sept – 2015 issue – i volume – ivgurukul international multidisciplinary research journal...

GURUKUL INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY

RESEARCH JOURNAL

Quarterly

Sept – 2015 Issue – I Volume – IV

ISSN No. 2394-8426

Managing Editor Chief Editor

Dr. Prakash N. Somalkar Principal, Gurukul Mahavidhyalaya, Nanda.

At. Nanda, Tah. Korpana, Dist. Chandrapur.

Pin – 442917

Mob. No.: +91 94 22 13 7816

Mr. Mohan Hanumantrao Gitte At. Dattapur, Post. Ghatnandur,

Tah. Ambajogai, Dist. Beed.

Pin – 431519

Mob. No.: +91 92 73 75 9904

Email ID’s Website

[email protected] http://gurukuljournal.com/

Gurukul International

Multidisciplinary

Research Journal (GIMRJ)

Page 1

ISSN No. 2394-8426

Sept – 2015 Issue – I, Volume – IV

Quarterly Journal Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No. 2394-8426

Indexed Journal Referred Journal http://www.gurukuljournal.com/

Index

Paper

No. Title Author

Page

No.

1 “Feminine Perspectives in Rabindranath Tagore’s

Writing” Kamalakar Madhukar Tidke 1 - 5

2 भारतीय अथयव�थसमोर�ल आहान आ�ण उपाययोजना – एक

समी�ण

डॉ. शात म. परा�णक 6 - 9

3 eksgksG % ,d fpfdRld vH;kl izk- MkW- fgjkth cuiwjdj 10 - 18

4 vkdk'kok.kh ek/;ekrhy ejkBhdfjrk O;kolkf;d la/kh MkW-ehuk{kh nj.ks 19 - 22

5 ty O;oLFkkiukdfjrk tylk{kjrk MkW- cStq izdk’k lkseydj 23 - 26

6

vacktksxkbZ rkyqD;krhy izkFkfed Lrjkojhy ‘kkys;

O;oLFkkiu lferhph dk;Z & ,d vH;kl

MkW- va/kkjs ,l- th-

fxRrs f=cad xksfoan 27 - 29

7 nksu rstLoh rkjdk % cfg.kkckbZ vkf.k cfg.kkckbZ MkW- lkS- ohjk ekaModj 30 - 38

8 Tkulapkj ek/;eksa es fganh dk vuqiz;ksx 'kkjnk lkgscjko 'ksGds 39 – 43

9 uO;k;qxkrhy vf/kdks"k.kkps Lo#i izk- jkts’k lq/kkdj Mksaxjs 44 – 50

10 lqjs'k HkVkaaph oSf”k’Vîiw.kZ dfork MkW- fgjkth cuiwjdj 51 - 57

11 Effective Learning Through Computer Aided

Instructional Approach Mr Mohan Hanumantrao Gitte 58 - 61

12 4G Technology : A Review and Analysis

Er. Rekha Vyankatrao Phad

(Gitte) 62 - 64

13 ह$रत ब'क यवसाय ा. )शतल नर)सग पर� 65 - 68


Multidisciplinary


Page 1

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



“Feminine Perspectives in Rabindranath Tagore’s Writing”

Kamalakar Madhukar Tidke Ph.D Scholar

Dr. B. A. M. University, Aurangabad.

Abstract:

Rabindranath Tagore is a well known poet, playwright and a storywriter. He is the first

Indian Nobel Laureate for his the finest anthology which is read all over the world and is praised

a lot for its’ spiritual and devotional quality is ‘Gitanjali’. He was born in a very custom oriented

society. Yet by virtue of his upbringing he developed in himself a liberal feminist mindset. Not

exactly like a ‘Feminist’ in the strict sense of the term what he did was to give a dominant voice

to many of his heroines in his works. Within the purview of the family structure, the female

protagonists often rebelled against the male dominance, hegemonic patriarchal structure of the

society. The present paper focuses on the feminine perspectives in the writing of Tagore.

