sensitivity analysis about influence of out-of-plane deflective deformation upon compressive...

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 6, Issue 12, Dec 2015, pp. 22-38, Article ID: IJCIET_06_12_003

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ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

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SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ABOUT

INFLUENCE OF OUT-OF-PLANE

DEFLECTIVE DEFORMATION UPON

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF STEEL

PLATES

Akira Kasai

Associate Profesor, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami,

Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan

Tatsuo Kakiuchi

JR West Japan Consultants Company (PhD Candidate),

5-4-20 Nishinakajima, Yodogawa-Ku, Osaka, 532-0011, Japan

Shohei Okabe

GSST, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-Ku,

Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan

ABSTRACT

In this study, it is aimed at verifying the relationship between amount of

the initial deflective deformation of simply supported steel plates and ultimate

compressive strength of them through elasto-plastic finite deformation

analysis. When initial deflection has been controlled smaller unitl now or out-

of plane deformation has become large after an earthquake, the current

compressive strength curve of steel plates in Japan cannot be applied.

Therefore, more accurate prediction method have been required in near

future, on behalf of rational design of steel structures. In other words, it is

needed to make clear the relationship between the initial imperfection and the

strength of simply supported steel plate. For this purpose, the parametric

study on compressive strength of steel plates taking the initial deflection and a

width-thickness ratio parameter into account was carried out. At first, a limit

width-thickness ratio parameter corresponding to maximum width-thickness

ratio parameter where compressive strength of a steel plate reaches yield

stress of steel material, was proposed through the parametric study. And,

predicted equation for calculating a limit width-thickness ratio parameter was

developed. Secondary, the relationship between the ultimate compressive

strength of a steel plate and amount of initial deflection was clarified. In

addition, estimated equations based on results of various numerical analysis

were developed. Finally, the prospect of this future study was discussed.

Sensitivity Analysis About Influence of Out-of-Plane Deflective Deformation Upon

Compressive Strength of Steel Plates


Key words: Simply Supported Steel Plate, Compressive Strength, Initial

Deflective Deformation, Width-thickness ratio parameter, Allowable Stress

Cite this Article: Akira Kasai, Tatsuo Kakiuchi and Shohei Okabe.

Sensitivity Analysis about Influence of Out-of-Plane Deflective Deformation

upon Compressive Strength of Steel Plates. International Journal of Civil

Engineering and Technology, 6(12), 2015, pp. 22-38.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=6&IType=12

1. INTRODUCTION

In this study, it is aimed at verifying the relationship between amount of the initial

deflective deformation of simply supported steel plates and ultimate strength of them

through elasto-plastic finite deformation analysis. It is a well-known fact that the

initial deflection as initial imperfections has an influence on the ultimate compressive

strength of simply supported steel plates. However, there are a few studies on the

large initial deflection of steel plates relatively. On behalf of this fact, numerical

analysis considering from small to large initial deflection are carried out in this study.

Distinctive feature in this study is that it should be mentioned specially to consider not

only the case of small initial deflection, but also large initial deflection. One of

phenomena considered as a relatively small initial deflection is improvement of the

production precision of steel plates. On the other hand, it is considered as one of the

phenomena which consider large initial deflection relatively, to estimate the residual

strength of steel plates after earthquake. Therefore, development of the strength

evaluation technique according to amount of initial deflective deformation

corresponds to make available to evaluate residual strength of steel plates uniformly,

not only after starting a service of a infrastructure, but also after a certain special

phenomenon occurring during a service of it.

There are many researches on ultimate compressive strength of steel plates. For

example, Fukumoto et al. [1] compiled a data-base approach to the ultimate

compressive strength of unstiffened steel plates in Europe, Japan and the United

States. And, they described the strength formulas including the effect of initial

imperfections such as residual stress and initial out-of-plane deflective deformation.

