sep 2005copy write dennis harding amateur radio (ham radio) technician license (element 2)...

Sep 2005 Copy Write Dennis Harding

Amateur Radio(Ham Radio)

Technician License(Element 2)

Instructor

Dennis Harding (B3)KD7PSV


Agenda for Today• Introductions to Amateur Radio

– Objectives Course Outline Frequently asked questions about Amateur Radio License, Different licenses, and requirements

• Radio Spectrum and Licensing (FCC Rules)– Objectives

Some Fundamentals about Waves Radio Spectrum and How and Why it is regulated

– Band Plans– Emission types

Principles of Amateur Radio Licensing Procedure and Call Sign Allocation Point of communication Station Logs Do’s and Don’t

• Review – group test• Assignments for next week


What we are going to cover.

• Topics Radio Spectrum, Licensing and Methods (09/22) T1,T2,T7A/B– Radio Phenomena (09/29) T2,T3,– Station Licensee and Control Op Duties (10/06) T4,T5– Good Operating Practices, Special Ops (10/13) T6,T9– Basic Electronics (10/20) T7– Good Engineering Practices (10/27) T8– Electrical, Antennas and RF Safety (11/03) T0

• Review/Test– Review/Practice (11/10)– Test (11/17)

• Home Study– Reading Assignments– Home Work– Morse Code


Frequently Asked Questions• What is Amateur Radio?

– Non-commercial / Not for profit– Self Training– Self Policing– Voluntary

• Why is there Amateur Radio– Recognized as a valuable asset during

disasters and emergency.– Advancement of the radio art.– Enhance international good will.– Produces Trained Radio Operators and

Technicians• Who can get an Amateur License?

– Anybody*– No Age Limit – You have to be able to take

the test.• Why should you get an Amateur License?

– Lots of reasons Emergency Communications It Fun New Friends You want to know more about electronics

• Why not just get and FRS radio?– Short Range local communication only– Not monitored for emergencies

• What does it cost to set up a shack?– HT: $50 to $500– Mobile Stations $300 - $1000– Base Stations $300 - $60K+– It’s not the radio, it is the accessories.

• Do I have to learn Morse Code? – Maybe– Not required for Technician– Required for General, Extra and HF privileges

on HF– FCC is reviewing Morse Code Requirement.

Most likely be eliminated next year.• What about the math and theory

– Basic math– You don’t need to be a rocket scientist

• Do I need to be at every class?– No– Questions and Answers on the test are public

domain– Read the book and study.


License Requirements

Element Number

License Class 1 (CW) 2 3 4

Technician X

Technician with Morse Code

X X

General X X X

Amateur Extra X X X X


Examination Topic Distribution Over License Classes

Written Examination Topics

Element 2 –

Technician Class

Element 3 –

General Class

Element 4 –

Extra Class

Pool Exam Pool Exam Pool Exam

Commission’s Rules 112 9 66 6 117 7

Operating Procedures 55 5 66 6 65 5

Radio Wave Propagation 33 3 33 3 37 3

Amateur Radio Practices 44 4 55 5 79 5

Electrical Principles 33 3 22 2 140 9

Circuit Components 22 2 11 1 87 5

Practical Circuits 22 2 11 1 109 7

Signals and Emissions 20 2 22 2 73 4

Antennas and Feed Lines 22 2 44 4 94 5

RF Safety 31 3 55 5 0 0

Total Questions 394 35 385 35 801 50


Question Pool and Question Numbering

• Question Pool– ARRL maintains a pool of questions which are used on the test– Each Question is numbered using the following format: <c><s><g><nn> where

c = License (T – Technician, G – General, E Extra) s = Sub-element g = group nn = question number

– Example – T2B04• Technician Sub-elements

1. FCC Rules – 5 Questions2. Methods of Communication – 2 Questions3. Propagation – 2 Questions4. Station Licensee Duties – 3 Questions5. Control Operator Duties – 3 Questions6. Good Operating Practices – 3 Questions7. Basic Communication Electronics – 3 Questions8. Good Engineering Practice – 6 Questions9. Special Operations – 2 Questions10. Electrical, Antenna Structure and RF Safety


Exam Preparation and Administration

• Test Location – Bothell Stake Center

• Test Date and Time – Nov 17th, Start at 6:30pm – end at 9:00pm

• Study the test questions– Question pool is available to the public– Answers are also available


Certificate of Successful Completion (CSCE)


Federal Communications Commissions Rules

Amateur Radio


T1 - FCC Rules[5 Exam Questions -- 5 Groups]

– T1A Definition/purpose of Amateur Radio Service, Amateur-Satellite Service in places where the FCC regulates these services and elsewhere; Part 97 and FCC regulation of the amateur services; Penalties for unlicensed operation and for violating FCC rules; Prohibited transmissions.

