KHOA SINH HC MN K THUT NUI NG VT THN MM

Ch 4: NG DNG C IM DINH DNG CA NG VT THN MM HAI MNH V TRONG VIC LM SCH MI TRNG V CN BNG H SINH THI M, AO NUI. GVHD: Nguyn Th Thy Nhm SV thc hin: Nguyn Th Hu M Nguyn Th Tho Nguyn Phm Th nh Tuyt Nguyn Th Thy Tin Nguyn Ngc Minh L vn Bch

sinh hot ca con ngi

Nc thi sinh hot

nhim v mt cn bng sinh thi

Trn du

Vng nui thy sn trc tip trn bin

khong 81 kg Ni-t Nui 1 tn c hngKt hp Thin h n

Ch tiu ca Vit Nam (N< 60mg/l)

hu c l lng 327 kgTc lc 12 L/ con/ngy

L

nui vm

ch 25 kg vm ging lc sch V=48 m3/1 ngy

Xut pht t nhng l do thc t trn, chng ti quyt nh chn ti NG DNG C IM DINH DNGCA NG VT THN MM HAI MNH V TRONG VIC LM SCH MI TRNG V CN BNG H SINH THI M, AO NUI.

NI DUNGCHNG 1: TNH HNH CHUNG V C S L LUN CA VIC NG DNG NG VT THN MM HAI MNH V LM SCH MI TRNG, CN BNG H SINH THI M, AO NUI CHNG 2: NG DNG C IM DINH DNG CA NG VT THN MM HAI MNH V TRONG VIC LM SCH MI TRNG V CN BNG H SINH THI M, AO NUI.

CHNG 3: HIU QU CA VIC NG DNG NG VT THN MM HAI MNH V

CHNG 1: TNH HNH CHUNG V C S L LUN CA VIC NG DNG NG VT THN MM HAI MNH V LM SCH MI TRNG, CN BNG H SINH THI M, AO NUI

1.1. Tnh hnh ng dng ng vt thn mm hai mnh v trong vic lm sch mi trng v cn bng h sinh thi m ao nuiNm 2006, vin khoa hc cng ngh v mi trng Khnh Ha a ra m hnh nui ghp gia cc i tng thy sn n lc v i tng nui chnh l tm hm. M hnh em li nhiu li nhun kinh t v pht trin ngh nui theo hng bn vng. Nm 2007, vin nui trng thy sn III a ra kt qu nghin cu v ti Nghin cu cng ngh v xy dng m hnh nui kt hp nhiu i tng hi sn trn bin theo hng bn vng. Nm 2009, k s V Th Sn ca trung tm khuyn ng Khnh Ha cng b cng trnh nghin cu v nui hi sm ct kt hp vi tm s trong ao.

Nhn chung tnh hnh nghin cu v ng dng thn mm hai mnh v ang c quan tm.

1.2. c im sinh hc ca ng vt thn mm hai mnh v1.2.1. Phn loi

1.3.2. Phn b

ng vt thn mm hai mnh v phn b rng khp: mi trng nc, cn, va ngp va cn. Nhng ni chung chng phn b theo hai loi hnh l: Phn b a l Phn b thng ng.

Map of Bilavia in Southeast Asia

S phn b ca Bivalvia Vit Nam

1.2.3. Hnh thi v cu to 1.2.3.1. Hnh thi bn ngoiC th dp bn v i xng hai bn. u tiu gim, chn hnh li ru

V c hai mnhph i

Rng khp v

t V ri

V

mt lng

Mt s hnh dng v ca Bivalvia

1.2.3.2. Cu to c thCu to trong ca Bivalvia

H tun hon H tiu ha H sinh dc H h hp Gic quan H thn kinh

H bi tit

H tun hon ca thn mm hai mnh l h tun hon h.Tim

H khe hng

n thn

Mang

H h hp ca thn mm hai mnh c c quan h hp l dng bin i ca mang l i.

H bi tit l mt i hu n thn nm 2 bn khoang bao tim.H bi tit

H thn kinh c cu to tng i ng nht. Gic quan t pht trin, gic quan u tiu gim cng vi u.

S h thn kinh Bivalvia

H tiu ha l mt ng bt u bng l ming. H sinh dc, phn ln n tnh.D dy Ming Rut sau

L hu mn ra ngoi

Gan Rut trc Tuyn sinh dc

1.2.4. Sinh thiNgt L Mn

Trai sng, hn, vm sng,.

H bn, dt, mng tay,...

Vm xanh, s huyt, trai, tu hi,....

