sensor in battle field

8/7/2019 SENSOR IN BATTLE FIELD

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Term-Paper

Of

PHYSICS OF SENSOR (PHY-802)

Topic:- SENSOR IN BATTLE FIELD

SUBMITTEDTO:-

MR.SANDEEP CHHOKER SUBMITTED BY:-

NAME:-GAURAV SANADHYA,


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-:ACKNOLEDGEMENT:-

I AM VERY THNKFUL TO MY SUBJECT

TEACHER

MR.SANDEEP CHHOKER

WHO HELPED ME

AND GUIDES ME TO

COMPLETE THIS PROJECT

Sensor in Battle Field

I AM ALSO THANKFUL TO

MY CLASSMATES

( Gaurav,Chillu,bablu,.)

WHO PRPOVIDES ME VERY

IMPORTANT INFORMATION IN COMPLETING THIS

PROJECT.

- GAURAV SANADHYA,


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-:CONTENT:-

y INTRODUCTION OF SENSORy RADARy SONARy LAND MINEy ANTI-TANK MINEy NIGHT VISION DEVICEy SMOKE GRENADESy BATTLEFIELD KITCHENy THE GATORy FUTURE WARRIORy ARTICLEy REFERENCE


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INTRODUCTION OF SENSOR

A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be

read by an observer or by an instrument.

RADAR:-

It is an object detection system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range, altitude,direction, or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as aircraft, ships, motor vehicles,weather formations, and terrain. The term RADAR was coined in 1940 by the U.S. Navy as anacronym for Radio Detection And Ranging.

A radar system has a transmitter that emits radio waves. When they come into contact with anobject they are scattered in all directions. The signal is thus partly reflected back and it has a

slight change of wavelength (and thus frequency) if the target is moving. The receiver is usually,but not always, in the same location as the transmitter. Although the signal returned is usuallyvery weak, the signal can be amplified through use of electronic techniques in the receiver and inthe antenna configuration. This enables radar to detect objects at ranges where other emissions,such as sound or visible light, would be too weak to detect. Radar uses include meteorologicaldetection of precipitation, measuring ocean surface waves, air traffic control, police detection ofspeedingtraffic, military applications, or to simply determine the speed of a baseball.

SONAR:-

It is a technique that uses sound propagation to navigate, communicate with or detect other

vessels. Two types of technology share the name "sonar": passive sonar is essentially listening

for the sound made by vessels; active sonar is emitting pulses of sounds and listening for echoes.

Sonar may be used as a means of acoustic location and of measurement of the echo

characteristics of "targets" in the water. Acoustic location in air was used before the introduction

of radar. Sonar may also be used in air for robot navigation, and SODAR (an upward looking in-

air sonar) is used for atmospheric investigations. The term sonar is also used for the equipment

used to generate and receive the sound. The acoustic frequencies used in sonar systems vary

from very low to extremely high .The study of underwater sound is known as underwater

acoustics or hydro acoustics.

LAND MINE:-

It is usually a victim-triggered explosive device which is intended to damage its target via blastand/or fragments.

The name originates from the practice of mining, where tunnels were dug under enemyfortifications or forces. These tunnels ("mines") were first collapsed to destroy fortifications


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above, and later filled with explosives and detonated. Land mines generally refer to devicesspecifically manufactured for this purpose, as distinguished from improvised explosive devices("IEDs").

The use of land mines is controversial because they are indiscriminate weapons, harming soldier

and civilian alike. They remain dangerous after the conflict in which they were deployed hasended, killing and injuring civilians and rendering land impassable and unusable for decades. Tomake matters worse, many factions have not kept accurate records (or any at all) of the exactlocations of their minefields, making removal efforts painstakingly slow. These facts poseserious difficulties in many developing nations where the presence of mines hampersresettlement, agriculture, and tourism. The International Campaign to Ban Landminescampaigned successfully to prohibit their use, culminating in the 1997 Convention on theProhibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and ontheir Destruction, known informally as the Ottawa Treaty. As of 2007, a total of 158 nationshave agreed to the treaty. Thirty-seven countries have not agreed to the ban, including China,India, and Israel

ANTI-TANK MINE:-

It is a type of land mine designed to damage or destroy vehicles including tanks and armoredfighting vehicles. Compared to anti-personnel mines, anti-tank mines typically have a muchlarger explosive charge, and a fuze designed only to be triggered by vehicles or, in some cases,tampering with the mine.