– T1B International aspect of Amateur Radio; International and domestic spectrum allocation; Spectrum sharing; International communications; reciprocal operation.

– T1C All about license grants; Station and operator license grant structure including responsibilities, basic differences; Privileges of the various operator license classes; License grant term; Modifying and renewing license grant; Grace period.

– T1D Qualifying for a license; General eligibility; Purpose of examination; Examination elements; Upgrading operator license class; Element credit; Provision for physical disabilities.

– T1E Amateur station call sign systems including Sequential, Vanity and Special Event; ITU Regions; Call sign formats.


T2 – Methods of Communication[2 Exam Questions -- 2 Groups]

– T2A How Radio Works; Electromagnetic spectrum; Magnetic/Electric Fields; Nature of Radio Waves; Wavelength; Frequency; Velocity; AC Sine wave/Hertz; Audio and Radio frequency.

– T2B Frequency privileges granted to Technician class operators; Amateur service bands; Emission types and designators; Modulation principles; AM/FM/Single sideband/upper-lower, international Morse code (CW), RTTY, packet radio and data emission types; Full quieting.


FCC Part 97

• Title 47 governs all telecommunicatons in the US. There are 301 parts (Part 0-300)

• Part 97 applies to Amateur Radio

• Copy available at: http://www.arrl.org/FandES/field/regulations/rules-reg.html

http://www.arrl.org/FandES/field/regulations/rules-reg.html

http://www.arrl.org/FandES/field/regulations/rules-reg.html


Five Fundamental Purposes of Ham Radio

• 1. Recognition and enhancement of the value of the amateur service to the public as a voluntary noncommercial communication service, particularly with respect to providing emergency communications

• 2. Continuation and extension of the amateur’s proven ability to contribute to the advancement of the radio art.

• 3. Encouragement and improvement of the amateur service through rules which provide for advancing skills in both the communications and technical phases of the art.

• 4. Expansion of the existing reservoir within the amateur radio service of trained operators, technicians, and electronics experts.

• 5. Continuation and extension of the amateur’s unique ability to enhance international goodwill.


International Telegraph Union (ITU) Regions


Some Definitions

• US Ruling Body - FCC rules are defined in Part 97

• Amateur Service – a radio communication service, carried out by authorized individual without pecuniary interest.

• Amateur Operator – A person granted a license for amateur service

• Amateur Station – A station licensed for Amateur Service

• Amateur Space Station – An amateur station over 50KM high

• Interference – unwanted signals

• Points of Communication – Kind of radio station you can communicate with: any amateur station

• Unidentified Communications – communications from an unidentified source


Susan J. Helms, KC7NHZFlight Engineer - ISS


Some Fundamentals

Common Terms


Basic Definitions• Current Types - Direct Current (dc)/Alternating Current (ac)

– Batteries / House current

• Units for Current – ampere (amp/ A)

• Units for Potential – Volts (V)

• Units for Power – Watts (W)

• Characteristics of a AC wave assuming a frequency of 2 Hertz:

Cycle

Amplitude

1 second

Sep 2005 Copy Write Dennis HardingLower Frequency – Longer Wavelength


Wave Terms• Frequency (f) – Rate at which source disturbance

oscillates through one complete cycle (Hertz – Hz sec –1)• Wavelength (λ) – Distance between two identical points

on adjacent waves or distance traveled by wave in one cycle. (Length cm, mm, m)

• Velocity (v) – EM waves travel at speed of light, (v c = 3 x 108 m/s*)

λ = v/f

λ(m) 300/f(MHz)

+a

-a λ

Y

L*v


Propagation Velocity (v)

• Speed of light in free space (c): 3 108 m/s

• In dielectric and plasma the velocity of propagation is lower: air = 2.999565096x108 m/s

r

cv

00029.1air


+a

-a T

Y

t

Wave Terms – Cont.

