1.The Noise Pollution is a type of energy pollution in which distracting, irritating, ordamaging sounds are freely audible.As with other forms of energy pollution (such as heat and light pollution), noise pollution contaminants are not physical particles, but rather waves that interferewith naturally-occurring waves of a similartype in the same environment.

2. In simple words the Noise Pollution can be defined like the excess of sound thatdisrupts the normal conditions of the environment in a certain area. 3. While the noise does not accumulate, moved or maintained atthe time as the others types of pollutions,can also cause negative effects - physiological, - psychological, - economic, - socially speaking to the quality of life if it is not controlled properly. 4. Sounds are considered noise pollution if they adversely affect wildlife, humanactivity, or are capable of damagingphysical structures on a regular, repeating basis.In the broadest sense of the term, a soundmay be considered noise pollution if itdisturbs any natural process or causes human harm, even if the sound does not occur on a regular basis. 5. The decibel (dB) is a measure of sound intensity; that is, the magnitude of thefluctuations in air pressure caused by soundwaves. The decibel scale is logarithmic, notarithmetic. This means that a doubling ofsound intensity is not represented as a doubling of the decibel level. Decibels are usually measured with a filter that emphasizes sounds in certainfrequencies. 6. The "A" filter (dBA) is the one mostfrequently used.The "C" filter (dBC) puts more weight onlow-frequency sounds such as the bass inamplified music. Normal conversation is around 60 dB.Noise of less than 75 dB, even for longperiods is unlikely to damage your hearing. 7. The Noise pollution can affectboth your health and well beinginseveral different ways. 8. Effects Of Noise On Humans1. Auditory effects interfering withhearing; auditory fatigue and deafness.2. Non-auditory effects interfering with social behaviour; problems withcommunications, sleep, recreation, mental equilibrium (peace), and the ability to concentrate at work 9. 3. Physiological effects affecting biological functions; anxiety,neurosis, insomnia, dizziness, nausea, fatigue, visual symptoms, hypertension, cardiovascularsymptoms, liver changes, nervous symptoms, changes in skin, fast irregular heart beats (tachycardia). 10. 4. Endocrine and hormonal changes relating to stress and noise levels.i.e. raised adrenaline andcholesterol.Noise causes blood vessels to close cutting down blood supply to the fingers and toes. Respiratory changes occur due to noise. 11. 5. Psychological effects - physical andmental fatigue, loss of concentration, lower efficiency, reduced output, absenteeism, higher rates of accidents,behavioural changes, errors at work, loss of sleep, psychosomatic disorders, diseases related to stress, mentalillness, aggravation of existing stressproblems and mental illness, neuroticeffects, rage anger, crime. 12. However, as more and more research are beingdone, more serious health risks have developed dueto the increase in noise pollution.- Hearing loss (conductive or sensorineural)- Hypertension- Aggressive behavior- Serious sleep loss - Heart disease (stress related)- Danger to people - cover warning signals &:Cause accidents 13. Changes in the immune system and birth defects have been attributed to noiseexposure, but evidence is limited.Although some presbycusis may occurnaturally with age, in many developed nations the cumulative impact of noise issufficient to impair the hearing of a largefraction of the population over the courseof a lifetime. 14. Beyond these effects, elevated noise levels can create stress, increaseworkplace accident rates, andstimulate aggression and other anti- social behaviors.The most significant causes arevehicle and aircraft noise, prolonged exposure to loud music, and industrial noise. 