In addition, Usami et al. [2, 3] summarized the experimental and analytical results on

the strength of steel plates that both global and local buckling behaviors of welded

box-sectioned compression members were considered. Furthermore, Nara et al. [4]

developed ultimate strength evaluation formula of steel plates subjected to in-plane

bending and compression through numerical analysis based on finite element method.

There is a study on effective flange width of steel members by Usami et al. [5], and a

study on strength prediction of thin-walled plate assemblies by Usami et al [6].

Komuro et al. [7] discussed about ultimate strength of steel plates from the standpoint

of reliability design taking the material properties provided by Monte Carlo

simulation in to account. Paik et al. [8] treated a study on ultimate compressive

strength of dented steel plates. And then, Raviprakash [9] carried out numerical study

on compressive strength of dented steel plate. Dent is one of general imperfections of

thin-walled structures. Japanese Society of Steel Construction [10] summarized the

ultimate strain of steel members used in the ultimate seismic design method based on

the various study results performed so far, as well as these researches on the ultimate

strength. On the other hands, only Komatsu et al. [11] and Ikeda et al. [12] mentioned

study on the differences in out-of-plane deflections. Besides, there is no discussion

Akira Kasai, Tatsuo Kakiuchi and Shohei Okabe


what amount of out-of-plane deflection has an influence on ultimate strength of steel

plates. Specifically, the following 4 points are focused on, in the study.

1. Parametric study on the strength of steel plates about the amount of the initial

deflection.

2. Consideration about relation between the strength of steel plates, the amount of the

initial deflection and several structural parameters.

3. The proposal of the limit width-thickness ratio parameter.

4. The proposal of the formula estimating the strength of simply supported steel plate

using amount of the initial deflection and structural parameters.

2. FEM ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLY SUPPORTED STEEL PLATE

2.1. Analysis outline of numerical analysis method

Figure 1 shows the FEM analytical model of a simply supported steel plate. Where, a

is depth of a plate, b shows width of a plate, and t indicates thickness of a plate. In

addition, it was decided to treat only 1 for the aspect ratio which was depth to width

ratio, in this paper. A simply supported steel plate considering in this paper was

models with 4-node quadrilateral finite-membrane-strain elements with reduced

integration (S4R). The number of elements was 100 meshes equally divided in the

loading direction and non-loading directions in consideration of the buckling

eigenvalue analysis. Numerical analysis using the ABAQUS [14] which is a general-

purpose analysis code was carried out.

Figure 1 Shape of Analytical model

Figure 2 Distribution diagram of

residual stress




Table 1 Parameters in the analytical model

Structural Properties

R 0.26-2.02

= a / b 1.0

t [mm] 32.0

Initial Imperfections

wi,max / b 1/50-1/5000

rt / y 1.0

rc / y 0.25

Material Properties

E [GPa] 200

y [MPa] 315

0.3

2.2. Conditions of the analytical model

Table 1 showed the structural and material properties of analytical model. Width-

thickness ratio parameter R is represented by the Equation (1).

Ekt

bR

y

2

2 )1(12

(1)

Where, E is Young's modulus, y is yield stress, is the Poisson's ratio, k (= 4) is

the buckling coefficient. wi,max is amount of initial deflective deformation, rt is

maximum residual stress in tension side, rc is maximum residual stress in compression side.

The conditions of the analytical model were given in the following sections.

2.2.1. Boundary conditions

In order to estimate the compressive strength of steel plates, an numerical analysis

was carried out under the most basic boundary condition in this study. Table 2

showed the boundary conditions of this analytical model. In this analysis, all edges of

a plate were supported simply.