• Amplitude (a) – Maximum displacement of wave from constant reference value.

• Period (T) – Time to complete one cycle (time, sec)

T = 1/fT = 1/f


Phase (Ф)• Identical Waves shifted

either ahead or behind due to distance separations or time delay.

• Pick one as a reference and determine phase difference or phase shift between the two.

advancedadvancedadvancedadvanced

Phase is measured in either degrees or radians.Phase is measured in either degrees or radians.

radians = (2radians = (2/360/360oo) x ) x degreesdegreesdegrees = (360degrees = (360oo/2/2) x ) x radiansradians 57.357.3oo per per radianradian

Positive phase shift wave is advancedPositive phase shift wave is advancedNegative phase shift wave is retardedNegative phase shift wave is retarded


Callsign Groups

Group A 1x2, 2x1

W1AW, KU7M

Group B 2x2

KK7LK

Group C 1x3

N7WLO

Group D 2x3

KB7PJM

All US Callsigns start with A, K, N or W


Call Districts


Do you need to keep a Log?

• Technically no.

• It’s good to keep a log

• Free logging software “n1mm”


Band Plans

TechnicianTechnician + Morse Code

General ClassExtra Class


2300 2310 2390 2450

1240 1300

902 928

420 430 5 MHz repeater frequency separation (Split) 450

Available North of Line A

222 219-220 MHz used for point-to-point digital links 225

144 600 kHz repeater frequency separation (Split) 148

50 54

No Code Technicians Have All Privileges On The Above Bands


28 28.100 28.300 28.500 29.0 29.7

CW & Data CW &

SSB

21 21.100 21.200 21.450

CW Only7 7.100 7.150 7.300

CW Only3.5 3.675 3.725 4.0

CW Only

Legend

Technician + HF CW

Technician + HF Voice (SSB)Notes

Bolded information appears in question poolTechnician Licensees may use up to 1500 watts PEPTechnician + HF Licensees may use up to 1500 watts PEP and 200 watts PEP on the HF bands


Emission Privileges(modulation)

• Without Morse Code– Single Side Band (SSB)– Amplitude Modulation (AM)– Frequency Modulation

(FM)– Slow Scan Television

(SSTV)– Amateur TV– Digital

RTTY PSK31 PACTOR (I, II,III)

• With Morse Code– Carrier Wave (CW)– Single Side Band (SSB)– Amplitude Modulation (AM)– Frequency Modulation

(FM)– Slow Scan Television

(SSTV)– Amateur TV– Digital

RTTY PSK31 PACTOR (I,II,III)


Amplitude Modulation

An unmodulated RFAn unmodulated RFcarrier wavecarrier wave

A carrier wave AMA carrier wave AMmodulated with amodulated with asimple audio tonesimple audio tone


Amplitude Modulation

An unmodulated RFAn unmodulated RFcarrier requires narrowcarrier requires narrowbandwidthbandwidth

Modulation of the Modulation of the carriercarriercreates sidebands. creates sidebands. ThisThisrequires more requires more bandwidth.bandwidth.Transmitter power is Transmitter power is spread across this spread across this bandwidthbandwidth


AM and SSB

The carrier contains noThe carrier contains noaudio information.audio information.

The sidebands containThe sidebands containduplicate audio duplicate audio informationinformation

By filtering out the carrier and one sideband,By filtering out the carrier and one sideband,we save spectrum and concentrate our RFwe save spectrum and concentrate our RFenergy into a narrower bandwidth. SSB isenergy into a narrower bandwidth. SSB istherefore more efficient.therefore more efficient.


Frequency Modulation

Unmodulated carrier, full Unmodulated carrier, full power at all timespower at all times

Waveform of Waveform of modulating signalmodulating signal

Modulated carrier withModulated carrier withfrequency deviation andfrequency deviation andconstant amplitudeconstant amplitude


Frequency Modulation

• FM transmitters operate at full power at all times, even when you are not talking

• When an FM transmitter over-modulates, the transmitted signal becomes so wide (bandwidth) it may interfere with adjacent channels. This is called over-deviation


PSK31 Digital Mode

Provides VERY EFFICIENT keyboard to keyboard chat capability. PSK31 is not error-corrected.


