sentence combining subordination. subordinating conjunctions (a partial list) after as soon as...

Sentence CombiningSentence Combining

SubordinationSubordination

Subordinating Subordinating conjunctions (a partial list)conjunctions (a partial list)

after after as soon asas soon ashowhow wheneverwheneverunlessunless althoughalthoughifif as thoughas though

Subordinating conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions (cont’)(cont’)

thanthan untiluntilasas becausebecausethatthat provided thatprovided thatwhenwhen as ifas ifbeforebefore sincesincethoughthough whilewhile

Using subordinating conjunctionsUsing subordinating conjunctions

Subordination creates a different Subordination creates a different relationship between two relationship between two sentences being combined, one sentences being combined, one of which is a dependent clause.of which is a dependent clause.

UsingUsingsubordinating conjunctionssubordinating conjunctions

These dependent clauses These dependent clauses require another require another independent clause to independent clause to complete the compound complete the compound sentence.sentence.

UsingUsingsubordinating conjunctions subordinating conjunctions

The subordinate The subordinate (dependent) clause is (dependent) clause is typically not the main point typically not the main point the writer is trying to make.the writer is trying to make.

Combine the following Combine the following sentences using sentences using ifif

You don’t want to go to the You don’t want to go to the game.game.

Let me know right away.Let me know right away.

Combined Combined ifif

IfIf you don’t want to go to you don’t want to go to the game, let me know right the game, let me know right away.away.

This combined sentence is This combined sentence is called a complex sentence, called a complex sentence, and it uses subordination and it uses subordination as the connecting as the connecting relationship. The second relationship. The second clause is subordinate to the clause is subordinate to the first or main clause. first or main clause.

The main clause can stand The main clause can stand alone, but the alone, but the subordinating clause subordinating clause depends on the main depends on the main clause for clarity.clause for clarity.

Notice that the order of the Notice that the order of the clause can be reversed clause can be reversed without losing the meaning without losing the meaning of the sentence.of the sentence.

IfIf you don’t want to go to you don’t want to go to the game, let me know right the game, let me know right away.away.

vs.vs.

Let me know right away, Let me know right away, ififyou don’t want to go to the you don’t want to go to the game.game.

In the following examples, In the following examples, notice the different notice the different relationships created by the relationships created by the various subordinating various subordinating conjunctions:conjunctions:

AlthoughAlthough, Maria was broke, , Maria was broke, she invited Juan to the she invited Juan to the dance club.dance club.

Maria invited Juan to the Maria invited Juan to the dance club, dance club, althoughalthough she she was broke.was broke.

UnlessUnless, they get lucky, the , they get lucky, the Dodgers always fade in the Dodgers always fade in the stretch.stretch.

Our program has to be cut, Our program has to be cut, becausebecause the government the government reduced the funding.reduced the funding.

WheneverWhenever the Lakers lose, the Lakers lose, David goes into a deep David goes into a deep depression.depression.

I grew up in Buffalo, I grew up in Buffalo, wherewhere summers are hot and summers are hot and winters are cold.winters are cold.

Ever since Ever since Laura spent that Laura spent that year in Spain, she’s been a year in Spain, she’s been a coffee drinker.coffee drinker.

No matter what the No matter what the relationship between the relationship between the two clauses may be (time, two clauses may be (time, place, contradiction, or place, contradiction, or consequence) in every consequence) in every case the dependent or case the dependent or subordinate clause cannot subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a sentence.stand alone as a sentence.

Classroom Activity pg 119Classroom Activity pg 119

Working alone…Working alone…– Combine each sentence properlyCombine each sentence properly

The fragments clearly leave The fragments clearly leave us hanging:us hanging:

When I finish mowing the When I finish mowing the lawnlawn

If you don’t come nowIf you don’t come now

Coordination and Coordination and subordination mesh quite subordination mesh quite smoothly and are smoothly and are frequently combined:frequently combined:

IfIf I work too hard, I don’t I work too hard, I don’t have enough fun, have enough fun, but but if I if I have enough fun, I feel have enough fun, I feel guilty.guilty.

and:and:

Roberto likes Graciella, Roberto likes Graciella, soso wheneverwhenever he’s with her, he’s with her, he’s very attentive.he’s very attentive.

In the first example:In the first example: IfIf I work too hard, I don’t have enough I work too hard, I don’t have enough fun, fun, but ifbut if I have enough fun, I feel guilty. I have enough fun, I feel guilty.

two complex sentences, two complex sentences, each with its subordinate each with its subordinate and main clauses, are and main clauses, are joined with joined with but but into one into one large compound sentence:large compound sentence:

In the second example:In the second example: Roberto likes Graciella, Roberto likes Graciella, soso wheneverwhenever he’s with her, he’s very attentive. he’s with her, he’s very attentive.

A simple sentence is joined A simple sentence is joined by by soso to a complex to a complex sentence beginning with sentence beginning with wheneverwhenever..

In both cases, a In both cases, a coordinating conjunction coordinating conjunction is followed immediately is followed immediately by a subordinator (by a subordinator (but if, but if, so wheneverso whenever). This kind ). This kind of sentence is called of sentence is called compound-complex.compound-complex.