S th hin s rng sinh thi ca Bivalvia

Cch di chuyn

Chn o bn v phnh to Di chuyn theo kiu nhy Khp t ngt hai mnh v

1.2.5. c im dinh dngu trng Trng thnh

Non hong Thc vt ph du v to

ng vt ph du

Ln 1: ti mng o

Ln 2: ti mng vn chuyn thc nLC

Ln 3: ti xc bin

Ln 4: ti manh nang chn lc thc n

S Phng thc lc thc n ca Bivalvia

1.2.6. c im sinh trngThn mm hai mnh v pht trin v sinh trng vi tc khng u theo ma trong nm. Da vo cc ngn trn v tnh tui ca chng, mi nm ch pht trin thm mt ngn.

Ngn trn v

1.2.7. c im sinh sn Thn mm hai mnh v thng th tinh trong khoang ao hay ngoi c th.

1.3. Vai tr ca ng vt thn mm hai mnh vLm sch mi trng Lm thc phm S dng trong cng nghip Lm m ngh v trang tr

Vai tr

Tc hi

Lm sch mi trng

M ngh

Thc phm H bn c thuyn

1.4. Mt s loi ng vt thn mm hai mnh v c gi tr thng c ng dng trong vic lm sch mi trng v cn bng h sinh thiVm xanh

Tn ting anh : Green Mussel Tn khoa hc : Perna viridis (Linn, 1758)

S huyt Tn ting anh: Blood cockle Tn khoa hc: Anadara granosa

Hu

Tn ting anh: oyster Tn khoa hc: oyster

Tu hi

Tn ting anh: Snout Otter Clam Tn khoa hc: Lutraria philippinarum

Mt s Bivalvia khc

CHNG 2: NG DNG C IM DINH DNG CA NG VT THN MM HAI MNH V TRONG VIC LM SCH MI TRNG V CN BNG H SINH THI M, AO NUI.

NI DUNG 1

2.1. C s ca vic ng dng thn mm hai mnh v trong cc m hnh nui ghp

NI DUNG 2

2.2. Mt s m hnh nui ng dng c im dinh dng ca ng vt thn mm hai mnh v

2.1. C s ca vic ng dng thn mm hai mnh v trong cc m hnh nui ghpC sKhng gian sng ca cc i tng nui ghp

Tnh n ca loi nui ghp

Khng cnh tranh v thc n

khng c quan h con mivt n tht

ng vt thn mm dinh dng da vo i tng nui chnh v thc n t nhin.

Khng tn thc n cho cc i tng nui ph.

khng gian sng khc nhau trong cng mt ao, lng hay b nui

2.2. Mt s m hnh nui ng dng c im dinh dng ca ng vt thn mm hai mnh v1 2.2.1. M hnh nui tm hm v tu hi

2

2.2.2. M hnh nui tm s v hu

3

2.2.3. M hnh nui tm hm, hi sm, vm xanh, rong sn v c chm

4

2.2.4. M hnh nui tm hm, bo ng, vm xanh v rong sn

2.2.1. M hnh nui tm hm v tu hi

i tng chnh

Nui kt hp i tng ph

Cho n thc n

n lc thc n d tha v cht l lng

B nui tm hm v tu hi

2.2.1.1. Cch thc hin m hnh Hnh thc nui v iu kin mi trng Hnh thc nui Nui trong b mi trng bin.Phao, thng phuy

Neo

(4 x 4 x 7) m; (4 x 5 x 7) m.

G chu sng gi, Chu mnDng kt vo khung b

Kt cu b nui tm hm v tu hi

ct v mnh vn v nhuyn Dy 15-20cm

50x35x30cm

y v thnh c khe thng nc

Li lt y 2a=1mm

Kt cu khay nui tu hi

mn 32-33

PH t 7,9 - 8,2 Nhit 28-29oC su khong 3,5 - 4m khi thy triu thp nht

t b tc ng ca sng gi, nc ngt ra.

iu kin mi trng nui tm hm kt hp tu hi

Th gingMt th tm hm: + C ging 1,5 - 4,0 gam/con: th 25 - 30 con/m2 lng + C ging 4 - 10 gam/con: 15 - 20 con/m2 lng + C ging 10 - 50 gam/con: 10 - 15 con/m2 lng + C ging 50 - 200 gam/con: 7 - 10 con/ m2 lng + C ging hn 200 gam/con tr ln: 3 - 5 con/m2 lng

Mt th nui tu hi T 50-60 con/khay (t 300-400 con/m2).

2.2.1.2. Chm sc v qun lCho n:Tm hm con n gip xc, thn mm hay c tp gip xc, thn mm, c tp v hu ht cc loi thc n ny u cho t l sng kh cao

Tm hm trng thnh

n

Chm sc

Mi thng nh k ko lng ln 2 ln kim tra, lm v sinh lng, loi b ht vt l trong lng v xc tu hi cht nu c. Thng xuyn kim tra dy buc v dy treo lng, loi b cc vt bm nh hu, h gy hi cho lng nui.