SEEING IN THE DARK:-

Night Vision Devices or NVDs are optical instruments that enable people to see in the dark.

Although Night Vision Devices are most often used by military soldiers and law enforcementofficers, they are available for use by civilians in most countries. Hunters use Night VisionDevices to track and kill animals at night or in the early morning when lighting conditions arepoor.

Current versions of Night Vision Devices are designed to adjust to changing lighting conditionsand can be worn by soldiers in a variety of conditions. Modern versions of the equipment aremuch less expensive and more efficient than previous incarnations.

The first Night Vision Devices were created during World War II, but did not become widelyused by the U.S. military until the Vietnam Conflict of the 1960s. The very first Night Vision

Devices were used by German soldiers in 1939. Although crude by todays standards, the earlyNight Vision Devices provided the German Army with a tactical advantage over Allied Forcesand allowed soldiers to fight with greater ability in the dark.

Today, the U.S. Air Force is developing Panoramic Night Vision Goggles that will effectivelydouble a soldiers field of view to about 95 degrees. This is accomplished by using four 16millimeter image intensifying tubes rather than the current two 18 millimeter tubes. These


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Panoramic Night Vision Goggles are now being used by air crews on AC-130 Gunships and A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft.

SMOKE SCREENS:-

Smoke grenades and canisters are most often used to provide a smoke screen for soldiers andvehicles that are moving in a combat zone. The smoke can be used to hide soldiers, jeeps, tanks,ships, even aircraft that are taking off or landing in an area under enemy fire. Current smokegrenades also block infrared sensors and laser targets from locking onto soldiers and vehicles.

Artillery and mortars can be used to fire smoke grenades and provide needed cover on thebattlefield. Smoke canisters used by the U.S. military include M18 and M40 grenades. Thesegrenades are made of a steel cylinder with holes on the top and bottom that release smoke whenignited. Smoke grenades are considered non-lethal by the U.S. military. However, once ignited,smoke grenades are scalding hot and should not be touched by bare hands.

BATTLEFIELD KITCHENS:-

U.S. troops are deployed as modular units in a fast-moving, world-wide environment. Thiscreates a challenge to get hot, quality chow to Soldiers on the move. The Armys FieldOperations Training Branch has answered the call to serve rapidly-deployed troops with theContainerized Kitchen a seven-ton, compact mobile trailer that is twice as efficient astraditional, much larger mobile kitchen trailers used in past decades.

It took two of the older mobile kitchen trailers to serve 700 Soldiers, said Sgt. 1st ClassCharles Ray, an instructor at the Field Operations Training Branch, Army Center of Excellence,Subsistence, Quartermaster Center and School, Fort Lee, Va. With one CK, we can serve 800

troops in less time, and with greater mobility than ever before.

The CK is a self-contained system for food preparation cooking and warming by utilizing agriddle, steam pans, cook pots, roasting pans, or sheet pans in the oven. Food is kept fresh in tworefrigerators or warm in a holding cabinet. Hot and cold water are provided for food prep andclean up.

For the teams of Soldier-chefs who operate these state-of-the-art systems, precision-timing iscritical to enabling CKs and their crews to prepare nutritious meals for hundreds of hungrytroops on the move.

Once we get it unpacked, we simply hit a button, the system comes alive and we are ready tofeed up to 800 Soldiers within three hours, Ray said. Keeping the systems up and running is justas easy, according to Ray. The CKs come with a solid collection of maintenance tools totroubleshoot almost anything that might go off-line. Most of the components of the CK are madein such a way that the teams who operate them will be able to troubleshoot and affect repairs onsite.


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At a cost of $150,000 each, more than 200 CKs have been put into operation at forwardoperating bases around the world since March 2001.

THE "GATOR":-

Gators are about the size of a small golf cart, feature an automatic transmission and require nospecial training to operate. Those deployed to Forward Operating Base Ripley use the gatorprimarily for logistical purposes such as picking up mail, passengers and equipment from theflightline, transporting food and fuel cans to locations all over the base. Coalition members arealso using them to get to different locations throughout the base. We use this piece of equipmentevery day for a lot of different things.This base is pretty big, so if we want to get in contact withone of the units, we use this piece of equipment to get to them.

Using the gator also requires less time and manpower to accomplish daily missions than othermethods.

