ODPs come from (section 3.4—in part: lagacysources, which we deal with in the next lecture)

• Annotation schema

• How to use them

• Content Ontology Design Anti-pattern (AntiCP)

46/48

Page 112: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

How to create an ODP

• See chapter 3 of (Presutti et al., 2008)

• From where do ODPs come from (section 3.4—in part: lagacysources, which we deal with in the next lecture)

• Annotation schema

• How to use them

• Content Ontology Design Anti-pattern (AntiCP)

46/48

Page 113: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Sample exercise: an ODP for the adolena ontology?• Novel Abilities and Disabilities OntoLogy for ENhancing

Accessibility: adolena• Can this be engineered into an ODP? If so, which type(s),

how, what information is needed to document an ODP?

Function

hasFunction

Ability

assistsWith / isAssistedBy

Device

DisabilityServiceProvider

isAffectedBy / affects

amelioratesprovidedBy /provides

requiresAbility

Assistive Device

Replacement Device

Physical Ability

assistsWith / isAssistedBy

BodyPart

replaces

47/48

Page 114: Semantic Web Technologies - meteck.org · Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design PatternsSummary Semantic Web Technologies Lecture 3: Top-down ontology development

Ontology and ontologies Foundational Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Summary

Summary

Ontology and ontologies

Foundational OntologiesDOLCEBFO

Ontology Design PatternsOverviewPatterns

48/48