2.2.2. M hnh nui tm s v hu

Kt hp i tng chnh i tng ph

Tnh n nghing v ng Vt, ch yu khi nui cho n Thc n cng nghip

n lc to V Vi khun

2.2.2.1. Cch thc hin m hnh Hnh thc nui v iu kin mi trngHnh thc nui: Nui trong ao t8 -10m 8 -10m

Gin qut nc

Gi nui hu30 40 cm

Gin dy treo v nui hu

S mt ct ca ao nui tm s v hu

Cc iu kin mi trng+ mn: 25 15%o gim dn t u n cui v nui. + pH: dao ng t 7,9 - 8,2. + Nhit nc : t 28-29oC. + su nc: mc nc 1,2 - 1,4m.

Th gingTm t 22 - 24 con/m2, c tm PL15. Hu ging th nui sau khi th tm ging 10 - 15 ngy, c ging 10 - 20 g/con, mt th 130 - 150 con/gi.

2.2.2.2. Chm sc v qun lS dng thc n cng nghip cho tm s Dng ch phm sinh hc cho tm nh: Super clean, Pond-clear, BZT Kim sot v xc nh cc yu t mi trng Theo di cc ch tiu sinh trng v pht trin ca tm, hu.

2.2.3. M hnh nui tm hm, hi sm, vm xanh, rong sn v c chm Cho n thc n, tnh n nghing v ng vt

i tng chnh

K th p

Cc nhm i tng phn cht thi hu c ca tm

n lc cht cn vn

Hp th kh c N

n phiu sinh thc vt v gip xc gy hi

2.2.3.1. Cch thc hin m hnh Hnh thc nui v iu kin mi trngHnh thc nui: c thc hin trong lng mi trng bin, dng lng gm c nhLi chn

Tr g Li PE

Kt cu lng gm

Thit k cc dy treo vm xanh:

Thit k dy n cng trn y trng rong sn:0,25-0,3cm

Dy thng ng knh 030,5cm

Cc iu kin mi trng+ mn: dao ng t 32-33 + pH: dao ng t 7,9 - 8,2 + Nhit nc : t 28-29oC + su nc: khong 3,5 - 4m khi thy triu thp nht + y lng: y ct + V tr t lng nui ni t b tc ng ca sng gi, nc ngt ra.

Th ging T l th ghp gia tm hm: c chm: vm xanh: hi sm: rong sn l 3: 1: 25: 14: 40 (theo trng lng).rong sn v tm hm vm xanh c chm v hi sm

Th t th nui ghp

2.2.3.2. Qun l v chm sc Cho n:Cho tm hm n c tp, cua gh ti

Chm sc + i vi tm hm + i vi hi sm + i vi vm xanh + i vi c chm + i vi rong sn

2.2.4. M hnh nui tm hm, bo ng, vm xanh v rong sn

i tng chnh

i tng ph

Nui kt hpCho n thc n, tnh n nghing v ng vt

2.2.4.1. Cch thc hin m hnh Hnh thc nui v iu kin mi trng

Hnh thc nui: nui trong lng c nh. Lng nui tm hm thit k ring v cho vo lng c nh Khung lng c lm bng g, gm 4 cc chnh c ng xung y, su t nht 1-1,5m v cc thanh ngang, chng c np tht cht c nh lng. Sau khi to khung lng xong, ngi ta cho lng li xung v ct cc gc lng vo cc tr c nh lngNp y Cc

Lng nui tm

Li bao

Th tm 100con/lng

Kt cu lng nui

+ Vm xanh c nui bng phng php treo dy xung quanh lng + Trng rong sn bng phng php dy n cng trn y + Bo ng c nui trong lng nha hnh ch nht c l 3-4mm

Cc iu kin mi trng+ Nhit 26 300C + mn 30 - 35 o/oo + pH: 7,6 - 8,7 + xy ho tan 5 ml/lt. + V tr t lng nui ni t b tc ng ca sng gi, nc ngt ra.