Combine the following pairs Combine the following pairs of sentences by inserting an of sentences by inserting an appropriate subordinating appropriate subordinating conjunction in front of either conjunction in front of either clause adjusting the clause adjusting the punctuation as needed. punctuation as needed. Choose a conjunction that Choose a conjunction that makes good sense.makes good sense.

Part IPart I

1. 1. I can’t go to the Steel I can’t go to the Steel Pulse concert. I have to Pulse concert. I have to work.work.

Part IPart I

1. 1. I can’t go to the Steel I can’t go to the Steel Pulse concertPulse concert, as , as I have to I have to work.work.

2. 2. Maria chewed each piece Maria chewed each piece of meat many times. of meat many times. Clarissa covered her eyes.Clarissa covered her eyes.

2. 2. Maria chewed each piece Maria chewed each piece of meat many timesof meat many times, while , while Clarissa covered her eyes.Clarissa covered her eyes.

3. 3. Anne had never ridden a Anne had never ridden a motorcycle. Her husband motorcycle. Her husband gave her one last week.gave her one last week.

3. 3. Anne had never ridden a Anne had never ridden a motorcyclemotorcycle, although , although her her husband gave her one last husband gave her one last week.week.

4. 4. It starts to rain a lot. It starts to rain a lot. Pedro gets very moody.Pedro gets very moody.

4.4. It starts to rain a lotIt starts to rain a lot, when , when Pedro gets very moody. Pedro gets very moody.

Meaning????Meaning????

4. 4. Pedro gets very moody, Pedro gets very moody, whenwhen it starts to rain a lot. it starts to rain a lot.

Mejor!Mejor!

5. 5. I spent two years in I spent two years in Hawaii. The weather is Hawaii. The weather is warm and life moves slowly.warm and life moves slowly.

5. 5. I spent two years in I spent two years in HawaiiHawaii, as , as the weather is the weather is warm and life moves slowly.warm and life moves slowly.

6. 6. I’ll come to your house I’ll come to your house tonight. I get off work.tonight. I get off work.

6. 6. I’ll come to your house I’ll come to your house tonighttonight, when , when I get off work.I get off work.

Normal Clauses…Normal Clauses…

Normal Clause depends on the function of Normal Clause depends on the function of the noun.the noun.

When turning a sentence into a normal When turning a sentence into a normal clause, you must distinguish between 3 clause, you must distinguish between 3 different types of sentences.different types of sentences.– StatementsStatements– Yes/No questionsYes/No questions– W- QuestionsW- Questions


Working alone…Working alone…– Turn these sentences into Normal ClausesTurn these sentences into Normal Clauses

When finished find a partner and compare When finished find a partner and compare your work.your work.

Relative Clauses…Relative Clauses…

Clauses can also function as an adjective Clauses can also function as an adjective or prepositional phrase.or prepositional phrase.

We need some words to connect them We need some words to connect them together.together.

These words are known as Relatives.These words are known as Relatives.

Prepositional Phrase: A phrase beginning Prepositional Phrase: A phrase beginning with a preposition.with a preposition.


Working with a partner..Working with a partner..

– Choose the correct relative for these Choose the correct relative for these sentences.sentences.

– Talk over your choices.Talk over your choices.

The EndThe End

Thank you for coming ;-)Thank you for coming ;-)

Part IIPart II

Write three complete Write three complete sentences, using the sentences, using the following conjunctions either following conjunctions either at the beginning of the at the beginning of the sentence or in the middle to sentence or in the middle to connect the two clauses.connect the two clauses.

Part IIPart II

1. 1. ifif

2. 2. as long asas long as

3. 3. whilewhile

Part II Part II Answers may varyAnswers may vary

1. 1. ifif


1. You will receive a trophy, 1. You will receive a trophy, if if you win the spelling bee.you win the spelling bee.


1. I would be happy, 1. I would be happy, if if you you were happy living in were happy living in Harmony, California.Harmony, California.


2. 2. as long asas long as


2. My sister will go to the 2. My sister will go to the party, party, as long as as long as she gets she gets good grades.good grades.


2. My mom said I could go 2. My mom said I could go to the party, to the party, as long as as long as I I clean my room.clean my room.


3. 3. whilewhile


3. He will clean the kitchen, 3. He will clean the kitchen, while while my mom cleans the my mom cleans the water closet (WC).water closet (WC).


3. I was mad, 3. I was mad, while while you you were happy.were happy.

Part IIIPart IIIWrite two compound-complex Write two compound-complex sentences. In each sentence sentences. In each sentence use a combination of a use a combination of a coordinating conjunction (and, coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, so) and a subordinating but, or, so) and a subordinating conjunction (if, since, when, conjunction (if, since, when, because, although, after, as).because, although, after, as).

Part III Example:Part III Example:

I usually enjoy going to a I usually enjoy going to a movie, movie, but when but when the person the person sitting behind me kicks my sitting behind me kicks my chair for two hours, I don’t chair for two hours, I don’t have much fun.have much fun.

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