sen pack2

Poverty as Severe Entitlement Failure

Amartya Sen and the Amartya Sen and the

Evolution of the Concept of PovertyEvolution of the Concept of Poverty

Leland R. de la CruzLeland R. de la Cruz

Director, Development Studies ProgramDirector, Development Studies Program

Poverty as Severe Entitlement FailureSen, Amartya, Sen, Amartya, Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlements Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlements

and Deprivationand Deprivation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.1982.

Dreze, Jean and Sen, Amartya, Dreze, Jean and Sen, Amartya, Hunger and Public ActionHunger and Public Action. . Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989

Dreze, Jean; Sen, Amartya; and Hussain, Athar (eds.), Dreze, Jean; Sen, Amartya; and Hussain, Athar (eds.), The The Political Economy of HungerPolitical Economy of Hunger. Oxford: Clarendon Press. . Oxford: Clarendon Press. 19951995

Nussbaum, Martha and Sen, Amartya (eds.), Nussbaum, Martha and Sen, Amartya (eds.), The Quality of The Quality of LifeLife. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993 . Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993

Sen, Amartya, Sen, Amartya, Development as Freedom. Development as Freedom. New York: Anchor New York: Anchor Books, 1999Books, 1999

Poverty, Income and Basic NeedsPoverty has been traditionally defined as Poverty has been traditionally defined as

income deprivation.income deprivation.

This has been improved upon by the basic This has been improved upon by the basic needs approach which defines poverty as needs approach which defines poverty as basic needs deprivation. basic needs deprivation.

Poverty and Income

Basic needs may be acquired using income. Basic needs may be acquired using income.

The capability of a person to acquire income The capability of a person to acquire income enhances his chances of acquiring basic needs. enhances his chances of acquiring basic needs.

Capability to earn income enhanced by:Capability to earn income enhanced by: Access to Health ServicesAccess to Health Services Access to Educational ServicesAccess to Educational Services Access to CreditAccess to Credit

Poverty and Income

But income is only a But income is only a meansmeans of acquiring basic of acquiring basic needs. needs.

Basic needs can be acquired apart from Basic needs can be acquired apart from income. income.

Food Acquisition

Food can be bought.Food can be bought. Food can be produced.Food can be produced. Food can be obtained through transfers. Food can be obtained through transfers.

Transfers: Commodities/ money obtained from Transfers: Commodities/ money obtained from others without anything given in exchange.others without anything given in exchange.

Food can be obtained from the “commons”. Food can be obtained from the “commons”. Commons: Commodities for which there are no Commons: Commodities for which there are no

property rights or unenforced property rights.property rights or unenforced property rights.

The Analysis of Famines

Famines can be caused by lack of food.Famines can be caused by lack of food. But famines have happened in areas where But famines have happened in areas where

food was abundant. food was abundant. Famines should be more generally Famines should be more generally

understood as the inability to acquire food. understood as the inability to acquire food.

Causes of inability to acquire food

Health problems and problems with nature Health problems and problems with nature which affect direct producers.which affect direct producers.

Inability to access commons or depleting Inability to access commons or depleting supply in the commons could affect those supply in the commons could affect those who rely on this resource.who rely on this resource.

Cessation of transfers could affect Cessation of transfers could affect dependent individuals. dependent individuals.

Why can’t food be acquired?

FOODLabor + Nature +

Productive Resources

Labor

MarketCash Crops/ Commodities

Assets

Wage

Productive resources

Demand/ price of:

•Commodities

•Labor

•Assets

Why can’t food be acquired?

FOODLabor + Nature +


Labor


Assets

Wage


Supply/ price of:

•Productive resources

•Food

The Analysis of Famines

Famines are the result of the inability to Famines are the result of the inability to acquire food.acquire food.

Food is not a commodity a community Food is not a commodity a community suffering from a famine can acquire.suffering from a famine can acquire.

Food is not part of that community’s Food is not part of that community’s entitlements. entitlements.

Entitlements

Commodities over which a person can Commodities over which a person can exercise ownership or command exercise ownership or command

Famines as Entitlement Failure

Famines are a result of severe Famines are a result of severe entitlement failure. entitlement failure.

Different sectors have different ways Different sectors have different ways of acquiring food.of acquiring food.

Different sectors have different sources Different sectors have different sources of vulnerabilities to famine. of vulnerabilities to famine.

The Acquirement Problem

SHELTERLabor + Nature +


Labor


Assets

Wage


Poverty as severe basic needs deprivation

Poverty as severe entitlements Poverty as severe entitlements deprivationdeprivation

Poverty as the inability to acquire Poverty as the inability to acquire basic needsbasic needs

Evaluating Entitlements

Is the good or service Is the good or service available? available? Is the good or service Is the good or service accessible? accessible? Is access to the goodIs access to the good secure? secure? Is the good or service Is the good or service acceptableacceptable?? What is the What is the qualityquality of the good or service of the good or service

that is available?that is available?