Th ging: T l ghp tm hm, vm xanh, rong sn l 2:25:30 (theo trng lng) Vm xanh c nui bng phng php treo dy xung quanh lng vi su t 2,5- 3,5m Rong sn trng y bng dy n ngang cch y 0,3-0,4m Lng nui bo ng treo xung quanh lng nui tm hm su 2-5m 2.2.4.2. Chm sc v qun ltm hm Bo ng Cho n Vm xanh rong sn c tp, cua gh ti rong cu ch vng, rong m thi vn lc cc cht l lng Cht thi ca loi khc to mi trng dinh dng cho rong

Chm sc:tm Thng xuyn vt b thc n tha, kim tra y lng

nh k 3 ngy ko dy nui ln kim tra

dy nui vm

rong sn

nh k 10 ngy kim tra 1 ln

V sinh lng nui bo ng

Ngoi nhng m hnh trn cn c mt s m hnh khc nh:Xy dng b lc nc cho ao tm, c bng cch p dng kh nng lc ca hu v vm.

M hnh c m v vm xanh M hnh c hng v vm xanh.

Tuy nhin, cc m hnh ny cha c p dng rng ri, cha ph bin v cch ng dng cha hon thin, hiu qu kinh t cha cao.

CHNG 3: HIU QU CA VIC NG DNG NG VT THN MM HAI MNH V

3.1. M hnh nui tm hm v tu hi

3.1.1. V hiu qu kinh tSau 10-11 thng nui thu hoch tu hi tm hm

c 50 con/kg t l sng t trn 90%.

nhanh ln t xut hin bnh

3.1.2. Hiu qu trong vic ci thin mi trng ncthc n

tm hm

cht thi tu hi

gim mn b hu c v sinh vt ph du khc phc tnh trng nhim tm hm pht trin tt

3.2. M hnh nui tm s v hu 3.2.1.V hiu qu kinh t Sau 4 thng nui

tm s

t t 2,68 - 4,14 tn/ha Nui tm s v hu

3.2.2. Hiu qu trong ci thin mi trng nc Mi trng n nh

tng din tch sng sch cho tm nui

tng nng sut tm nui

3.3. M hnh nui kt hp tm hm, hi sm, vm xanh, rong sn v c chm 3.3.1.V hiu qu kinh t:i tng Tm hm Hi sm Vm xanh C chm Rong sn T l sng C thu hoch Sn lng thu hoch H s thc n 88% 1.150 gr/con 20,24 kg 20 71.4% 202.2 gr/con 202,40 kg 75.5% 33.3 gr/con 209,504kg 60% 800gr/con 9.6kg 78% 1kg/cm 936kg/3 v

Hnh thc nui u t lng Tng chi ph sn xut Doanh thu Li nhun

Nui n (tm hm) 2.000.000 7.421.600(cha tnh chi ph khc v nhn cng) 11.536.800 4.115.200

Nui ghp 2.000.000 18.011.600( tnh tt c chi ph) 23.864.320 5.852.720

3.3.2. Hiu qu trong ci thin mi trng nc. tm hm, c chm, vm xanh v hi sm Nitohp th

mn b di y

rong sn Hi sm

thc n tha ca tm hm

cht hu c l lnglc

vm xanh

Hn ch

lm sch mi trng

C chmch hi cho cc i tng nui

Cc ch tiu t c khi thc hin m hnh nui ghp so vi nui n l: Gi tr trung bnh hm lng Nit tng s trong y lng nui ghp (0,049%) thp hn nui n (0,065 %) Gi tr BOD3 cao nht lng nui n (1,1 0,6 mg/L), lng nui ghp (1 0,6) Tng cht rn l lng lng nui ghp l 7,3 7,55 mg/L, cao nui n 9,32 5,2 mg/L.

3.4.M hnh nui kt hp tm hm, bo ng v vm xanh 3.4.1.V hiu qu kinh t: Tc sinh trng trung bnh v trng lng ca tm hm l 0,53%/ngy, sinh trng ca bo ng l 1,47%/ngy, vm xanh l 0,57%/ngy v ca rong sn l 3,97%/ngy. Sau 8-10 thng nui c th thu hoch ln lt cc i tng. Li nhun thu c lng nui ghp 21 triu ng/lng tng 73,63% so vi nui n trong khi gi tr u t ch tng thm 16,4%, tng chi ph sn xut tng 36,6%.

3.4.2. Hiu qu trong ci thin mi trng nc Lng nui Nui n Nui ghp Tng N (%) 0,048 (0,0059) 0,041 (0,0053) Tng P (%) 0,013 (0,006) 0,006 (0,003)

Hm lng Nit, Photpho tng s trong nn y lng nui

Cht hu c l lng c vm xanh lc lm thc n cho n (Vi tc lc trung bnh ca vm l 12 L/ con/ngy th lc hon ton lng nui c th tch V=48 m3 trong 1 ngy th cn 4.000 c th vm, hay 25 kg vm ging). Lm gim ng k s nhim mi trng, hn ch s hot ng ca mm bnh gip i tng nui khe mnh v tng trng nhanh