What amateur do’s and don’t?

• What we can do– Operate an amateur station– Remote Control of Model

Craft – Operate stations in other

countries (reciprocal operating agreements)*

• What we cannot do– Broadcast to the general

public– Use encrypted messages– Broadcast music*– Get Paid for Services*– Malicious Interference– Send False or Deceptive

Signals– Transmit unidentified

communications*– Use obscene language– Use for business*– Communicate with non-

amateur stations*


Frequency Sharing

• A band of frequencies allocated to different services, of the same category, have equal rights to access.

• Goal - Minimize Interference• Categories: Primary and Secondary

– Primary stations are protected from interference– Secondary stations must not cause harmful interference

• Restriction Areas– Military Bases– 70cm Band

No transmission at 420-430MHz above line “A” (50 mi from Canada


FCC Line A

http://www.fcc.gov/oet/info/maps/canline/canline.gif


Group Test


T1A01 Who makes and enforces the rules for the amateur service in the United States?

– A. The Congress of the United States– B. The Federal Communications Commission

(FCC)– C. The Volunteer Examiner Coordinators (VECs)– D. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)


T1A01Who makes and enforces the rules for the amateur service in the United States?

– A. The Congress of the United States

• B. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC)– C. The Volunteer Examiner Coordinators (VECs)– D. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)


T1A02 What are two of the five fundamental purposes for the amateur service in the United States?

– A. To protect historical radio data, and help the public understand radio history

– B. To help foreign countries improve communication and technical skills, and encourage visits from foreign hams

– C. To modernize radio schematic drawings, and increase the pool of electrical drafting people

– D. To increase the number of trained radio operators and electronics experts, and improve international goodwill


T1A02 What are two of the five fundamental purposes for the amateur service in the United States?

– A. To protect historical radio data, and help the public understand radio history

– B. To help foreign countries improve communication and technical skills, and encourage visits from foreign hams

– C. To modernize radio schematic drawings, and increase the pool of electrical drafting people

• D. To increase the number of trained radio operators and electronics experts, and improve international goodwill


T1A06When is the transmission of codes or ciphers allowed to hide the meaning of a message transmitted by

an amateur station?

– A. Only during contests– B. Only during nationally declared emergencies– C. Codes and ciphers may not be used to

obscure the meaning of a message, although there are special exceptions

– D. Only when frequencies above 1280 MHz are used


T1A06When is the transmission of codes or ciphers allowed to hide the meaning of a message transmitted

by an amateur station?

– A. Only during contests– B. Only during nationally declared emergencies

• C. Codes and ciphers may not be used to obscure the meaning of a message, although there are special exceptions– D. Only when frequencies above 1280 MHz are used


T1A11When may an amateur station transmit unidentified communications?

– A. Only during brief tests not meant as messages– B. Only when they do not interfere with others– C. Only when sent from a space station or to

control a model craft– D. Only during two-way or third-party

communications


T1A11When may an amateur station transmit unidentified communications?

– A. Only during brief tests not meant as messages– B. Only when they do not interfere with others

• C. Only when sent from a space station or to control a model craft– D. Only during two-way or third-party communications


T1B01What are the frequency limits of the 6-meter band in ITU Region 2?

– A. 52.0 - 54.5 MHz– B. 50.0 - 54.0 MHz– C. 50.1 - 52.1 MHz– D. 50.0 - 56.0 MHz


T1B01 What are the frequency limits of the 6-meter band in ITU Region 2?

– A. 52.0 - 54.5 MHz

• B. 50.0 - 54.0 MHz– C. 50.1 - 52.1 MHz– D. 50.0 - 56.0 MHz


T1B06What are the frequency limits of the 23-centimeter band in ITU Region 2?

– A. 1260 - 1270 MHz– B. 1240 - 1300 MHz– C. 1270 - 1295 MHz– D. 1240 - 1246 MHz


T1B06 What are the frequency limits of the 23-centimeter band in ITU Region 2?