Access to Sanitary Facilities

(2003, NDHS)

96

4

84.5

15.5

90.6

9.4

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

With Access

Without Access

% of households

Phil. RuralUrban

Access to Sanitary Facilities (2003,

NDHS)

0 20 40 60 80 100

Own Toilet

Shared Toilet

Close Pit

Open Pit

Drop

None

% of households

Phil.RuralUrban

Access to Water (2003, NDHS)

0102030405060

UrbanRuralPhil.

Health Personnel by Location

RuralRural UrbanUrban

MidwivesMidwives ~30%~30% ~60%~60%

NursesNurses ~20%~20% ~80%~80%

Dentists Dentists ~10%~10% ~90%~90%

DoctorsDoctors

62% migrate to 62% migrate to other countriesother countries

~10%~10% ~90%~90%

Source: Dr. Merceditas Santos-Tuano, former Executive Director, Healthdev Institute

Child Delivery Attendants

(2003, NDHS)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Doctor Nurse Midwife Hilot Others

UrbanRuralPhil.

Child Delivery Attendants by Income Quintiles (2003, NDHS)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Doctor Nurse Midwife Hilot Others

LowestSecondThirdFourthFifth

Location of Child Delivery (2003,

NDHS)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Govt Hospital Private Hospital Home

UrbanRuralPhil.

Location of Child Delivery by Income Quintile (2003, NDHS)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Govt Hospital Private Hospital Home

LowestSecondThirdFourthFifth

A c c e ss to m e d ic in e sP r i c e D i f f e r e n t i a l s b y I n t e r n a t i o n a l S t a n d a r d s a n d B e t w e e nB r a n d e d a n d G e n e r i c s

C a n a d a I n d i a I n d o n e s i a N e p a l P a k i s t a n P h i l i p p i n e sA m o x ic illin 0 .0 8 0 .0 9 0 .1 0 0 .0 8 0 .0 5 0 .2 2A m o x il 0 .1 4 0 .1 0 0 .4 0 0 .0 9 0 .0 8 0 .2 9T a ga m e t 0 .2 5 0 .5 6 0 .1 4 0 .9 5C o -tr im o xaz o le

0 .0 6 0 .0 5 0 .7 0 0 .0 3 0 .0 3 0 .2 0

S e p tr in 0 .0 6 0 .2 5 0 .0 3 0 .0 5 0 .5 3D ic lo fe nac 0 .0 6 0 .0 2 0 .4 8 0 .0 2 0 .0 7 0 .2 5V o lta re n 0 .4 6 0 .0 2 0 .5 2 0 .1 8 0 .3 7E ryth ro m y c in 0 .0 6 0 .1 2 0 .4 0 0 .1 0 0 .0 5 0 .2 0E ryth ro c in 0 .0 9 0 .11 0 .3 7 0 .11 0 .0 7 0 .3 5A d a la t 0 .2 8 0 .0 2 0 .1 8 0 .0 2 0 .4 0Ind e ra l 0 .1 5 0 .0 8 0 .7 4 0 .2 8 0 .2 5Z a nta c 0 .8 1 0 .0 3 1 .5 0 0 .0 3 0 .3 9 0 .9 5A v er a g e 0 .2 1 0 .0 6 0 .5 2 0 .0 6 0 .1 2 0 .4 1

Source: Dr. Marife Yap, AGSB

Problems in Women’s Access to Health Care (2003, NDHS)

0 20 40 60 80

Don't know where to go

Need permission

Money

Distance

Need to take transpo

No one to go with

Maybe no female provider

Phil.RuralUrban

Problems in Women’s Access to Health Care by Income Quintile

(2003, NDHS)

0 20 40 60 80 100

Don't know where to go

Need permission

Money

Distance

Need to take transpo

No one to go with

Maybe no female provider

FifthFourthThirdSecondLowest

Poverty as severe basic needs deprivation

Poverty as severe entitlements Poverty as severe entitlements deprivationdeprivation

Basic Needs Deprivation

Different sectors have different ways of Different sectors have different ways of accessing basic needs.accessing basic needs.

If poverty is defined as basic needs If poverty is defined as basic needs deprivation, different poverty sectors have deprivation, different poverty sectors have different forms of poverty.different forms of poverty.

Differences in entitlements and differences Differences in entitlements and differences in deprivations among poverty groups in deprivations among poverty groups necessitate differentiated solutions.necessitate differentiated solutions.

Jeffrey Sachs

Director, Millenium Director, Millenium Development Goals Development Goals ProjectProject

One of One of Time Time magazine’s 100 most magazine’s 100 most influential people in influential people in 20042004

Jeffrey Sachs

Jeffrey Sachs

Boost agricultureBoost agriculture Improve basic healthImprove basic health Invest in educationInvest in education Provide powerProvide power Provide clean water Provide clean water

and sanitationand sanitation

Poverty as Severe Entitlement Failure

Amartya Sen and the Amartya Sen and the

Evolution of the Concept of PovertyEvolution of the Concept of Poverty

Leland R. de la CruzLeland R. de la Cruz

Director, Development Studies ProgramDirector, Development Studies Program

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