sentence types english-german

7/27/2019 Sentence Types English-German

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Basic Sentence Types

A declarativesB interrogatives

C imperatives

D exclamatives


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Basic Sentence Types

Sentence type Function Speech act

Declarative

convey

information representative

Interrogativerequest

informationdirective

Imperative orders,instructions

directive

Exclamative

express

emotional

stances

expressive


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Declarative sentences

convey information representative speech actbasic word order (SVO)


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Interrogatives

Request for information Two Types:

Yes-No Questions (Polar Questions) /Entscheidungsfragen:

Addressee has to make a decision (Yes or No)

Wh-Questions / Ergnzungsfragen:Addressee is asked particular, additional information


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Interrogatives:Yes-No Questions

English:

Subject-Auxiliary Inversion (auxiliary fronted)

Have you understood this stuff?

Do they study English? (Do inserted) Intonation (Basic Word Order)

You have understood this stuff?They study English?


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German:

Subject-Finite Verb Inversion (front aux ormv)Hast du das Zeug verstanden?aux frontedStudieren sie Englisch? mv fronted

Intonation (Basic Word Order)Du hast das Zeug verstanden?Sie studieren alle Englisch?


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English:

subj-aux inversion

German:

subj-finite verb inversion

Both:

Intonation (Basic Word Order)


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Interrogatives: Wh-questions

English:

interrogative pronoun (Int.Pr.)= subject, genitive attr.

basic word order

What is in the box? (subj.) Who is your teacher? (subj.) Whose suitcase is that? (gen. attr.)


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English:

interrogative pronounsubject, genitive attr.

subj-aux inversion

Where have you been skiing? What did you get for christmas? (did inserted)


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German:

interrogative pronoun= subject, genitive attr.

basic word order (SVO; Satzklammer)

Wer bezahlt die Getrnke? (subj.) Was ist kaputt? (subj.) Wessen Socken haben ein Loch? (gen.attr.)


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German:

interrogative pronounsubject, genitive attr.

subject-finite verb inversion (front aux or mv)

Was (>DO) hast du nicht verstanden? aux fronted Wo (>ADV) befinden sie sich? mv fronted Nach wem suchst du? mv frontedPreposition has to precede interrogative pronoun in German; in English a

dangling prep at the end of the question is possible: Who(m) are you lookingfor?


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Imperatives

English

1. Run!2. Be quiet!3. Take him for a gentleman!Imperatives

do not have an explicit subject generally have a verb in the base form


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German

1. Setz dich!2. Reich mir bitte das Salz!3. Reicht mir bitte das Salz!4. Reichen Sie mir bitte das Salz! in German imperatives there is a difference between

plural and singular that can be seen in the inflected verb

form

in the polite form we have an explicit/overt subject

Imperatives


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Adhortatives

English

1. Lets get started!2. Lets you do it!

The us has lost ist function as a pronoun.

German

1. Lass uns loslegen!


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Exclamatives

exclamatives express the speakers emotionalstance

1. What a nice day weve spent!2. How beautiful you look today!

basically restricted to exclamative utterances introduced by whator

how

3. Isnt she beautiful!4. Girl, do you look sad!

(take the form of polar questions)


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German

1. Wie schn du heute aussiehst!2. Wie gro du geworden bist!3. Hast du dich vielleicht erschrocken!4. Hat das aber wunderbar funktioniert!

Exclamatives


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Verb-first constructions

1. Isshe reading this book again? Yes-no questionAUX S MAINV O

2. Lets stop it! AdhortativeAUX S MAINV O

3. Has the town changed! ExclamativeAUX S MAINV4. Had I known this earlier, I would have helped you.Conditional Clause

AUX S MAINV O

5. Leave me alone! ImperativeMAINV O

Properties:

non-assertive do not describe a factual information in the world


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Particular clauses

Copular clauses Verb-particle constructions Left- and right dislocationCleft-sentences

Resultative constructions


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Copular clauses

1. This building is a school. predicativenominal2. This building is old. predicativeadjective3. It is hot. nonreferentialit4. There is a school. locative/existentialthere(?)German: 1. 4.

5. Das ist ein Auto.6. Das sind meine Zeitschriften. uninflecteddas


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Verb-particle constructions

Intransitive vs. transitive verb-particle constructions

e.g. Alistair put the book away. Bob looked down.

Position of particle:Alistairput the book away . OR: Alistairput away the book.

BUT only: The students think ofthe exam.

Put it off! *Put off it! They think of it!

Position of particles/prepositions in relative clauses:the school I went to the book I put away

the school to which I went *the book away which I put


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Verb-particle constructions

Order of particles:I wrote it down.

I wrote Lucys new telephone numberdown.

I wrote the telephone number from Lucys new London appartment,

which she recently has bought quite cheaply, down.

Length

German:

Separable vs. Inseparable prefixes

Separable: Ich stelle das Geschirrhin.

Inseparable: Martin ber-wacht das Geschehen.


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Left- and right dislocation

constituent of the clause occurs outside the clauseboundaries

advanced (left dislocation)My heart

itMy heart,

clause boundary

Nun ist mein Herz

clause boundary

esnun istMein Herz,

is broken now.

is broken now.

gebrochen.

gebrochen.

emphasize, define topic


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Left- and right dislocation

constituent of the clause occurs outside the clauseboundaries

postponed (right dislocation)What do I need my heart for?

itWhat do I need my heart?for,

clause boundary

jetzt noch?Wofr brauche ich mein Herz

jetzt noch,Wofr brauche ich es mein Herz?

clause boundary

give an afterthought


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Cleft sentence

complex sentence (main clause and subordinateclause) expresses a simple sentence

very common in English, rather seldom in German(flexibility in word order)

nun gebrochen.

is broken now.

is broken now.

Mein Herz

put focus on constituent

My heart

thatmy heartIt is

gebrochen ist.

ist

mein HerzEs ist , das nun


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Resultative construction

verb plus its arguments and additional phrase (APor PP) expresses a result state of the event

expressed by the verb

, so it fallsYou break my heart into pieces.

You break my heart into pieces.

Du brichst mein Herz entzwei.

Du brichst mein Herz entzwei., deshalb ist es


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As-predicative

object includes hidden copular clause

heart-broken man.You see me as a

You see me heart-broken man.. I am a

Sie sehen mich als einen gebrochenen Mann.

Sie sehen mich gebrochener Mann.. Ich bin ein

sentence types english-german

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