– A. 1260 - 1270 MHz

• B. 1240 - 1300 MHz– C. 1270 - 1295 MHz– D. 1240 - 1246 MHz


T1C03How soon after you pass the examination elements required for your first Amateur Radio license may you

transmit?

– A. Immediately– B. 30 days after the test date– C. As soon as the FCC grants you a license and

the data appears in the FCC's ULS data base– D. As soon as you receive your license from the

FCC


T1C03 How soon after you pass the examination elements required for your first Amateur Radio license

may you transmit?

– A. Immediately– B. 30 days after the test date

• C. As soon as the FCC grants you a license and the data appears in the FCC's ULS data base– D. As soon as you receive your license from the

FCC


T1D01Who can become an amateur licensee in the US?

– A. Anyone except a representative of a foreign government– B. Only a citizen of the United States– C. Anyone except an employee of the US government– D. Anyone


T1D01Who can become an amateur licensee in the US?

• A. Anyone except a representative of a foreign government– B. Only a citizen of the United States– C. Anyone except an employee of the US government– D. Anyone


T1E02What letters must be used for the first letter in US amateur call signs?

– A. K, N, U and W– B. A, K, N and W– C. A, B, C and D– D. A, N, V and W


T1E02What letters must be used for the first letter in US amateur call signs?

– A. K, N, U and W

• B. A, K, N and W– C. A, B, C and D– D. A, N, V and W


What bands are these frequencies?

• 3.975 MHz _______ meter band

• 21.25 MHz _______ meter band

• 145.21 MHz _______ meter band

• 7,233 kHz _______ meter band

• 28.350 MHz _______ meter band

80/7580/75

1515

22

4040

1010


How is the wavelength of a radio wave How is the wavelength of a radio wave related to its frequency?related to its frequency?


Next Week

• Radio Phenomena– Propagation– Useful Tools

• Home work– Read Chapters 1-3 of “Now You Are Talking!”– Review Questions in sections T1,T2 and

T7A/B– Practice Exam 1


Backup Slides


Current Amateur License Classes and Exam Requirements

License Class Exam Element

Type of examination

Technician Class

2 35-Question, multiple choice written examination. Minimum passing score is 26 questions answered correctly (74%)

General Class 3 35-question, multiple choice written examination. Minimum passing score is 26 questions answered correctly (74%). Also requires passing Element 1 Morse Code.

Extra Class 4 50-question, multiple choice written examination. Minimum passing score is 37 questions answered correctly (74%)

Morse Code* 1 Demonstrate the ability to receive Morse code at a 5 word per minute rate.


Wavelength vs Frequency

• The distance a radio wave travels in one cycle is called wavelength

One WavelengthOne Wavelength

timetime

V+V+

VV--

0V0V

One CycleOne Cycle


300300freq (freq (MHzMHz))Wavelength =Wavelength =

Frequency to Wavelength Conversion

• To convert from frequency to wavelength in meters:

Frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional – as one increases, the other decreases

Longer (wavelength) – Lower (frequency)


ITU Regions


Frequency Band Power Rate

Sp

ace

Wa

ve

s

Sh

ort R

ang

e (L

OS

))30-300 GHz EHF No spec

3-30 GHz SHF No spec

300-3000 MHz UHF .001-1.5 kW 56 kbaud

And up

30-300 MHz VHF .001-1.5 kW 19600 baud

56000 baud

3-30 MHz HF .001-1.5 kW 300 baud

1200 baud

Sky Wave

Long Range

300-3000 kHz MF .001-1.5 kW 75 baud

300 baud

Gro

un

d W

av

es

Ve

ry Lo

ng

R

an

ge

30-300 kHz LF 1.5 kW 75 baud

3-30 kHz VLF 50 baud

3-30 Hz ELF 1-2


28 28.100 28.300 28.500 29.0 29.7

CW & Data

CW & SSB21 21.100 21.200 21.450

CW Only7 7.100 7.150 7.300

CW Only3.5 3.675 3.725 4.0

CW Only

Legend

Technician + HF CW

Technician + HF Voice (SSB)

NotesBolded information appears in question poolTechnician Licensees may use up to 1500 watts PEPTechnician + HF Licensees may use up to 1500 watts PEP and 200 watts PEP on the HF bands

sep 2005copy write dennis harding amateur radio (ham radio) technician license (element 2)...

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