15. Cardiovascular effectsNoise has been associated with importantcardiovascular health problems. In 1999, theWHO concluded that the available evidenceshowed a weak association between long-term noise exposure above 67-70 dB(A) andhypertension. Recent studies have suggestedthat noise levels of 50 dB(A) at night may also increase the risk of myocardial infarction by chronically elevating cortisol production 16. Industrial noise is usually considered mainly from the point of view ofenvironmental health and safety as sustained exposure can cause permanent hearing damage.Traditionally, workplace noise hasbeen a hazard linked to heavy industries such as ship-building andassociated only with noise induced hearing loss (NIHL). 17. Modern thinking in occupationalsafety and health identifies noise as hazardous to worker safetyand health in many places ofemployment and by a variety of means. 18. Noise also acts synergistically with other hazardsto increase the risk of harm to workers. Inparticular, noise and dangerous substances (e.g. some solvents) that have some tendencies towards ototoxicity may give rise to rapid eardamage. A-weighted measurements are commonly usedto determine noise levels that can cause harm tothe human ear, and special exposure meters are available that integrate noise over a period of time to give an Leq value (equivalent sound pressure level), defined by standards. 19. No one on earth can escape the sounds of noise.In the past thirty years, noise in all areas, especially in urban areas, have beenincreasing rapidly.There are numerous effects on the humanenvironment due to the increase in noisepollution. 20. Noise can have a negative effect on humans,domestic and wild animals, ecologicalsystems, buildings and other structures.EffectPhysical effects from noise include:vibration to buildings,damage to glass windows,plaster cracking,damage to building foundations.Jet aircraft have damaged roadsand buildings. 21. Acoustic PollutionSeveral years ago in the protection regulations of the environment noise was not considered to be the pollutant. Then in all the countries of the world there have been elaborated procedure and bylaws that theyentrust of the protection of the environment against the excess of noise. The most seriousefforts of the international communities aretranslated in policies of prevention and controlof the sonorous pollution. 22. 1. First, we must determine whether the noiselevel is such that it causes loss of audition. Toauditiondo it, comparing measurements made with established norms, which indicate noise level by activity and exposure times, partners bothare taken corrective action to reduce harmfullevels of noise.2. It is known that a noise level below 85dB (A)does not cause harm to the employee.employeeHowever, it can be very annoying, depending on the activity taking place. 23. 3. If it is established that the noise isgenerated by a machine, we should see how to modify it, so it produces less noise. Sometimes lowering its speed is sufficient. You can also make a total closure of the machine, or you can exchange itfor another quieter. 24. 4. If after applying the earlierrecommendation, the discomfort by the noisepersists, provision for workers protectiveequipment such as earmuffs and ear plugsshould be done. Important is to ensure that workers use the equipment properly, motivating and monitoring their use, particularly when thenoise level may injure over time, theirhearing ability. 25. 5. If the walls of the compound areharsh acoustically, it will produce echoes and reflections, which will increase the sound pressure. In this case, we should seek absorbent materials for coating the walls,especially if there are machines locatedclose to these walls. This will reducethe sound pressure. 