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SentenceStructures & Clauses

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Sanctum English

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Basic Sentence Structures

Structure 1 – Subject – Verb – Adverbial Complement (where? when? how? why?)(SVC(A))

Linking verb is used in such sentences.

Biren is outside the house. I went to the store. Bikram lives in Japan. Ravi reads for pleasure. Pensions will rise in line with inflation. The Handle had fallen off the drawer. I went to the store to buy bread for breakfast this morning. (SVCCC)

(There can be more than one complements)

Structure 2 – Subject – Verb – Subject Complement (SVsC)

Here the liking verb is used. Subject Complement gives the additional informationabout the subject.

John is the president. I am Indian. The weatherman must be wrong about today’s forecast. The result was chaos. He is honest. They are happy. What Sharon forgot to mention was that her husband was the CEO of

Microsoft and makes lot of money, which is why she can afford all of herholidays. (SVsCC)

Structure 3 – Subject – Verb – Direct Object (What? Who? ) (SVO)

The verb in this structure is a transitive verb and takes a direct object.

I want candy. Who painted your house? The earthquake destroyed the city.

Structure 4 – Subject – Verb – Direct Object – Adverbial Complement (SVOC(A))

I put my wallet on the table. I want you to sing.

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Structure 5 – Subject – Verb – Direct Object – Object complement (SVOC(O))

My friends calls me Bunty. The citizens considered the earthquake a disaster.

Structure 6 – Subject – Verb – Indirect Object – Direct Object (SVOO)

She gave Marry a letter. The realtor sold us a money pit.

Exercise – Identify the structures that are used in the followingsentences:-

1. Frank was an old prospector.2. My friends and my family cried too.3. Who went to the movies?4. A birthday comes once a year.5. Reading that book was interesting.6. The Chinese New Year is in February.7. Jerry plays wheelchair basketball on Friday nights.8. I read a book while I’m waiting for the bus.9. The snow drifted across the highway.10.He ate the deer with his own teeth.11. An old cat lived in the mine.12.Melissa has written a letter to her parents today.13.He could not eat the worm.14.The tender leaves give us oxygen.

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Sentence Types and FunctionsWhat is a sentence?

1. A sentence is a complete set of words that conveys meaning. A sentence cancommunicate

a statement (I am studying.) a command (Go away.) an exclamation (I’m so excited!) a question (What time is it?)

2. A sentence is composed of one or more clauses. A clause contains a subject andverb.

Independent and Dependent Clauses

There are two types of clauses: independent clauses and dependent clauses. Asentence contains at least one independent clause and may contain one or moredependent clauses.

1. An independent clause (or main clause) is a complete thought. can stand by itself.

2. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is an incomplete thought. cannot stand by itself. words used – after, as, before, if, though, while, unless, although, because,

even though, since, when, until, whereas

Examples of Independent and Dependent Clauses

Independent clause: When I go to the movies, I usually buy popcorn.

Dependent clause: When I go to the movies, I usually buy popcorn.

Independent clause: I don’t like the ocean because sharks scare me.

Dependent clause: I don’t like the ocean because sharks scare me.

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Different types of sentences:Sentences are divided into four categories: simple sentences, compound sentences,complex sentences, and compound-complex sentences.

1. Simple sentences – one independent clauseDefinition: A simple sentence contains one independent clause.

Examples

Johnny rode his bike to school. Who is your best friend? She ate her lunch, took a walk, and went back to work.

2. Compound Sentences - two independent clauses

Definition: A compound sentence contains two independent clauses. A coordinatingconjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) often links the twoindependent clauses and is preceded by a comma.

Examples:

She wanted to go on vacation, so she saved up her money. I like apples, but my sister loves bananas. Tim loves to read, and he also loves to hike.

3.Complex Sentences – one independent clause + oneor more dependent clause

Definition: A complex sentence will include at least one subordinating conjunction.

Examples:

She went to class even though she was sick. As John was arriving to work, he realized he forgot his lunch. While I enjoy classical music, I prefer rock and roll because I play the

drums.4. Compound- complex sentences : one or more

independent clause + one or more dependent clause

Definition: A compound-complex sentence combines complex sentence andcompound sentence forms.