Introduction:

The present paper focuses on the writing of Tagore through feminine perspectives.

Rabindranath Tagore who was born in a very traditional and rigidly custom-oriented society in its

outlook towards woman, was very much influenced by his “sisters”(Deb 26-40)and elder brother

and it was largely for the illuminating impact of Kadambari Devi that Rabindranath’s wayward

genius could reach a stage of fruitfulness even when he was still in his adolescent period. In

London when Rabindranath came to reside in Dr Scott’s family his “earlier observations on

English society and in particular the role and ways of its women, which had been mixed with not

a little irony and caustic comment, now underwent a change and he began genuinely to admire

the charm as well as the strength of character of women brought up in a free society”.(Kripalani

41)This admiration, freely expressed in his letters, ensued a debate about woman-liberation with

the editor of Bharati and the way Rabindranath argued the case for freedom of the women bears

testimony to his liberal feminist stand on the question.

Feminism is, of course, a heterogeneous concept that refers to political, cultural and

economic movements aimed at establishing greater rights, legal protection for women, and / or

women’s liberation. It is also concerned with the representation of women in literature and with

the changing of women’s position in society by freeing her from restraint and developing an

identity away from the aristocrocratic patriarchal social structure. Simone de Beauvoir writes,

“the first time we see a woman take up her pen in defense of her sex” (de Beauvoir 105) was


Multidisciplinary


Page 2

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



Christine de Pizan, who wrote Epitre au Dieu d’Amour(Epistle to the God of Love) in the

fifteenth century and thereafter it developed in three waves – first, in the 19th

and early 20th

centuries, second in the 1960’s and 70’s and third from 1990’s to the present. The idea of third

world feminism criticizes western feminism on the ground that it is ethnocentric and does not

take into account the unique experience of women from third world countries or the existence of

feminism indigenous to third world countries.

That Rabindranath Tagore’s feminism is unique of its kind, not exactly like Western or

‘First World’ feminism and also very much different from ‘Third World’ feminism is

exemplified by his excellent lyrical drama Chitrangada,(translated as Chitra) its original source

being the Mahabharat. Princess Chitra who had been brought up as a boy and trained in the rough

art of the battle-field was plain and rugged to look at and knew no feminine wiles for winning

hearts. She is portrayed by Rabindranath as a contrast to Nora in Ibsen’s A Doll’s House because

while Nora is a rebel woman to leave her husband and home for the sake of woman’s freedom,

Chitra demands from Arjuna equal right to live with him. Thus, when she was primarily refused

by Arjun, humiliated and wounded in the core of her being, her feminist mindset urged her to beg

of Madan, the God of love so that she could equate with Arjun both in status and position. She

begged to Madan as:

“For a single day make me superbly beautiful, as beautiful as was the sudden awakening

of love in my heart. Give me but one day of perfect beauty, and I will answer for the days that

follow.”(qtd. and translated in Kripalani 76).

In the realm of the short stories like “Denapaona” which movingly describes the silent

sufferings of a girl child given in marriage and problems of the dignity of the girl child’s father in

a pre modern society of underdeveloped culture where the place of a woman in her husband’s

family depends solely on his capacity to pay up the dowry he has promised to give, Nirupama,

the child-bride of Rabindranath, raises a revolt and says , “Am I just a moneybag, that I have any

value so long as there is money to help it. No father, you don’t insult me by paying this sum…”

(Tagore 33.vol.vii,qtd. and translated in Mukhopadhyay 269) Among the other stories, “Strir

Patra” is judged as the feminist masterpiece and to substantiate the claim Sanjukta Dasgupta

quotes from Tanika Sarkar a letter of Rabindranath written on May 17, 1941, where in the poet

states, “It’s in my short story ‘Strir Patra’ that I supported the women’s cause for the first

time”.(Sarkar 35 qtd. in Dasgupta 189)Dasgupta aptly observes:


Multidisciplinary


Page 3

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



Indeed the obvious agenda of ‘Strir Patra’ is precisely about eliminating the role model of

beautiful- submissive wife ‘Mejo Bou’ and registering the birth of Mrinal. This metamorphosis

from being a non-entity to a person conscious of her identity does not happen all on a sudden.

