Sens

ors,

Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re

Don

Pro

snitz

Law

renc

e Li

verm

ore

Nat

iona

l Lab

orat

ory

Sept

embe

r 21,

200

5

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

The

thre

at a

nd p

rom

ise

of te

chno

logy

:

�The

gra

vest

dan

ger o

ur N

atio

n fa

ces

lies

at th

e cr

ossr

oads

of r

adic

alis

m a

nd

tech

nolo

gy�

We

are

men

aced

less

by

fleet

s an

d ar

mie

s th

an b

y ca

tast

roph

ic

tech

nolo

gies

in th

e ha

nds

of th

e em

bitte

red

few

.� --

The

Nat

iona

l Sec

urity

Str

ateg

y of

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es o

f Am

eric

a S

ept 2

002

�In

the

appl

icat

ion

of a

Con

stitu

tion,

our

con

tem

plat

ion

cann

ot b

e on

ly o

f wha

t has

be

en, b

ut o

f wha

t may

be.

The

pro

gres

s of

sci

ence

in fu

rnis

hing

the

gove

rnm

ent

with

mea

ns o

f esp

iona

ge is

not

like

ly to

sto

p w

ith w

ire ta

ping

. W

ays

may

be

som

e da

y be

dev

elop

ed b

y w

hich

the

gove

rnm

ent ,

with

out r

emov

ing

pape

rs fr

om s

ecre

t dr

awer

s, c

an re

prod

uce

them

in c

ourt

, and

by

whi

ch it

will

be

enab

led

to e

xpos

e to

th

e ju

ry th

e m

ost i

ntim

ate

occu

rren

ces

of th

e ho

me.

Adv

ance

s in

the

psyc

hic

and

rela

ted

scie

nces

may

brin

g m

eans

of e

xplo

ring

unex

pres

sed

belie

fs, t

houg

hts

and

emot

ions

. C

an it

be

that

the

cons

titut

ion

affo

rds

no p

rote

ctio

nag

ains

t suc

h in

vasi

ons

of in

divi

dual

sec

urity

?�B

rand

eis

diss

entin

g op

inio

n in

Olm

stea

d-19

28 (M

. Joc

her I

llino

is L

aw J

ourn

al)

�In

the

war

on

terr

oris

m, A

mer

ica�

s va

st s

cien

ce a

nd te

chno

logy

bas

e pr

ovid

es a

ke

y ad

vant

age�

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es w

ill p

ress

this

adv

anta

ge th

roug

h a

natio

nal

rese

arch

and

dev

elop

men

t ent

erpr

ise

for h

omel

and

secu

rity

sim

ilar i

n em

phas

is a

nd

focu

s to

that

whi

ch h

as s

uppo

rted

the

natio

nal s

ecur

ity c

omm

unity

for m

ore

than

fif

ty y

ears

.�C

hert

off s

aid

the

depa

rtm

ent w

ould

look

to u

se te

chno

logy

to d

etec

t exp

losi

ves

and

biol

ogic

al, c

hem

ical

or r

adio

activ

e m

ater

ial o

n ra

il, s

ubw

ay a

ndbu

s sy

stem

s.

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

Dur

ing

the

next

40

min

utes

:

•W

hat�s

the

chal

leng

e in

pro

tect

ing

the

Nat

ion

from

terr

oris

ts?

•H

ow c

an te

chno

logy

hel

p?•

In a

bro

ad s

ense

wha

t doe

s th

e cu

rren

t law

hav

e to

say

abo

ut th

ete

chno

logy

�s u

se?