Table 2 Boundary condition

Edge u v w θx θy θz

x = 0 1 1 1 1 0 1

x = a 0 0 1 1 0 1

y = 0 0 0 1 0 1 1

y = b 0 0 1 0 1 1

Free = 0 , Fix = 1

u, v, w : Displacements in x, y, z axis direction

θx, θy, θz : Rotation angle around the x, y, z axis



2.2.2. Residual stress

In this numerical analysis, residual stress assumed at triangular distribution shown in

Figure 2. The main factor of such distribution depended on welding [2]. The

maximum value of the residual stress in tension side, which is distributed over

welding part, was assumed rt. On the other hand, the maximum residual stress of the

compression part was assumed 0.25y in the domain to remove around a weld.

2.2.3. Initial deflective deformation

It was assumed that the shape of initial deflective deformation shown in Figure 3 was

proportional to a half sine waveform which corresponded to buckling eigenmode [2].

The initial deflection was represented by the Equation (2). Further the origin of the

coordinate system was made point A in Figure 1. The directions of depth indicated x

axis, and the direction of width indicates y axis.

)sin()sin(),(b

y

a

xwyxw max

(2)

2.3. Materials & constitutive law

The kind of steel materials to use in this study was SM490, named welding structural

steel material. This steel material is generally used in Japan. And then, yield plateau

and strain hardening region after yield plateau are existed as characteristic of this

material as shown in Figure 4. In the strain hardening region, hardening coefficient

follows below stress-strain relationship shown in Equation (3), according to Usami et

al. [2]

stst

y

ystyeE

E

11

1

(3)

Where, is the material-depended parameter, Est is strain hardening coefficient,

st shows the strain arriving at strain hardening region. In the case of SM490, each

parameters are =0.06, E / Est =30, st / y =7 [2].

2.4. Loading pattern

In order to carry out the numerical analysis in degradation area of load-displacement

relation was also done in stable way, the displacement-based analysis was done. It

was the analysis to give a uniform displacement of edge AD in loading direction as

shown in Figure 1. The loading was monotonous increase only. After the total

reaction force generated in edge AD has peaked, it controlled by displacement to the

point where it was sufficiently reduced. Its maximum displacement was set to 30

times to be greater yield displacement.




3. INFLUENCE OF INITIAL DEFLECTION ON STRENGTH

3.1. Definition of strength and ductility

Figure 3 Shape of the initial deflection Figure 4 Stress-strain relationship

Figure 5 Average stress-average strain relationship

The strength and ductility of steel plate were defined for investigating the

analytical results specifically. At first, the relationship between load P and

displacement of steel plate was drown as shown in Figure 5. Here, the load to act on edge BC in Figure 1 was defined as P. And then, the displacement of edge BC in x-

direction was defined as . Secondly, the average stress and the average strain

were used in Equations (4), to eliminate the influence of the plate width and the plate

thickness of the dimensional quantity.

= P / A, = / a (4a, 4b)

In addition, it should be noted that these average values do not express the local

stress or strain. And, the vertical axis in Figure 5 represented dimensionless average

stress which was the value that divided average stress by a yield stress, the horizontal

axis represented dimensionless average strain which was the value that divided

average strain by a yield strain. Here, maximum strength point was defined as max.

And then, the point corresponding to the peak strength was set to the ductility max.

3.2. Strength toward sensitivity analysis of initial deflections

In order to investigate influence of initial deflection on load-carrying capacity,

parametric study was carried out. As main parameters, width-thickness ratio

parameter and amount of the maximum initial deflection were dealt with. As results,

0 2 4 60

0.5

1

/y

/

y

Maximum strength point R =0.65, wi,max /b =1/150



the relationship between compressive strength and width-thickness ratio parameter

was obtained as shown in Figure 6. Here, the vertical axis represented dimensionless

load-carrying capacity, and the horizontal axis represented width-thickness ratio

parameter R in Figure 6.

At first, the relationship between the load-carrying capacity in a certain R and

amount of initial deflection was described. It was found that the load-carrying

capacity tended to rise up, as an amount of maximum initial deflection wi,max

decreased in a region of R <1.17, as shown in Figure 6. On the other hand, the

strength tended to slightly drop, as an initial deflection decreased in the range of R

≥1.17. Therefore, it was summarized that the strength capacity of steel plates decrease

with an action of external force such as earthquakes in R <1.17.