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Examples:

Although she felt guilty for missing her friend’s birthday, she took her out todinner the next day, and they had a great time.

I try to eat healthy food, but because fast food is so convenient, I cannotmaintain a healthy diet.

If he got the job, he would have to commute 50 miles to work, so he decidedthe job was not worth it.

Exercise:

Label clauses, underline independent clauses once and dependent clauses twice, andindicate whether the sentence is SIMPLE (S), COMPOUND (CO), COMPLEX (CX), orCOMPOUND-COMPLEX (CC).

_____ 1. Sikkim is beautiful, and I would really like to live there.

_____ 2. Most of us already had our reservations.

_____ 3. Insurance companies charge higher rates for teen-age drivers becausethey lack experience.

_____ 4. Although they had no system of money, they bartered for manythings.

_____ 5. He planned to win the contest by practising the piano for six hoursevery day.

_____ 6. When the postman called, Lucky was out, but he collected the parcellater.

_____ 7. Isha was fond of carrots, but Jay preferred cabbage.

_____ 8. Ajay read, Aakash watched television, and Raj did his homework.

_____ 9. The myths that surround Macdonald are many.

_____ 10. The girl who was here is called Ankita.

_____ 11. The men painted and papered all day.

_____ 12. Sid is always tired after a training session, but all athletes who wantto succeed must practise long hours.

_____ 13. Marie and Carol have gone swimming at the old fishing hole near themill.

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_____ 14. Robin’s mother brought him some ice cream, but he was feeling ill ashe had eaten some unripe gooseberries.

_____ 15. I left home early, but because there was so much traffic, I was stilllate for work, and my boss was angry.

_____ 16. Since he had performed so successfully, Vancouver gave him ahero’s welcome.

_____ 17. Harshita likes elephants but I don’t.

_____ 18. Jack, Paul, George, and Simon went to the ballgame.

_____ 19. Everyone laughed, but Anil didn’t think the joke was funny.

_____ 20. I would have been happier and I would not have minded thedifficulty of the work so much, if the pay had not been so poor and if the hourshad not been so long.

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Noun Clauses- It is a dependent clause

- It takes the place of a noun in another clause or phrase

- It acts as the subject or object of a verb or the object of proposition.

- Words that introduces noun clauses – how, if, that, what, when , where, which,

why, who …

- Noun clauses with wh-words are indirect questions. Examples –

I don’t know what he is doing. I wonder how he feels today. Where I put my book is a mystery.

- Noun clause can be used as the following:

-Function Noun/Pronoun Noun Clause

Subject His speech was clear. What he said wasclear.

Direct Object I don’t know hiscontact number .

I don’t know how hecan be reached.

Indirect Object Give her the message. Give whoeveranswers themessage.

Object of a preposition I sent the notice to her. I sent the notice towhoever was.

Predicate/complement noun

That is my plan. That is what I planto do.

Exercises:

Identify each noun clause. Is it used as a subject, a direct object, anindirect object, an object of a preposition, or a predicate noun?

1. You know that the telephone uses electricity.

2. What you say into a phone creates sound waves.

3. An electric current carries the sound to whoever is listening.

4. Basically, this is how a telephone operates.

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5. You can talk to whomever you like and say whatever you think.

6. Campaign workers use whatever helps them.

7. That telephones can be very helpful has been shown in many elections.

8. Who will win the election is what people want to know.

9. Telephoners ask whoever answers a series of questions.

10. Whether a candidate is popular is a vital matter.

11. Another question may be what the major issues are.

12. Voters usually give whoever is calling an answer.

Answers:

1. You know that the telephone uses electricity. (direct object)2. What you say into a phone creates sound waves. (Subject)3. An electric current carries the sound to whoever is listening. (object of apreposition)4. Basically, this is how a telephone operates. (Predicate/ complement noun)5. You can talk to whomever you like and say whatever you think. (object of apreposition, direct object)6. Campaign workers use whatever helps them. (direct object)7. That telephones can be very helpful has been shown in many elections. (Subject)8. Who will win the election is what people want to know. (Subject & Predicate)9. Telephoners ask whoever answers a series of questions. (direct object)10. Whether a candidate is popular is a vital matter. (Subject)11. Another question may be what the major issues are. (Predicate/ complementnoun)12. Voters usually give whoever is calling an answer. (indirect object)

Exercise 2: Select the correct answer a, b, c, d or e :1. I had an accident and took my car to the garage. My husband asked me where________.

a) is my carb) my car wasc) my car isd) was my care) is your car?