26. Noise-canceling headphonesThese reduce unwanted ambient sounds (i.e., acoustic noise) by means of active noisecontrol (ANC). Essentially, this involvesusing a microphone, placed near the ear, and electronic circuitry which generates an"antinoise" sound wave with the oppositepolarity of the sound wave arriving at themicrophone. This results in destructiveinterference, which cancels out the noisewithin the enclosed volume of the headphone. 27. Possible SolutionsAuditory personalizedprotectionAbsorbent materialsAcoustics barriersIsolations 28. Personal ProtectionIt constitutes one of the most efficient methodsand simultaneously economic. It is a question of the auditory stopperscalled (or acoustic shells), that they have the ability to reduce the noise in almost 20 dB,dBwhich allows that the person who uses themcould be located in very noisy environmentswithout any problem. Very used by the workmen and other workersof some noisy industries. 29. VIBRATION 30. DEFINITION VIBRATION IS OSCILATORY MOTION A CYCLE OF SPECIFIC ACTIVITY BACK-FORTH, UP AND DOWN RESULTING FROMREVERSAL OF ENERGY FREQUENCIES OF 100 HZ OR HIGHERARE ABSORBED BY THE HANDS ANDWRISTS FREQUENCIES UNDER 100 HZ AREABSORBED BY THE UPPER LIMB JOINTS 31. RESPONSE DEPENDS ON: FREQUENCY OF VIBRATION AMPLITUDE OF VIBRATION TIME HISTORY OF VIBRATION EXPOSURE DIRECTION OF VIBRATION POINT OF APPLICATION OF VIBRATION HOW MUCH VIBRATION IS TRANSMITTED AFFECT OF CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT BODY SIZE (HEIGHT AND WEIGHT) BODY POSTURE/ BODY TENSION POSTURE 32. MAGNITUDE IS INFLUENCED BY: TYPE, WEIGHT, AND CONDITION OF TOOL ACCELERATION AND FREQUENCYPRODUCED BY TOOL TOOL TYPE, ENVIRONMENTAL, ANTI-VIBRATION MATERIAL OPERATING SPEED, ERGONOMICS OF USE GRIPPING FORCES ORIENTATION AND POSTURE OF THEHANDS, ARMS, AND BODY DURING WORK PARTS OF HANDS IN DIRECT CONTACTWITH THE VIBRATING SURFACE 33. TYPES WHOLE BODY VIBRATION SEGMENTAL (HAND-ARM) VIBRATION 34. WHOS AT RISK? ANYONE WHO ABSORBS MACHINEVIBRATION THROUGH THEIR HANDS ANDARMS WHILE WORKING A FAST-MOVINGHAND TOOL -- OR THROUGH THE BUTTOCKS AND THESOLES OF THE FEET WHILE RIDING IN ORSTANDING NEAR VIBRATING, HEAVYMACHINERY-- RUNS THE RISK. 35. HOW MANY EXPOSED APPROXIMATELY 1.2 MILLION EXPOSED 50 - 60 % OF WORKER POPULATION HAVESYMPTOMS 36. TOOLS MOST COMMONLYASSOCIATED: POWERED HAMMERS CHISELS, CHAIN SAWS SANDERS, GRINDERS, RIVETERS BREAKERS, DRILLS, COMPACTORS SHARPENERS, SHAPERS 37. WHAT IS VIBRATION SYNDROME VASOSPASTIC, NEUROMUSCULAR,ARTHRITIC DISORDERS OF THEHANDS AND UPPER LIMBS COMPOSITE OF VIBRATION INDUCEDSIGNS AND SYMPTOMS (e.g.NUMBNESS, TINGLING OF THEFINGERS, EPISODIC BLANCHING OFTHE FINGERS, PAIN, REDUCED GRIPSTRENGTH AND DEXTERITY 38. SYMPTOMS OF VIBRATION SYNDROME DISCOMFORT FROM COLD TINGLING, NUMBING BLANCHING FINGERS PAIN 39. CONTROL STRATEGIES: STRATEGIES ENGINEERING AND WORK PRACTICES ANTI-VIBRATION CLOTHING, EQUIPMENTAND TRAINING GOALS: REDUCE THE INTENSITY REDUCE THE EXPOSURE DURATION IDENTIFY THE EARLY SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 40. ENGINEERING CONTROLS: REDUCTION AT SOURCE REDUCTION OFTRANSMISSION PROCESS MODIFICATION 41. REDUCTION AT SOURCE REDUCE SPEED OF TOOL REDUCE WEIGHT AND POWER NEEDEDTO DRIVE THE TOOL CHANGE TYPE OF TOOL E.G. RECIPROCATING ENGINE TO ROTARY OR ELECTRIC MOTOR TOOL MAINTENANCE MOUNT EQUIPMENT ON SPRINGS ORCOMPRESSION PADS USE MATERIALS THAT GENERATE LESSVIBRATION 42. REDUCTION AT TRANSMISSION PROVIDE CUSHION TO ACT AS AVIBRATION ISOLATER IN A SEATEDTASK PROVIDE ANTI-FATIGUE MATS FORSTANDING OPERATION DESIGN TOOLS TO REDUCE VIBRATIONTRANSMITTED TO THE HANDS, COUNTER WEIGHT TOOLS TO MINIMIZEGRIPPING REQUIRED TO OPERATE THEM DAMPENING MATERIALS AND GLOVES ARE USUALLY MORE EFFECTIVE FOR HIGHER 43. PROCESS MODIFICATION CHANGES IN ANY ASPECT OF PROCESSTO ELIMINATE