Figure 6 Relationship between Strength and width-thickness ratio parameter

Figure 7 Increase ratio of the strength for each displacement

0 0.5 1 1.50

0.5

1

1.5

R

u/

y

Euler

JSHB[13]

Results of Numerical Analysis wi,max/b=1/50 wi,max/b=1/150 wi,max/b=1/300 wi,max/b=1/1000 wi,max/b=1/5000

0 0.5 1 1.5-40

-20

0

20

40 Results of Numerical Analysis

wi,max=1/50 wi,max=1/300 wi,max=1/1000 wi,max=1/5000

R

Incre

ase

ra

tio [

%]




Secondary, the differences between the strength in the case of wi,max / b =1/150

and the others were discussed. As shown in Figure 7, the load-carrying capacity in the

case of wi,max / b =1/50, 1/300, 1/1000, 1/5000 were compared with that in the case of

1/150. The limit value of the maximum initial deflection is made 1/150 of plate width

as deviation from flatness of a plate by JSHB (JRA [13]). Therefore it was decided to

compare with numerical results in this limit value by this paper. The vertical axis

represented the increase rate for load-carrying capacity in the case of wi,max / b =1/150.

If the maximum initial deflection was large case wi,max / b =1/50, load-carrying

capacity was reduced in the range of R <1.17, load-carrying capacity could be

improved in the range of R ≥1.17 as shown in this Figure. If the maximum initial

deflection was small case wi,max / b =1/5000, load-carrying capacity was increased in

the range of R <1.17, load-carrying capacity could be worsened in the range of R

≥1.17 as shown in this Figure. Specifically, the strength of wi,max / b =1/5000

increased at most 37.4% at the R = 0.39, the strength of wi,max / b =1/50 decreased at

most 15.3% at the R = 0.33.

As results, it was found that load-carrying capacity tended to be increased as the

amount of maximum initial deflection would be small in the case of R <1.17.

Moreover, it is more effective to aim at amount of the initial deflection when load-

carrying capacity of steel plate is estimated, so that the strength of steel plate changes

larger according to amount of the initial deflection in R <0.5, which is equivalent to

the range of relatively thick plate in particular. Further, the strength in R ≥1.17 may be

considered hardly to change even if the initial deflection changes, because of below

two reasons, that the region of R ≥1.17 is more thin-walled area, and that quantity of

change is very small, although a reversal phenomenon has formed to a relation

between the load-carrying capacity and amount of initial deflection in R ≥1.17.

3.3. Strength curve in Japanese Specifications for Highway Bridges

As a result of above sensitivity analysis, if the maximum initial deflection amount

wi,max / b was small, such as 1/5000, u /y crossed to 1 even if the width-thickness

ratio parameter R was greater than 0.7. These results indicate that the severe control of

amount of initial deflective deformation prompts the possibility using width-thickness

ratio parameter larger than current construction, or using more thin-walled structure

than now, when a construction design considering the behavior of buckling in steel

plates is carried out.

By the way, it was found that the load-carrying capacity evaluation of the present

analysis was less than the expression of JSHB (JRA [13]) the maximum initial

deflection wi,max / b was the range of R =0.5-0.7 even in the case of 1/150, when

Figure 6 was seen. Here, the design curve of JSHB (JRA [13]) shown in Figure 6 is

defined as 50% of the Euler buckling strength, in a relatively large area of the width-

thickness ratio (R >0.7), in consideration of the fact that the decrease in out-of-plane

deflection and stiffness is likely to occur at a low stress level [13]. Specifically, this

design curve is defined as follows.

)7.0(5.0

)7.0(0.1

2

RR

R

y

u

y

u

(5)



However, a safety factor has been considered by the present buckling design in

Japan. Therefore, there are no cases that a numerical result falls below design curve.