Rabindranath constructs a very sensitive narrative in which he systematically records Mrinal’s

response in her own voice that becomes gradually more assured and confident as the text

approaches her decisive resolution not to return to her husband’s house, which never became a

home to her, though she lived there for fifteen years. (Dasgupta 181).

Rabindranath’s ‘Strir Patra’ is often compared with Ibsen’s play A Doll’s House, famous

as a feminist text in which the heroine Nora leaves her husband and home, disgusted with the

way of her living there almost as an outsider and without any authority. In “Strir Patra” Mrinal,

the heroine leaves her house in search of self identity and individuality. Unlike Haimanti, she did

not want to remain at 27, Makhan Baral lane, rather chose to go outside for she has undergone a

pathetic realization of being a non entity in her own house. In utter hopelessness she says:

“I will not return to your 27, Makhan Baral Lane. I have seen Bindu. I have realized

what place women hold in a family, I am no longer in need of that”. (Tagore 783,vol.vii).

The concept of feminist heroine is concretized in the play The Red Oleander through the

figure like Nandini, a young and wilful girl, who fears no one and whose beauty charms

everyone, upsets the patriarchal and male-dominated order of the kingdom of Yakshapuri wailing

under the rule of the king, living behind locked steel doors, literally and symbolically implying

the iron-curtain. She not only made the workers rebellious but lured the king himself out of his

hiding. In the words of Tagore himself, “Nandini, the heroine of the play, has definite features of

an individual person…Nandini is a real woman who knows that wealth and power are maya, and

that the highest expression of life is in love…”.(Tagore 283-285)Nandini is like a lightning that

contains the potential thunder: “I have brought the thunder, I shall strike the golden citadel”.

(Tagore681.vol.6)Thus, in the drama Rabindranath not only represents the role of woman in

bringing about liberation for the toiling mass, but simultaneously makes their representative

Nandini equal in all respects except physical strength with her male counterpart, the demon-king

of the gold-mines.

Rabindranath has examined the question of emancipation of women in his novel Ghare

Baire from a different angle. It shows how Nikhilesh, an educated aristocrat educates and

liberates his wife Bimala from a cloistered existence in the home and encourages her entry into


Multidisciplinary


Page 4

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



the world where she is deceived by an opportunist Sandip in the name of the ideal of political

liberation of the country. At the very outset of the novel when Sandip is restrained under orders

of the Bara Rani by Nanku, her resistance and adherence to conventional norms are superseded

through an appropriation of power by Bimala. But it is interesting to note that Bimala’s

appropriation of power comes from an empowerment which is awarded by her liberal humanist

husband Nikhilesh:

“I would have come into the heart of the outer world and meet reality. Merely going on

with your household duties, living all your life in the world of household conventions and the

drudgery of household tasks, --- you were not made for for that! If we meet, and recognize each

other, in the real world, then only will our love be true.

Subsequently, his arrangement of English education for Bimala, appointment of Miss

Gilby for the purpose and entreating her ‘to be present when he had particular friends to dinner’

are all symptomatic of a desire in his part to promote Bimala’s individuality to his own status.

Unlike Madhusudan in yogayog Nikhilesh represented the classical Indian values of

broadmindedness and high culture and in right tune of his liberal humanist mindset with a view

to translating his own individualistic ideal in Bimala’s life he has not even hesitated to make an

experiment with his own wife Bimala, and has suffered duly in the process. The power relation

discourse in the process of this experiment has made The Home and the World a feminist text.

Conclusion:

The present paper focuses on the writing of Tagore through feminine perspectives. The

heroines in Tagore’s writing are desirous for equal status and their liberation. While concluding

the paper with given references we may say that Tagore’s Feminism in its’ strict sense is for well

being and empowerment of women in Indian society.