NEED FOR VIBRATINGTOOLS OR EQUIPMENT USING MECHANICAL AIDS (CHUCKS,CLAMPS) TO HOLD MATERIAL REDUCES TIME OR INTENSITY OF EXPOSURE ROBOTICS AUTOMATION SUBSTITUTION OF MATERIALS PLASTICS FOR HARD METAL 44. WORK MODIFICATION APPROACHES LIMIT NUMBERS OF HOURS REDUCE NUMBER OF DAYS PERWEEK ROTATE BETWEEN VIBRATING ANDNON-VIBRATING TOOL TASKS SCHEDULE MAINTENANCE BREAKS 45. WORK PRACTICES LENGTH OF WORK DAY JOB ROTATION SELECT LOW VIBRATION TOOLS DESIGN WORK TASK AND WORKPLACEERGONOMICALLY REDUCE GRIP FORCE APPLIED REDUCE FORCE APPLIED RESTRICT USE OF PIECE WORK ANDINCENTIVE PAY ERGONOMIC WORK POSTURES 46. ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS PPE TO REDUCE TRANSMISSION OFVIBRATING ENERGY TO THE HAND PROTECT AGAINST EXPOSURE TO COLDAND TRAUMA TRAINING SOURCE OF VIBRATION ADVERSE HEALTH AND SAFETY EFFECTS EARLY SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS USE AND AVAILABILITY OF VIBRATION PROTECTIVE CLOTHING ANTI-VIBRATION DEVICES VALUE OF GOOD TOOL MAINTENANCE WORK PRACTICE PROCEDURES 47. Infrasound refers to waves or vibrations with afrequency below the audibility range of the humanear (i.e. < 20 Hz). Hence, these waves cannot beheard by humans. They can be felt and, as studies have shown, theyproduce a range of effects in some people includinganxiety, extreme sorrow, and chills. Infrasonic waves can carry over long distances[thousands of kilometres] and are less susceptible todisturbance or interference than waves of higherfrequencies. Infrasound may be produced by wind, types ofearthquakes, ocean waves, and certain things suchas avalanches, volcanoes, and meteors etc 48. Infrasound is especially dangerous, due to itsstrong vibrations, or oscillations. They hug the ground, travel for longdistances without losing strength, and areunstoppable. Furthermore, not much amplitude is neededto produce negative effects in the humanbody. Therefore, even mild infrasound exposurerequires several hours, or even days, toreverse the resulting symptoms. 49. Waves of infrasound are invisible, butthey slam into living tissues and physicalstructures with great force.The sensation vibrates internal organs and buildings, flattening objects as the sonic wave strikes. At certain pitches, it can explode matter. 50. EXAMPLES Natural explosions from volcanoes produceinfrasonic waves. When Krakatau exploded, anentire island was lifted 100 miles into the air, andwindows were shattered 1,000 miles away fromground zero. The shock waves, affecting bothearth and atmosphere, continued for hours. Explosives, such as atomic weapons, produceweaponsinfrasound. Zone one is ground zero and itsdestruction. Zone 2 is a powerful, speeding, sonicwave of reduced air pressure. This concussionblast travels at great distances away from groundzero and few survive its destructive path. 51. Uses of infrasound:1. Medical: (therapeutic devices) - Several studies conducted in Russia andEurope reported that infrasound hastherapeutic effects. - Infrasound peumomassage: At 4 Hz, theprogression of myopia in school children canbe stabilized. - Infrasound phonophersis in antibacterialdrugs: In treatment of patients with bacterialkeratitis, it is as effective as local instillationsof the same drugs. 52. 2. Monitoring activities of the atmosphere:- Infrasonic waves will be influenced by theatmosphere during its propagation, which isclosely related with the distribution oftemperature and wind in the atmosphere. - By measuring the propagationproperties of infrasonic waves generatedby natural sources, one can detect somecharacteristics and rules of the large scalemeteorological motions. 53. 