And then, Figure 8 is prepared to indicate above fact. For example, the curve which

considered safety factor in standard design curve (serviceability curve) is drawn in

Figure 8, because of considering 1.14 (=1.7/1.5) as safety factor when an earthquake-

resistant design is carried out in Japan. It was found in Figure 8 that there was no case

that serviceability curve exceed numerical results, in the case that amount of initial

deflection was less than a width of steel plate divided by 150. On the other hand, there

were a few cases that numerical results were less than the serviceability curve in the

case that amount of initial deflection was larger than a width of steel plate divided by

150. For example, the numerical values in 0.5<R<0.772 fell below serviceability

curve, if amount of initial deflection was b/50. It was found that the steel plate which

exists in 0.5<R<0.772 needs attention about servicing after the earthquake, when out-

of-plane deflective deformation of a steel plate exceeded b/50 if out-of-plane

deflection of steel plate in a steel structure will be measured after severe earthquake.

Figure 8 Strength-R relationship at JSHB

3.4. Definition of Limit width-thickness ratio parameter

To perform allowable stress design of steel structures, a design at the region that the

allowable stress does not reduce as much as possible leads to utilize the performance

of the material used in this design. Therefore, it is very important to understand the

biggest width-thickness ratio parameter which is available for designing with yield

stress in the standard load-carrying capacity’s curve used with a design in steel

structures. A maximum width-thickness ratio parameter which corresponds to the

above-mentioned is 0.7 according to the Equation (5). This width-thickness ratio

parameter would be called a limit width-thickness ratio parameter, named Rlim, in this

study.

Now, elasto-plastic finite deformation analysis about the compressive strength of

steel plates in this study is able to consider initial deflective deformation and residual

stress as initial imperfections. It was possible to predict the compressive strength of

steel plates in the state near the actual phenomenon, although it was analytic.

Therefore, the width-thickness ration parameters when the ultimate compressive

strength was parallel with the yield stress of constructed material, were calculated

0 0.5 1 1.50

0.5

1

1.5

R

u/

y

Euler

JSHB[13]

Results of Numerical Analysis wi,max/b=1/50 wi,max/b=1/150 wi,max/b=1/300 wi,max/b=1/1000 wi,max/b=1/5000

JSHB[13] considering of safety factor at seismic evaluation




through parametric analysis using this elasto-plastic finite deformation analysis

method. Generally speaking, the value of Rlim will be something different according to

amount of initial deflection. Table 3 summarized the relationship between amount of

initial deflection and limit width-thickness ratio parameter. Moreover, this result was

illustrated in Figure 9.

Table 3 Limit width-thickness ratio parameter

wi,max /b Rlim wi,max /b Rlim

1/50 0.29 1/1000 0.59

1/100 0.36 1/2000 0.65

1/150 0.36 1/3000 0.67

1/200 0.39 1/5000 0.72

1/300 0.46 JSHB 0.70

1/500 0.52

Figure 9 Relationship between Limit width-thickness ratio parameter and maximum

initial deflection

Where, vertical axis indicated a limit width-thickness ratio parameter, and a

transverse axis indicated the value defined as a width of a steel plate in divided by

maximum initial deflection. And then, the estimated line calculated by a least squares

method was also drawn in Figure 9. This estimated line was Equation (6).

0.10.1ln0975.0

max i,

limw

bR

(50≤ b /wi,max ≤5000) (6)

It was found out that this equation is very highly precise through the fact that the

standard deviation was 0.0158, and watching Figure 9. As a result, this limit width-

thickness ratio parameter Rlim can be expected as an index for evaluating the strength

in response to the maximum initial deflection wi,max. Therefore, a load-carrying

capacity formula in accordance with the maximum initial deflection wi,max using the

limit width-thickness ratio parameter Rlim is proposed in Chapter 4.