2. The old lady next door must have a lot of cats. I don't know how many_______________.

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a) cats does she haveb) does she has catsc) she has catsd) cats she hase) cats has she

3. Do you know ____________ from the earth? I have no idea.

a) how far the moon isb) how far is the moonc) how the moon is fard) if how far the moon ise) whether how is the moon far

4. Your brother is playing his music too loud. I can't hear what ____________ .

a) is saying your brotherb) that your brother is sayingc) is saying your brotherd) your brother is sayinge) your brother says

5. When I left home, my uncle gave me some advice. He said __________ give up.

a) I shouldn'tb) that shouldn'tc) don'td) that I don'te) no

6. Jill didn't want to go to the car show. Her husband insisted that ___________ withhim.

a) she comeb) she camec) she had comed) she comese) she has come

7. My boss wants this report immediately. He demanded that it ______________ readyby 5:00.

a) isb) will bec) bed) wase) should be

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8. Did he tell you where __________ the report when you finish?

a) should you putb) you to putc) you putd) to pute) will you put

9. My friend predicted _____________ receive a lot praise for my work.

a) that I wouldb) that Ic) what would Id) what Ie) that I will

10. My friend saw an accident. He told me ____________ at the scene of the accident.

a) if he'd seenb) what he sawc) what he'd seend) whether he sawe) that he'd seen

Answer: 1. B 2. D 3. A. 4. D 5. A. 6. A. 7. C 8. D 9. A 10. C

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Examples of linking verbs:A linking verb connects the subject with a word that gives information about the subject,

such as a condition or relationship. They do not show any action; but, they link the

subject with the rest of the sentence. For example, in the sentence "They are a problem,"

the word "are" is the linking verb that connects "they" and "problem" to show the

relationship between the two words.

The most common linking verbs are forms of the verb to be: am, is, are, was, were, being,

been.

Here are some examples of linking verbs used in sentences with the linking verbs in bold:

1. William is excited about his promotion.

2. She appears upset about the announcement.

3. The eggs smell rotten.

4. He went red after tripping on the rug.

5. Your plans for the wedding sound nice.

6. You look exhausted after studying all night.

7. I am putty in his hands.

8. Maria might have been more forthcoming with the news.

9. Tom acted nervous when the teacher found the note.

10.The audience fell silent when the conductor walked on stage.

11.Dreams come true when we believe in them.

12.The crowd stayed calm in spite of the imminent threat.

13.All the children seem satisfied with the bouncy castle.

14.Bob felt sleepy after eating the whole pizza.

15.The cinnamon rolls taste heavenly.

16.Building the house proves difficult for them.

17.Anthony has been a dream the last few weeks.

18.The spectators remained silent after the injury on the field.

19.He became suspicious when he saw the safe was open.

20.All the kittens were playful.

21.The theater gets dark when the show is about to begin.

22.Some couples are lucky enough to grow old together.

23. I feel worthy when the boss compliments me.

24.The weather was accommodating and the party continued.

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25.The embers turn ashy as they cool.

26.You are bring very foolish to believe her.

27.Mary waxed nostalgic on her 50th birthday.

28.Your friend might be disappointed if you don’t go.

29.Sometimes, kids act foolish.

30.We are dismayed about the foreclosure.

31.The tests indicate that your child is gifted.

32.Martin is fond of spicy food.

33.Jumping into a pond could be dangerous.

34.Most children get cranky when they are sleepy.

35.After the snowstorm, the roads were slippery.

36.A flaw in the design appeared to be the cause of the collapse.

37.The vegetables in the bin looked disgusting and spoiled.

38.They shall be happy ever after.

39.Riding in a car will be safer with a seat belt.

40.The police department is getting tough on crime.

41.She remains faithful, even though it has been two years since he left.

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