Separations

In chemistry a separation is any process that converts a mixture of substances into two or more distinct products.

Products are enriched mixture constituents or pure constituents.

Separations are carried out based on differences in chemical properties such as size, shape, mass, or chemical affinity between the constituents of a mixture

Adsorption

Centrifugation

Chromatography ◦ Gas

◦ HPLC

Crystallization

Dissolution

Distillation

Drying

Evaporation

Extraction ◦ Liquid-liquid

◦ Solid phase

Filtration

Fractional distillation

Precipitation

Recrystallization

Sublimation

What a Pain?

Slip Sliding Away: Gulf Oil Spill Analysis!

(Too much??) Caffeine in Energy Drinks

Plop Plop, Fizz, Fizz, Oh What A Relief It Is!

Isolating and Identifying unknown over the counter pain medications

The Problem: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has received complaints of allergic reactions to aspirin, Tylenol, and Advil. The FDA has recalled pain medications from suspect manufacturing plants. We will analyze recalled samples to confirm the specific product’s active ingredient.

Hypothesis: We can isolate the active ingredients using extraction and crystallization by evaporating off the solvent. We will then identify the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) by melting point

Isolation and purification of organic compounds ◦ Centrifugation

◦ Crystallization

◦ Dissolution

◦ Evaporation

States of matter, crystalline versus amorphous solids

Determination of melting point

Discussion of pharmaceutical manufacturing

Slip Sliding Away…

Analysis of Gulf Oil Samples

‣ The Problem: BP's Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded in the Gulf of Mexico and leaked millions of gallons of crude oil into the environment. EPA has requested the analysis of beach samples from the coasts of Louisiana and Florida for 2 suspected carcinogenic compounds, Naphthalene and 2-Methylnaphthalene.

‣ Hypothesis: We can analyze the beach samples for

the presence of the desired molecules by gas chromatography. This technique will separate the components and we can then calculate the amount of each contaminant present in the mixture.

Extraction of beach sand for crude oil contaminants naphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene

Separation of these contaminants by gas chromatography

Calculation of the amount of each contaminant in beach sand samples

Define chromatography

Understanding gas chromatography

The Problem : Caffeine is a common ingredient in drinks people use to wake them up or provide energy. Caffeine occurs naturally in coffee but is added to drinks like cola, Red Bull, Monster. While some energy drinks tell you how much caffeine is present, others (including coffee) don’t.

Hypothesis: We can determine the quantity of caffeine in several common drinks including coffee and energy drinks. We first separate it from all the other components in the drink by using HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) then calculate the amount of caffeine present.

Preparation of energy drink sample for testing

Separation of caffeine from other components in energy drinks using HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography)

Determination of the amount of caffeine in the sample

Calculation of the quantity of caffeine in the whole serving of energy drink

Dissolution Rate Studies of OTC Analgesics

The Problem: The everyday aches and pains can often be relieved by painkillers. Before a drug can begin working to relieve pain, it needs to dissolve (go into solution) so that the body can absorb it. Therefore, how fast a drug dissolves (dissolution rate) is important in predicting how fast pain relief is achieved.

Hypothesis: Performing dissolution testing on common OTC analgesic tablets and capsules containing Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Acetaminophen, and Naproxen will allow predictions of which brands will act the fastest in reducing pain.

Study the dissolution rate (how quickly the compound dissolves) of common OTC (over the counter) analgesics (pain relievers)

Use Ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy to analyze the samples

Plot data to produce a dissolution profile

Compare the dissolution profiles to predict which pain reliever work fastest

What a Pain? analgesics

Slip Sliding Away: Gulf Oil Spill Analysis! gc

(Too much??) Caffeine in Energy Drinks: hplc

Plop Plop, Fizz, Fizz, Oh What A Relief It Is! dissolution

Separation experiments: general experiments

Iron in breakfast cereal: iron

Chromatography ◦ Leaf paper chromatography: coffee filter chromatography

◦ Smarties/ Skittles chromatography: candy chromatography

◦ Chromatography chromatography-experiment-4

clean up dirty water water purification

Crystallization ◦ Benzoic acid benzoic acid ,

◦ sugar,

◦ various crystallization exp. crystals acs

For fun ◦ elephants toothpaste toothpaste