101 102 103 1040

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Rli

m

b/wi,max

Rlim

Predict



4. PREDICTION METHOD OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

CONSIDERING MAXIMUM INITIAL DEFLECTION

In the previous chapter, it was found that amount of initial deflective deformation was

significant parameter for getting compressive strength of steel plates through

numerical study. In addition, limit width-thickness ration parameter, Rlim, shown in

Equation (6), was proposed in this study. In this section, by using Equation (6), the

correlation equation between amount of the maximum initial deflection and the

compressive strength is proposed in the present study.

4.1. Pediction method for compressive strength of steel plates based on

Perry-Robertson formula

It is well-known that the formula typed Perry-Robertson were used generally as the

prediction method for estimating compressive strength of steel compression members

like a column or a pier. Therefore, it is tried to make newer prediction method for

compressive strength of steel plates including effect of initial deflection in this study,

although the some past study [1, 4] have been proposed various calculation equation.

According to some studies by Usami et al. [5, 6], the equations predicting the load-

carrying capacity are complicated, although it is able to calculate the compressive

strength of steel plates. In addition, coverage of the initial deflection is 1/3233≤ wi,max

/ b ≤1/150. In order to improve these points and consider the case that out-of-plane

deflective deformation of steel plate is greater after severe earthquake, newer

predicting formula including more wide range of amount of initial deflection such as

1/5000≤ wi,max / b ≤1/50, was developed in this study, through a least squares method.

The following equations for calculating the compressive strength of steel plates were

developed.

0462.042

1 2

R

Ry

(0.26≤ R ≤2.02, =0.0231) (7)

RRRa lim1 (0.26≤ R ≤2.02) (8)

0.10.1ln0975.0

max i,

limw

bR

(50≤ b /wi,max ≤5000)

(9) Identical to Eq. (6)

229.00000324.0

max i,w

ba

(50≤ b /wi,max ≤5000) (10)

4.2. Comparison of some strength equations

The numerical results in this study and predicted equations in several previous studies

were shown in Figure 10, when amount of maximum initial deflection has been b/150.

Here, the vertical axis was non-dimensional the load-carrying capacity, the horizontal

axis was the width-thickness ratio parameter R. In addition, numerical results in this

study, the value calculated by the estimated equation in this study and the value

calculated by the equation developed by Usami et al. [5, 6] were shown in Table 4, to




compare several values concretely in case that amount of maximum initial deflection

is b/150.

In the range of R =0.36-0.65, the difference between the approximation equation

and numerical results were 0.04 to 0.07. And then, the difference between that

numerical results and the values calculated in the formula developed by Usami et al.

[5, 6] -0.02 to 0.04. In the range of R =0.65-2.02, the difference between the analysis

values and equations became almost the same. Figure 11 indicated the relationship

between the compressive strength of simply supported steel plates and width-

thickness ratio parameter, including effect of various amount of maximum initial

deflective deformation. Incidentally, the graphs separated in each amount of

maximum initial deflection were prepared in APPENDIX 2.

Figure 10 Strength curve (wi,max/b =1/150)

Table 4 Comparison of strength curve (wi,max/b =1/150)

R

0.36 0.49 0.65 0.78 0.98 1.17 1.37 1.57 1.83 2.02

(1) u /y : Analysis 1.00 0.98 0.90 0.80 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.41

(2) u /y : Eq.(7-10) 0.96 0.91 0.83 0.76 0.65 0.56 0.49 0.43 0.37 0.33

(3) u /y : Usami [5, 6] 1.02 0.94 0.83 0.75 0.64 0.56 0.49 0.44 0.38 0.35

(1) - (2) 0.04 0.07 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

(1) - (3) -0.02 0.04 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06

0 0.5 1 1.5 20

0.5

1

1.5

R

u/

y

Euler

JSHB[13]

Fukumoto[1]

Nara[4](rc/y=-0.4)

Results of Numerical Analysis Eq.(7-10) Usami[5,6]

wi,max/b=1/150 /y=0.25



Figure 11 Strength curve of predicted equation

Future purposes of this study, it is possible to clarify the relationship between the

maximum out-of-plane deflection and strength of the members, it is to establish the

immediate seismic performance evaluation method measuring on site is a relatively

easy out-of-plane deflection. The Equations (7-10) proposed in this study is available

to decide how to use the steel structures after sever earthquake immediately.

