senior design proposal presentation 10 15
TRANSCRIPT
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Ben
Leppard,
Charles
Griffin,
Kaylynn
Smalls
Anaerobic Digestion of Food
Waste From Clemson
University Dining Facilities
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Presentation Overview
◼ Problem Statement
◼ Anaerobic Digestion
Overview
◼ Goals
◼ Feedstock Data
◼ Energy, Thermal, Mass
Balance
◼ Reactor Sizing
◼ Biogas Production
◼ Possible Designs
◼ Sustainability
◼ Budget
◼ References
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PROBLEM
◼ According to the EPA, in the United States,
approximately 21% of waste that goes into
landfills and incinerators comes from food
waste; this is about 35 million tons of waste
(Resource Conservation).
◼ Clemson University produces about 675
tons of food waste per year
◼ Only about 270 tons per year are
composted.
http://www.epa.gov/foodrecovery
/
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ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OVERVIEW
◼ Process where microorganism break
down organic compounds in anoxic
environments and produce biogas.
◼ Consist of 4 major parts
▪ Hydrolysis
▪ Acidogenesis
▪ Acetogenesis
▪ Methanogenesis
http://www.magheebioenergy.in/wp
-
content/uploads/2013/12/BiogasPr
edictionandDesignofFoodWastetoE
nergySystemELSEVIER20111.pdf
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GOALS
◼ Design an Anaerobic Digester that create biogas from
Clemson food waste.
◼ Convert 50 % of the food waste from Harcombe & Schilletter
to biogas
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CONSTRAINTS
◼ High Variability of Feedstock
◼ Time-3 months to research, and test design. Anaerobic
digesters need to operate for at least 20 days.
◼ Budgetary-$1,050 allowance
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QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED
User ▪ How much food waste can the anaerobic digester handle?
▪ How much would it cost to operate the anaerobic digester?
▪ How much space will the anaerobic digester take up?
Client▪ How much would it cost to fabricate the anaerobic digester?
▪ How much methane will be produced by the anaerobic digester?
▪ How long will it take before methane can be produced?
Designer▪ Where is the anaerobic digester going to be placed?
▪ What is the composition of the food waste?
▪ Will other substrates need to be added to improve the anaerobic digester?
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FEEDSTOCK DATA
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QUALITY OF FEEDSTOCK
◼ Light Metals
◼ Heavy Metals
◼ pH
◼ C:N Ratio
◼ TS/VS Concentration
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ANALYSIS OF DATA
From the data, the team determined the food waste had a
low Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio. It was 12:21, it needed to be
in the range of 20:1-40:1, therefore the team decided to use
a cosubstrate. Glycerol was chosen because it has a high
volatile solid content and carbon concentration.
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AGRICULTURE LAB VOLATILE SOLID
CALCULATION
%VS (Dry) = 100 - %ASH (Dry)
= 100 - 3.2%
= 96.8%VS
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TEAM’S CALCULATION OF VOLATILE SOLID
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THERMAL & FLOW RATE BALANCES
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NitrogenCarbon
C1=Food Waste
C2=Glycerol
C3=Mixed Stream
M1=Mass Flow Rate
C2:
MASS BALANCE
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The team decide on a ratio of 30.1 because it was in the middle of the acceptable
range for carbon to nitrogen. Since we decided to use this ratio the flow rates became
CARBON NITROGEN RATIO
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VOLATILE SOLID MASS BALANCE
C1=Food Waste
C2=Glycerol
C3=Mixed Stream
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REACTOR SIZING
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ORGANIC LOADING RATE
Determining the Organic Loading Rate is very important for designing an anaerobic
digestion. If the organic loading rate is too high, there is a risk of substrate
inhibition; it causes an accumulation of volatile free fatty acids which inhibits the
rest of the reactions; this is not good for the process.
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ORGANIC LOADING RATE
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ORGANIC LOADING RATE
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BIOGAS PRODUCTION
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ENERGY FROM BIOGAS
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VARIOUS DESIGNS
◼ Batch vs. Continuous
◼ Vertical vs. Horizontal
◼ Single vs. Multi-Stage
◼ Thermophilic vs. Mesophilic
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POSSIBLE DESIGNS
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COMPUTER MODEL
Biogas Production
Time [Days]
Bio
ga
s [kg
]
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SUSTAINABILITY MEASURES
◼ More ecologically friendly than landfilling or incineration
◼ Provides a valuable product from waste that is often disposed of
◼ Is a sustainable fuel source
◼ Reduces transportation costs to landfill (monetary, carbon, labor,
equipment)
◼ Economically viable (net metering, disposal savings, carbon credits)
◼ Environmentally responsible (less need for landfill volume, reduced GHG
emissions,)
◼ Socially Equitable (localized waste disposal)
◼ Sustainable Materials: waste glycerol(adding carbon), waste food, used
equipment, water neutral process, carbon neutral process
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TIME LINE
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BUDGET
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LITERATURE
C. Zhang, S. Haijia, J. Baeyens, and T. Tianwei. 2014 . Reviewing the anaerobic digestion of food waste for
biogas production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 38: 383-392.
●Role and optimal levels of important parameters, an approximate amount of food waste by country, average food waste
composition.
C. Drapcho, N. Nhuan, T. Walker. 2008. Chapter 9: Methane. In Biofuels Engineering Process Technology,
329-337. New York, N. Y.: McGraw Hill.
●It detailed the 4 steps that compose anaerobic digestion. It discussed possible enzymes that could be used to help
hydrolysis and fermentation. It stated that theoretically carbs yield lower methane. .While proteins and lipids yield higher
methane. A COD:N:P ratio of 300:5:1 was given as an adequate ratio for digestion.
EPA, L. Moody. Using Biochemical Methane Potentials and Anaerobic Toxicity Assays. Available at
http://www.epa.gov/agstar/documents/conf10/Moody_Final.pdf. Accessed on September 9, 2014.
●This is more information from Moody, an agricultural scientist at Iowa State, explaining the benefits of testing feedstock
prior to designing a digester.
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REFERENCES
C. Zhang, S. Haijia, J. Baeyens, and T. Tianwei. 2014 . Reviewing the anaerobic digestion of food
waste for biogas production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 38: 383-392.
C. Banks. Anaerobic digestion and energy. University of Southampton. Available at:
http://www.valorgas.soton.ac.uk/Pub_docs/JyU%20SS%202011/CB%204.pdf. Accessed 8
September 2014.
C.J. Banks, Y. Zhang, Y. Jiang, S. Heaven. 2012. Trace element requirements for stable food waste
digestion at elevated ammonia concentrations. Bioresource Technology. 104: 127-135.
C. Chu, Y. Lu, K. Xu, Y. Ebie, Y. Inamori, H. Kong. 2008. A pH- and temperature-phased two-stage
process for hydrogen and methane production from food waste. Intl. J. Hydrogen Energy. 33(18):
4739-4746.