"Normally we'd have to resource a vehicle, such as a (high mobility multipurpose wheeledvehicle), and a trailer, with of course a vehicle commander -- or a TC -- and a driver and Soldiersto help unload the supplies.It can take one person or two to load the supplies and get to whereneed to go in a pretty good time,"

The gator runs on diesel or gas fuel and uses much less than HMMWVs and civilian vehicles. Itis cost efficient, mobile, and light, allowing it to maneuver quickly and easily into tight spaces oralong narrow roadways, reaching areas a truck or HMMWV could not easily get to. With itsincreasing popularity comes the issue of safety for those operating the equipment. Drivers andpassengers are required to wear a ballistic helmet and eye protection while driving, in addition toreflective belts. Operators are also required to receive instruction from unit safety

noncommissioned officers, including proper operating procedures, the importance of wearing theright safety gear while driving, and limitations of the vehicle.

FUTURE WARRIOR:-

The newest concepts for lightweight, lethal uniform systems to be worn by the future soldiers inbattle were displayed at the Russell Senate Building here.

Two uniform systems are under development. The Future Force Warrior system will be availablefor fielding to soldiers in 2010. The Vision 2020 Future Warrior system, which will follow onthe concept of the 2010 Future Force Warrior system, is scheduled to be ready 10 years later.The

two new uniform systems are being developed under the Future Combat System Program. "ThisArmy initiative will develop and demonstrate revolutionary capabilities for the future soldiers inbattle, The new systems include a weapon, head-to-toe individual protection, onboard computernetwork, soldier-worn power sources, and enhanced human performance.The Future ForceWarrior will be a responsive and formidable member of an invincible battle space team. The2010 Future Force Warrior system will meet the more immediate, short-term demands of ourfighting warriors in the battle space, while the 2020 model will remind you of an ominouscreature out of a science fiction movie," Soldiers deployed to Afghanistan and Iraq carry large


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amounts of external weight, often 120 pounds or more, to be battle-readyThe body armor of thenew uniforms will absorb the shock of a bullet much better than current bulletproof vests. "Thehard body armor has been stood off of the body by 2 to 3 inches, so when the soldier is shot,the force is more evenly distributed to decrease injuries such as broken ribs,Soldiers will be ableto chat online with each other while they are walking down a jungle trail. The new system has

the ability for each soldier to be tied into tactical local and wide-area networks with an onboardcomputer that sits at the base of the soldier's back. "We essentially call the 2010 soldier an 'F- 16on legs' because it gives the soldier the same capabilities as they would normally have on aircraftand other platformsSoldiers will also be able to share data with vehicles, aircraft and otherindividual soldiers. "If an Apache helicopter was deployed forward and recorded real-time videoof the enemy, the helicopter can send the video back to an individual soldier to observe," he said,with obvious enthusiasm and excitement for the new uniform system.

As has been seen in science-fiction movies, a dropdown piece of eyewear from the helmet allowsthe soldier to see a 17-inch computer screen displaying anything relayed to the soldier.

Soldiers wearing the new system will have no need for an external microphone to communicate."The helmet has sensors that register vibrations of the cranial cavity so I don't have to have amicrophone in my mouth. That allows the soldier to control the entire computer via voice-activation,"

UNATTENDED GROUND SENSOR

The U.S. Army is in the process of fielding its first complete REMBASS II (remotely monitoredbattlefield sensor system, version II) unattended ground sensor (UGS) system.

That fielding, which is being made to the 3rd Stryker Brigade Combat Team (SBCT), provides

an excellent opportunity to highlight recent activities in the UGS arena.

The AN/GSR-8 REMBASS II is the U.S. Army's latest generation of UGS, using multiplesensing techniques to detect personnel and wheeled and tracked vehicles crossing a "named areaof interest." Detection techniques and technologies used include seismic, acoustic, magnetic andinfrared.

U.S. Army product manager for robotic and unmanned sensors, the complete REMBASS IIsystem is designed to fit in two MOLLE packs.

The sensors are packaged into three units that are emplaced by hand and programmed via a

handheld monitoring device.

When detections occur, the information is reported through repeaters to an advanced monitoringdisplay system (AMDS) that runs on a laptop computer, which can be located up to 45kilometers away.

It explained that the REMBASS II UGS, produced by L3 Communications, is complemented bythe capabilities of the AN/PPS-5D ground surveillance radar (GSR), produced by Syracuse


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Research Inc. In normal operations, the tripodmounted GSR would stay back with the unit andprovide a wider area of coverage of possible moving targets around the UGS.