3. Forecasting natural disasters: Many disasters,such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, land-slides and clear-air turbulences, radiateinfrasound in advance. By monitoring theinfrasound waves, we can forecast thesedisasters. FUN FACTS!Elephants have the ability to emit infrasoundto communicate at distances of up to 10 miles(12 - 35 Hz.). Even tigers emit infrasound.Odd sensations that people attribute toghosts may be caused by infrasonic vibrations --Psychologist Richard Wiseman of the Universityof Hertfordshire 54. High-frequency sound waves that is above theaudibility range of the human ear [approximately22kHz]; Wavelength of about 1.5 mm Sound cannot be heard but can be emitted anddetected by special machines The speed of ultrasound does not depend on itsfrequency; it depends on what material or tissueit is travelling in. in Both the mass and spacing of the moleculesand the attracting force between the particles ofthe material have effects on the speed of theultrasound as it passes through. 55. How does ultrasound work and how to produce images of ultrasound? Ultrasound waves images are produced by atransducer. A transducer is a device that takes power fromone source, converts the energy into anotherform, and delivers the power to another target. In this case, the transducer acts as aloudspeaker or a microphone, it convertselectrical signals to ultrasound waves, andpicks up the reflected waves, converting themback into electrical signals. The electrical signals returned to the transducerare used to form pictures on a television screen. 56. Ultrasound travels faster in densematerials and slower in compressiblematerials. In soft tissue sound travels atmaterials1500 m/s, in bones about 3400 m/s, and inair 330 m/s. Travels freely through fluid and softtissues but is reflected back as echoeswhen it hits a more solid/dense surface When the ultrasound hits differentstructures in the body of different density, itsends back echoes of varying strength 57. Uses of ultrasound:1. Medical: sonography: Ultrasound waves can be bouncedoff of tissues using special devices. The echoesare then converted into a picture called asonogram. Ultrasound is often used to examine a foetusduring pregnancy, or a fatal heart. Ultrasound usually ranges from one MHz (onemillion cycles per second) to 20 MHz. This isbecause tissues absorb higher frequency energymore readily, hence producing fainter images. 58. Pulse echo visualization: The information of objects is obtained by usingdiscrete lines of sight, with the transducer positionand orientation which defines the line of sight andthe delay of received echoes, which is used todetermine the range of the echo-producing object. It can be used in a wide range of clinicalconditions and is useful in many parts of the body. There are 3 modes of the pulse echo visualization(i.e. A-mode, M-mode, and B-mode) 59. Doppler effect: Ultrasound based diagnostic imaging technique canbe enhanced with Doppler measurements, whichemploy the Doppler effect to assess whetherstructures (usually blood) are moving towards oraway from the probe, and its relative velocity. The principal applications of Doppler effect are incardiac and peripheral vesicular diagnosticspecialties. Current qualitative applications involve2 aspects of blood flow evaluation. Doppler devicesare primarily concerned with the detection andevaluation of blood flow disturbances resulting fromvalves and septal defects. 60. 2. In animals: For navigation: Bats use ultrasound for navigation. They send out ultrasounds and judges the distance of objects ahead of them, or what the objects are, by the received echoes. This allows them to catch flying insects while flying full speed in pitch darkness. 61. Communication: Whales make use of ultrasounds forcommunication purposes. Individual podsof whales have their own distinctivedialect of calls, similar to songbirds. Singing whales are usually solitarymales who exhibit it in a shallow smooth-bottomed area where sound propagateswell. They are interpreted as territorialand mating calls.