5. CONCLUSION

In this study, it is aimed at verifying the relationship between amount of the initial

deflective deformation of simply supported steel plates and ultimate strength of them

through elasto-plastic finite deformation analysis. At first, the relationship between

the ultimate strength of steel plate and amount of initial deflection was clarified

through parametric studies on compressive monotonic analysis of simply supported

steel plates. Secondary, the limit width-thickness ratio parameter, Rlim, was defined. In

addition, estimated equations based on results of various numerical analysis were

developed. The results obtained in this study are as follows.

The definition of the limit width-thickness ratio parameter, Rlim, was established. And

then, the correlation Equation (6) of limit width-thickness ratio parameter has been

proposed.

The load-carrying capacity was significantly different due to the difference in the

maximum initial deflection wi,max.

It was found that the steel plate which exists in 0.5<R<0.772 needs attention about

servicing after the earthquake, when out-of-plane deflective deformation of a steel

plate exceeded b/50 if out-of-plane deflection of steel plate in a steel structure will be

measured after severe earthquake.

It was found that the ultimate strength of steel plates decreased sensitively, as the

initial deflection became large, in R<1.17. For example, the ultimate strength in the

case of wi,max / b =1/5000 was larger than the strength in case of wi,max / b =1/150 more

than 37%.

It was found that the limit width thickness ratio parameter may exceed 0.7, such as

wi,max / b = 1/5000, if the initial deflection is very small. Therefore, a limit width-

thickness ratio parameter can be raised up, if a limit level of initial deflections of steel

plates has been managed strictly. And the good advantage for designing steel

structures might have been hidden.

The equation for estimating the compressive strength of simply supported steel plate

was proposed in this study. It was found that the proposed Equations (7-10) are

0 0.5 1 1.5 20

0.5

1

1.5

R

u/

y

Predict wi,max/b=1/50 wi,max/b=1/150 wi,max/b=1/300 wi,max/b=1/1000 wi,max/b=1/5000

Result wi,max/b=1/50 wi,max/b=1/150 wi,max/b=1/300 wi,max/b=1/1000 wi,max/b=1/5000

JSHB[13]

Euler




available to estimate the compressive strength in case of every initial out-of-plane

deflection simply and accurately.

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Data, Proc. of JSCE, Structural Eng./ Earthquake Eng., No. 344, pp. 129-139,

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[2] T. Usami et al., Guidelines for Stability Design of Steel Structures, 2nd Edition,

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[3] T. Usami, M. Suzuki, Iraj H. P. Mamaghani and H. Ge, A Proposal for Check of

Ultimate Earthquake Resistance of Partially Concrete Filled Steel Bridge Piers,

Journal of JSCE, No.525/I-33, 1995, pp.69-82 (in Japanese)．

[4] K. Nara, M. Tsuda and Y. Fukumoto, Evaluation of Ultimate Strength of Steel

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APPENDIX 1

The results in detail of the strength and ductility are given in Table A1. When initial

deflection was less than 1/300 in R=0.26, it was transcribed that the ultimate strength

is larger than the load at the point of 30 times of yield strain, and the ductility is

bigger than 30 times of yield strain, because load degradation did not occur after 30

times of yield strain which became limit value on the analysis condition in this study.