While both systems can be battery operated, UGS battery power lasts approximately 30 dayscompared to just eight hours for the GSR, a consideration that usually translates to the AN/PPS-

5D being operated off vehicle power.

"Both systems report to the AMDS, which provides a consolidated display of targets," Maddensaid. "Unfortunately the AMDS is not connected to any other system [within the Army battlecommand system] and therefore targets need to be manually reported."

The combination of UGS and GSR provides an all-weather ground surveillance detectioncapability of personnel and vehicles otherwise unavailable to the units that is also essential inpreparation of the battlefield," Madden said, adding that "REMBASS II sensors are also used asforce protection assets as part of the battlefield anti-intrusion system. That is a new requirementthat we are also meeting with REMBASS sensors

Madden explained that the handoff of systems in theater is based on the fact that "the standardArmy will not get REMBASS II or AN/PPS-5Ds, as the UGS and GSR operators are scheduledto move on to operate the Shadow 200 UAV [unmanned aerial vehicle] as it fields. As part of theArmy's task force modularity, however, a new MASINT [measurement and signaturesintelligence] team is being formed and will require UGS and GSR capabilities. We are pursuingthis with DA as the task force modularity progresses.

RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE VEHICLE

The XM1201 Reconnaissance and Surveillance Vehicle (RSV) featured a suite of advanced

sensors to detect, locate, track, classify and automatically identify targets under all climaticconditions, day or night.

The suite included a mast-mounted, long-range optoelectronic infrared sensor, an emittermapping sensor for radio frequency interception and direction finding, chemical sensor and amultifunction radio frequency sensor.

The RSV also features the onboard capability to conduct automatic target detection, aided targetrecognition and level-one sensor fusion. To further enhance the scout's capabilities, the RSV isalso equipped with Unattended Ground Sensors, a Small Unmanned Ground Vehicle withvarious payloads and two unmanned aerial vehicles. It is armed with a 30 mm MK44 cannon and

a coaxial 7.62 mm M240 machine gun


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The XM1202 Mounted Combat System was a planned U.S. Army tank. It was to be smallenough to be able to fit two units inside a C-17 or one inside a smaller C-130 Hercules transport.

The Mounted Combat System (MCS) was to provide both direct and Beyond-Line-of-Sight(BLOS) offensive firepower capability, allowing for in-depth destruction of point targets up to 8km (5 mi) away. This requires the use of an integrated sensor network to detect enemy forces.

The MCS was to have had a crew of two and to be armed with a 120 mm main gun, a .50 caliber

machine gun, and a 40 mm automatic grenade launcher.

The MCS was intended to deliver precision fire at a rapid rate, in order to destroy multipletargets at standoff ranges quickly, and will complement the other systems in the unit of action. Itwill be capable of providing direct support to the dismounted infantry in an assault, defeatingbunkers, and breaching walls during tactical assaults. It was also intended to be highly mobile, inorder to maneuver out of contact and into positions of advantage; given the vehicle's lightweight, this is especially important.

The common MGV chassis was required to provide full protection from 30 mm and 45 mmcannon fire in a 60 degree arc opening towards the front of the vehicle. 360 degree protection

must also be provided from small arms fire up to 14.5 mm heavy machine gun and 155 mmartillery shell air-bursts. Protection from higher caliber rounds as well as anti-tank guidedmissiles will be provided by an active protection system manufactured by Raytheon known as"Quick Kill".

The MCS would consist of the common Manned Ground Vehicle chassis and autoloading line-of-sight and BLOS capability.


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The XM1205 Field Recovery and Maintenance Vehicle (FRMV) was the recovery andmaintenance system for employment within both the unit of action (UA) and unit of

employment (UE) and contributes to sustaining and generating combat power to the FutureForce structure. Each UA will have a small number of 2-3 man combat repair teams within

the organic Forward Support Battalion (FSB) to perform field maintenance requirementsbeyond the capabilities of the crew chief/crew, more in-depth battle damage assessment

repair (BDAR), and limited recovery operations. The recovery vehicle is designed to hold acrew of three with additional space for three additional recovered crew. The FRMV has aclose combat support weapon (CCSW) and a 40 mm Mk 19 grenade launcher.


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REFERENCE:-

y www.wikipedia.comy www.afcea.org/signal/articles/anmviewer.asp?a=30y www.nvl.army.mil/y www.ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/74/4674380/04674706.pdf?arnumber=4674706 y www.news-medical.net/.../Inbuilt-sensor-in-cell-phones-for-detecting-deadly-

chemicals.aspx

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