⎯C

avea

t: I�m

not

an

atto

rney

; My

inte

rest

is a

resu

lt of

•A

) My

tenu

re a

s D

OJ

Chi

ef S

cien

ce A

dvis

or•

B) M

y cu

rren

t job

-use

adv

ance

d te

chno

logy

to p

rote

ct th

e ho

mel

and

⎯Ex

amin

e Su

prem

e C

ourt

cas

es a

s a

phys

icis

t, e.

g. lo

okin

g fo

r so

me

basi

c pr

inci

ples

, ⎯

Shar

e th

at in

form

atio

n w

ith y

ou•

Enco

urag

e yo

u to

follo

w u

p on

you

r ow

n

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

Ther

e ar

e th

ree

elem

ents

to a

terr

oris

t atta

ck

Wea

pons

Targ

ets

Peop

le

�Det

erre

nce

�Det

ectio

n�In

terd

ictio

n�M

itiga

tion

�Res

titut

ion

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

Rec

ogni

ze th

e pr

oble

m:

•Th

ere

are

too

man

y ta

rget

s to

pro

tect

one

by

one:

⎯15

000

chem

ical

faci

litie

s w

ith T

ICS

at le

vel o

f con

cern

⎯10

0+ N

ucle

ar P

ower

Rea

ctor

s

⎯75

,000

Dam

s, 7

700

�maj

or d

ams�

, 17

over

3 m

illio

n ac

re

⎯O

ver 4

20 m

alls

of

one

mill

ion

squa

re fe

et

⎯A

irpor

ts, a

irpla

nes,

hig

h-ris

e of

fices

and

dw

ellin

gs..

⎯St

adiu

ms

⎯M

ass

tran

sit

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

One

indi

vidu

al a

mon

g hu

ndre

ds o

f mill

ions

cou

ld

be a

terr

oris

t

Rae

d Ab

dul H

amid

M

isk

pose

d w

ith h

is

child

ren

Sam

a, le

ft,

age

2 an

d M

omen

, ag

e 3,

day

s be

fore

he

blew

him

self

up o

n a

bus

in J

erus

alem

.

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

Wha

t mat

eria

ls a

re w

e tr

ying

to fi

nd?

Nuc

lear

A T

ypic

al C

apsu

le:

10 C

i Cs-

137

½ in

ch d

iam

eter

¾ in

ch lo

ng

Cer

amic

mat

rix

Wel

ded

doub

le S

S

Test

ed to

25,

000

psi

Typi

cal l

arge

ce

sium

sou

rce

9000

Ci C

s-13

7

3 to

ns

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

Wha

t mat

eria

ls a

re w

e tr

ying

to fi

nd?

Bio

logi

cal

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

Ove

r 16

mill

ion

cont

aine

rs c

ross

the

bord

er e

ach

year

-can

we

find

WM

D fa

st w

ith a

ccep

tabl

e er

ror

rate

s

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

Nuc

lear

det

ectio

n te

chno

logi

es h

ave

been

de

velo

ped

for s

peci

fic e

nviro

nmen

ts a

nd

appl

icat

ions

Rai

l

Vehi

cle

Pede

stria

nDen

ver a

irpor

t Fed

Ex s

cree

ning

Floa

ting

NaI

radi

atio

n de

tect

or a

t Kin

gs

Bay

, Geo

rgia

Port

able

Sea

Land

Air

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

DTS

is a

radi

atio

n de

tect

or n

etw

ork

desi

gned

to

prov

ide

�act

iona

ble�

info

rmat

ion

•Sy

stem

con

sist

s of

mul

tiple

radi

atio

n se

nsor

s, a

nd v

ideo

cam

eras

link

ed to

a

com

man

d co

nsol

e vi

a a

wire

less

ne

twor

k

•M

ost r

ecen

tly d

emon

stra

ted

at F

ort

Leon

ard

Woo

d w

ith D

TRA

spo

nsor

ship

Pict

ure

of

mob

ile u

nit

Mob

ile

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

Bio

logi

cal a

nd c

hem

ical

sen

sors

are

als

o in

th

e fie

ld

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

Last

, but

cer

tain

ly n

ot le

ast:

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

�The

que

stio

n w

e co

nfro

nt to

day

is w

hat l

imits

th

ere

are

upon

this

pow

er o

f tec

hnol

ogy

to

shrin

k th

e re

alm

of g

uara

ntee

d pr

ivac

y�

Kyl

lo v

. Uni

ted

Stat

es, 5

33 U

.S. 2

7, 3

4 (2

001)

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

The

Four

th A

men

dmen

t:

•�T

he ri

ght o

f the

peo

ple

to b

e se

cure

in th

eir p

erso

ns,

hous

e, p

aper

s, a

nd e

ffect

s, a

gain

st u

nrea

sona

ble

sear

ches

and

sei

zure

s sh

all n

ot b

e vi

olat

ed, a

nd n

o w

arra

nts

shal

l iss

ue, b

ut u

pon

prob

able

cau

se,

supp

orte

d by

oat

h or

affi

rmat

ion,

and

par

ticul

arly

de

scrib

ing

the

plac

e to

be

sear

ched

, and

the

pers

ons

or

thin

gs to

be

seiz

ed.�

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

The

Supr

eme

Cou

rt h

as ru

led

on th

e us

e of

in

frar

ed im

agin

g sy

stem

s

•In

dica

tions

of a

bnor

mal

leve

ls o

f hea

t em

anat

ing

from

Kyl

lo�s

re

side

nce

wer

e ob

tain

ed w

ith a

ther

mal

imag

er.

This

in

form

atio

n w

as u

sed

to o

btai

n a

sear

ch w

arra

nt a

nd

ultim

atel

y co

nvic

t Dan

ny L

ee K

yllo

for g

row

ing

mai

juan

a.

Kyl

lo c

onte

sted

the

conv

ictio

n on

the

basi

s th

at o

bser

ving

his

re

side

nce

with

a th

erm

al im

ager

with

out a

war

rant

was

a

viol

atio

n of

his

four

th a

men

dmen

t rig

hts.

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

Wha

t did

the

cour

t dec

ide

pre

9-11

?

•�W

here

, as

here

, the

Gov

ernm

ent u

ses

a de

vice

that

is n

ot in

ge

nera

l pub

lic u

se, t

o ex

plor

e de

tails

of a

priv

ate

hom

eth

at

wou

ld p

revi

ousl

y ha

ve b

een

unkn

owab

le w

ithou

t phy

sica

l in

trusi

on, t

he s

urve

illan

ce is

a F

ourth

Am

endm

ent �

sear

ch,�

and

is p

resu

mpt

ivel

y u

nrea

sona

bly

with

out a

war

rant

.�

•U

S s

upre

me

cour

t thr

ough

rulin

g ag

ains

t IR

sen

sing

with

out a

se

arch

war

rant

dec

ided

6/1

1/20

01

•M

ost C

ON

OP

S (c

once

pt o

f ope

ratio

ns) r

equi

re d

etec

tors

be

used

w

ithou

t war

rant

s or

prio

r con

sent

•W

MD

sen

sors

use

tech

nolo

gy n

ot in

gen

eral

pub

lic u

se

•S

enso

rs m

ay re

veal

�int

imat

e� in

form

atio

n

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

The

diss

ent c

an o

ften

be p

resc

ient

:

�Nev

erth

eles

s, th

e us

e of

suc

h a

devi

ce [s

ense

en

hanc

ing]

wou

ld b

e un

cons

titut

iona

l und

er th

e C

ourt

�s ru

le, a

s w

ould

be

the

use

of o

ther

new

dev

ices

th

at m

ight

det

ect t

he o

dor o

f dea

dly

bact

eria

or

chem

ical

s fo

r mak

ing

a ne

w ty

pe o

f exp

losi

ve.�

��pu

blic

offi

cial

s sh

ould

not

hav

e to

ave

rt th

eir

sens

es o

r the

ir eq

uipm

ent f

rom

det

ectin

g em

issi

ons

in

the

publ

ic d

omai

n su

ch a

s ex

cess

ive

heat

, tra

ces

of

smok

e, s

uspi

ciou

s od

ors,

odo

rless

gas

es, o

r ra

dioa

ctiv

e em

issi

ons,

any

of w

hich

cou

ld id

entif

y ha

zard

s to

the

com

mun

ity.�

Just

ice

Stev

ens

diss

entin

g in

Kyl

lo

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

Whe

n de

cidi

ng if

the

cons

titut

iona

l pro

hibi

tion

agai

nst

unre

ason

able

sea

rche

s an

d se

izur

es h

as b

een

viol

ated

, th

ree

broa

d qu

estio

ns m

ust b

e co

nsid

ered

:

•D

oes

the

proj

ecte

d us

e of

the

sens

or

cons

titut

e a

sear

ch re

gula

ted

by th

e fo

urth

am

endm

ent?

•D

oes

the

sens

or u

se re

quire

an

atte

ndan

t se

izur

e?

•If

the

sear

ch u

se a

nd/o

r sei

zure

cov

ered

by

the

Four

th A

men

dmen

t is

it u

nrea

sona

ble ?

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

Wha

t is

a re

gula

ted

sear

ch?

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

Unt

il th

e la

ter p

art o

f the

19t

hce

ntur

y a

sear

ch

requ

ired

phys

ical

tres

pass

Olm

stea

d 19

28

�The

reas

onab

le v

iew

is th

at o

ne w

ho in

stal

ls in

his

hou

se a

te

leph

one

inst

rum

ent w

ith c

onne

ctin

g w

ires

inte

nds

to

proj

ect h

is v

oice

to th

ose

quite

out

side

, and

that

the

wire

s be

yond

his

hou

se a

nd m

essa

ges

whi

le p

assi

ng o

ver t

hem

ar

e no

t with

in th

e pr

otec

tion

of th

e Fo

urth

Am

endm

ent.

Her

e, th

ose

who

inte

rcep

ted

the

proj

ecte

d vo

ices

wer

e no

t in

the

hous

e of

eith

er p

arty

to th

e co

nver

satio

n.�

Olm

stea

d-19

28

No

phys

ical

tres

pass

, no

prob

lem

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

1967

Kat

z v.

Uni

ted

Stat

es �

�The

tres

pass

do

ctrin

e is

no

long

er c

ontr

ollin

g�

•�F

ourt

h A

men

dmen

t pro

tect

s pe

ople

, rat

her t

han

plac

es, i

ts

reac

h ca

nnot

turn

on

the

the

pres

ence

or a

bsen

ce o

f a p

hysi

cal

intr

usio

n in

to a

ny e

nclo

sure

�

•W

ould

see

m to

sw

eep

rem

ote

sens

ing

up in

to re

gula

ted

terr

itory

•K

ey d

eter

min

ing

stat

emen

t in

Just

ice

Har

lan�

s co

ncur

ring

opin

ion

⎯A

four

th a

men

dmen

t sea

rch

is o

ne th

at �

viol

ates

an

indi

vidu

al�s

�ac

tual

(sub

ject

ive)

exp

ecta

tion

of p

rivac

y an

d �

that

the

expe

ctat

ion

be o

ne th

at s

ocie

ty is

pre

pare

d to

re

cogn

ize

as �

reas

onab

le��

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

Wha

t con

stitu

tes

a re

ason

able

exp

ecta

tion

of

priv

acy?

•So

me

of th

e Fa

ctor

s co

nsid

ered

:

⎯Lo

catio

n-ho

me

vs. c

ar

⎯A

ctiv

ity re

veal

ed

⎯H

ave

proa

ctiv

e m

easu

res

been

take

n to

pro

tect

priv

acy

⎯M

ater

ial b

eing

sea

rche

d fo

r

⎯Te

chno

logy

use

d to

con

duct

the

sear

ch

•A

ll ef

fect

sea

rchi

ng fo

r WM

D

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

How

ever

, a s

earc

h m

ay n

ot b

e a

regu

late

d se

arch

if a

ll it

reve

als

is c

ontr

aban

d

•�t

he s

niff

disc

lose

s on

ly[e

mph

asis

add

ed] t

he p

rese

nce

or

abse

nce

of n

arco

tics,

a c

ontr

aban

d ite

m�

The

refo

re, w

e co

nclu

de th

at th

e pa

rtic

ular

cou

rse

of in

vest

igat

ion

� -

expo

sure

of r

espo

nden

t's lu

ggag

e, w

hich

was

loca

ted

in a

pu

blic

pla

ce, t

o a

trai

ned

cani

ne -

did

not c

onst

itute

a "

sear

ch"

with

in th

e m

eani

ng o

f the

Fou

rth

Am

endm

ent.�

•Ill

inoi

s v.

Cab

alle

s

•Sm

ith v

. Sta

te o

f Tex

as

•H

ow g

ood

does

the

dog

have

to b

e

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

Wha

t err

ors

are

tole

rabl

e?

•Sca

lia-t

he

sear

ch is

un

reas

onab

le if

99

tim

es a

pple

s fo

r onc

e na

rcot

ics

•Sou

ter-

The

Plac

e de

cisi

on

that

dog

s do

not

er

r is

unte

nabl

ePr

ob. F

alse

Pos

itive

Prob. True Detection

Security

Privacy

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

Just

ice

Stev

ens

(Kyl

lo d

isse

nt)-

�eve

n th

e pe

rfec

tly d

iscr

imin

atin

g m

echa

nica

l sen

sor w

ould

be

pro

hibi

ted�

Bio

aero

sol M

ass

Spe

ctro

met

ry S

yste

m h

as d

ual u

se fo

r bio

aero

sols

of

nat

iona

l sec

urity

and

pub

lic h

ealth

con

cern

.N

ear f

utur

e pr

otot

ypes

will

be

even

mor

e co

mpa

ct a

nd ru

gged

.

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

Is it

a s

eizu

re?

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

Seiz

ure

occu

rs:

•�W

hen

ther

e is

gov

ernm

ent t

erm

inat

ion

of fr

eedo

m o

f m

ovem

ent t

hrou

gh m

eans

inte

ntio

nally

app

lied�

•Po

lice

stop

and

ask

you

for I

D

•Tr

affic

sto

p se

izes

you

and

you

r veh

icle

, eve

n if

only

m

omen

taril

y

•Lu

ggag

e ex

amin

atio

n is

a s

eizu

re-p

rimar

y, s

econ

dary

and

te

rtia

ry in

spec

tions

are

sei

zure

s

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

Was

the

sear

ch o

r sei

zure

re

ason

able

?

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

The

cons

titut

ion

only

forb

ids

unre

ason

able

se

arch

es a

nd s

eizu

res-

•Tw

o br

oad

cate

gorie

s of

reas

onab

le w

arra

ntle

ss s

earc

h:

⎯C

ircum

stan

ces

dem

and

imm

edia

te a

ctio

n

•C

rime

com

mitt

ed o

r abo

ut to

be

com

mitt

ed

•�T

erry

sto

ps�

•R

easo

nabl

e ar

ticul

able

sus

pici

on

•Q

uest

ion:

how

can

tech

nolo

gy b

e us

ed to

det

erm

ine

prob

ably

cau

se fo

r a tr

ue s

earc

h?

⎯R

outin

e, s

uspi

cion

less

sei

zure

s: c

usto

ms

stop

s at

the

bord

er, D

UI s

tops

etc

.