Table A1 Compressive strength and ductility calculated by numerical analysis

R

wi,max/b 0.26 0.39 0.49 0.65 0.78 0.98 1.17 1.37 1.57 1.83 2.02

1/50 u /y 1.16 0.93 0.89 0.80 0.74 0.66 0.60 0.55 0.51 0.46 0.43

u /y 20.88 1.81 1.98 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.98 1.98

1/150 u /y 1.36 1.00 0.98 0.89 0.80 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.41

u /y 24.99 9.96 1.98 1.68 1.38 1.38 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68

1/300 u /y >1.47 1.05 1.00 0.94 0.85 0.69 0.59 0.53 0.48 0.43 0.40

u /y >30.0 10.59 2.19 1.55 1.43 1.38 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.98

1/1000 u /y >1.54 1.18 1.03 1.00 0.91 0.71 0.59 0.53 0.48 0.42 0.39

u /y >30.0 13.98 8.58 1.89 1.46 1.03 1.38 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.98

1/5000 u /y >1.55 1.37 1.15 1.01 0.99 0.73 0.59 0.52 0.47 0.42 0.39

u /y >30.0 21.48 12.18 2.58 1.73 0.90 1.41 1.73 1.83 1.98 1.98

APPENDIX 2

Contents of Figures A1 indicate several cases of the relationship between the

compressive strength of simply supported steel plates and width-thickness ratio

parameter, including effect of each amount of maximum initial deflective

deformation. Vertical axis indicates dimensionless ultimate compressive strength of

steel plates, and horizontal axis indicates width-thickness ratio parameter, in every

Figure. It's difficult to check the contents because all cases are included in Figure 11.

So it is divided into a graph according to each initial deflection.

(a) wi,max/b = 1/50 (b) wi,max/b = 1/100

0 0.5 1 1.5 20

0.5

1

1.5

R

u/

y

0 0.5 1 1.5 20

0.5

1

1.5

R

u/

y




(c) wi,max/b = 1/150 (d) wi,max/b = 1/200

(e) wi,max/b = 1/300

Figures A1 Relationship between ultimate strength and R

(f) wi,max/b = 1/500 (g) wi,max/b = 1/1000

0 0.5 1 1.5 20

0.5

1

1.5

R

u/

y

0 0.5 1 1.5 20

0.5

1

1.5

R

u/

y

0 0.5 1 1.5 20

0.5

1

1.5

R

u/

y

0 0.5 1 1.5 20

0.5

1

1.5

R

u/

y

Euler

JSHB

Fukumoto

Nara(rc/y=-0.4)

Results of Numerical Analysis wi,max/b=1/50 wi,max/b=1/100 wi,max/b=1/150 wi,max/b=1/200 wi,max/b=1/300 wi,max/b=1/500 wi,max/b=1/1000 wi,max/b=1/2000 wi,max/b=1/3000 wi,max/b=1/5000

Predict Eq.(7-10) Usami[5,6], /y=0.25 Euler JSHB[13]

0 0.5 1 1.5 20

0.5

1

1.5

R

u/

y

0 0.5 1 1.5 20

0.5

1

1.5

R

u/

y



(h) wi,max/b = 1/2000 (i) wi,max/b = 1/3000

(j) wi,max/b = 1/5000

Figures A1 Relationship between ultimate strength and R (Continued)

0 0.5 1 1.5 20

0.5

1

1.5

R

u/

y

0 0.5 1 1.5 20

0.5

1

1.5

R

u/

y

0 0.5 1 1.5 20

0.5

1

1.5

R

u/

y

0 0.5 1 1.5 20

0.5

1

1.5

R

u/

y

Euler

JSHB

Fukumoto

Nara(rc/y=-0.4)

Results of Numerical Analysis wi,max/b=1/50 wi,max/b=1/100 wi,max/b=1/150 wi,max/b=1/200 wi,max/b=1/300 wi,max/b=1/500 wi,max/b=1/1000 wi,max/b=1/2000 wi,max/b=1/3000 wi,max/b=1/5000

Predict Eq.(7-10) Usami[5,6], /y=0.25 Euler JSHB[13]