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

Thre

e co

nsid

erat

ions

for r

easo

nabl

enes

s w

hen

ther

e is

no

artic

ulab

le s

uspi

cion

�e.

g.

susp

icio

nles

s st

ops

•�[

1] �

wei

ghin

g of

the

grav

ity o

f the

pub

lic c

once

rns

serv

ed b

y th

e se

izur

e,

⎯Im

min

ent d

ange

r

•[2

] the

deg

ree

to w

hich

the

seiz

ure

adva

nces

the

publ

ic in

tere

st

⎯ef

fect

iven

ess

•[3

] and

the

seve

rity

of th

e in

terf

eren

ce w

ith, i

ndiv

idua

l lib

erty

�[i]

⎯D

on�t

hara

ss, d

elay

or s

care

the

citiz

ens

•[i]

Bro

wn

v. T

exas

,443

U.S

. 47,

51

(197

9)

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

Publ

ic c

once

rn, c

ompe

lling

gov

ernm

ent

inte

rest

:

•M

ust n

ot b

e fo

r gen

eral

law

enf

orce

men

t;

•B

orde

r sea

rche

s ok

•So

brie

ty ro

adbl

ock

ok

•N

arco

tics

chec

ks n

ot o

k

•C

redi

ble

tip th

at c

ar lo

aded

with

dyn

amite

goi

ng d

ownt

own

ok :

�Con

stitu

tion

is n

ot a

sui

cide

pac

t�

•Ye

llow

ale

rt-n

ot o

k-

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

Effe

ctiv

enes

s: H

ow d

o yo

u m

easu

re

dete

rren

ce?

•A

irlin

e

•B

orde

r

•H

ighw

ays

�Whe

n th

e G

over

nmen

t's in

tere

st

lies

in d

eter

ring

high

ly h

azar

dous

co

nduc

t, a

low

inci

denc

e of

suc

h co

nduc

t, fa

r fro

m im

pugn

ing

the

valid

ity o

f the

sch

eme

for

impl

emen

ting

this

inte

rest

, is

mor

e lo

gica

lly v

iew

ed a

s a

hallm

ark

of s

ucce

ss.�

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

Intr

usiv

enes

s:

•Se

izur

es m

ust n

ot b

e ex

cess

ivel

y lo

ng

•Se

arch

es n

ot re

veal

intim

ate

deta

ils

•Ex

tent

of p

hysi

cal i

ntru

sion

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

Whe

n m

ight

sen

se-e

nhan

cing

det

ecto

rs b

e us

ed

with

out a

war

rant

to d

evel

op p

roba

ble

caus

e fo

r a

full

sear

ch a

nd s

eizu

re?

�Spe

cific

ity�P

erfo

rman

ce�T

he s

enso

rs m

ust b

e qu

ick

�The

re m

ust b

e a

case

for e

ffect

iven

ess

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

Dev

elop

ers

shou

ld n

ot tr

y to

an

ticip

ate

futu

re c

ourt

dec

isio

ns,

but b

y be

ing

cogn

izan

t of t

he

trad

ition

al c

onst

itutio

nal l

imits

on

the

use

of th

eir s

yste

ms

and

by

bein

g pr

oact

ive

in th

e de

sign

and

de

ploy

men

t of W

MD

det

ecto

rs, a

su

cces

sful

bal

ance

bet

wee

n lib

erty

and

sec

urity

can

be

achi

eved

.

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

Exer

cise

for t

he re

ader

Pros

nitz

: Sen

sors

, Sea

rch

& S

eizu

re 9

/21/

05

Res

earc

h an

d D

evel

opm

ent l

ed to

Am

eric

a�s

20th

ce

ntur

y gr

owth

•�S

cien

ce, b

y its

elf,

prov

ides

no

pana

cea

for

indi

vidu

al, s

ocia

l, an

d ec

onom

ic il

ls. I

t can

be

effe

ctiv

e in

the

natio

nal w

elfa

re o

nly

as a

mem

ber

of a

team

, whe

ther

the

cond

ition

s be

pea

ce o

r war

. B

ut w

ithou

t sci

entif

ic p

rogr

ess

no a

mou

nt o

f ac

hiev

emen

t in

othe

r dire

ctio

ns c

an in

sure

our

he

alth

, pro

sper

ity, a

nd s

ecur

ity a

s a

natio

n in

the

mod

ern

wor

ld. �

Van

neva

r Bus

h -1

945