Bibliography:

1. Chakrabarti, Santosh. “On the Tradition Trail: A Study of Bimala in The Home and the

World” in Studies on Rabindranath Tagore, ed. M.K.Ray, Vol.11Ch.New Delhi: Atlantic

Publishers, 2004.

2. Dasgupta, Sanjukta. “Breaking Free: Is Rabindranath’s Streer Patra a Feminist Text?” in

Studies on Rabindranath Tagore, ed. M.K.Ray, Vol.11.New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers,

2004.

3. Kripalani, Krishna. Tagore: A Life. New Delhi:National Book Trust,1986 ( 3rd Ed).


Multidisciplinary


Page 5

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



4. Mukherjee, Meenakshi, Book Review of Yagoyog (Nexux), New Delhi: Rupa &Co,

2003.

5. Mukhopadhyay,Amartya.Politics ,Society and Colonialism: An Alternative

Understanding of Tagore’s Responses. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press India Pvt.

Ltd, 2010.

6. Tagore, Rabindranath. “The Visva-Bharati Quarterly”.Oct 1925 [Vol.111, No.111].


Multidisciplinary


Page 6

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



भारतीय अथ*+यव-थसमोर2ल आ+हान आ7ण उपाययोजना – एक समी>ण

डॉ. !शात म. परा7णक

सहा%यक !ा&यापक

(वा7ण'य (वभाग )

ग*कल कला ,वा7ण'य व (व+ान

महा(व,ालय, नादा, ता.कोरपना,

िज.च1पर

गोषवारा :-

भारत हा (वकसनशील दश आह. अनक जात ,पथ व धमा*च लोक एक56त राहत

असल7या या दशातील अथ*+यव-था दखील स9म: -व*पाची आह. जाग;तक<करणा=या या

यगात इतर दशाची अथ*+यव-था डोलायमान होत असताना भारताची अथ*+यव-था मा6

(वकासाकड अ?सर होत आह. परत अस असल तर2 भारता=या अथ*+यव-थसमोर अनक !@न

व आ+हान आहत, 'याना सोड(व7या9शवाय आपला दश (वकासाच परमो=च 9शखर गाठ

शकणार नाह2. योBय उपाययोजना क7यास या सम-या सहज सोडवता यतील.

!-तावना :-

!Dयक दशाच वगEकरण ह Dया दशा=या अथ*+यव-थनसार (व(वध !करात कल जात.

'यादशाची अथ*+यव-था !गत तो दश आFथ*कGHIया (वक9सत, 'या दशाची अथ*+यव-था स9म:

तो दश आFथ*कGHIया (वकसनशील आ7ण 'यादशाची अथ*+यव-था अगद2च कमकवत असत तो

दश आFथ*कGHIया मागासलला Jहणजच अ!गत समजला जातो.

मागील काह2 दशकापासन भारतातील अथ*+यव-थ=या (वकासाचा दर सतत वाढत आह.

याचाच अथ* भारता=या आFथ*क उDपनात व पLरणामत: दरडोई उDपनात सातDयान वाढ होत आह.

याचा सकाराDमक पLरणाम लोकाची जीवनशल2 सधारPयात झाला आह. 'यामळ अ!Dय>पण

(वपणन (वषयक घटकाचा दखील (वकास झाला आह.

उपरोUत माVहतीवWन भारताची अथ*+यव-था Vह !गतीपथावर आह ह सहज ल>ात यत. ह

जर2 खर असल तर2 भारतीय अथ*+यव-थसमोर अनक सम-या आ7ण आ+हान आहत 'याना

सोड(व7या9शवाय आपण जाग;तक<करणा=या या तीX -पधYम&य Vटक शकणार नाह2.

भारतीय अथ*+यव-थसमोर2ल !मख !@न व आ+हान .

१) लोकस[या ;नय56त करण .


Multidisciplinary


Page 7

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



२) औ^योगीकरणाला चालना दण .

३) लोकस[यावाढ आ7ण औ^योFगक (वकास या=या अनपातात समानता आणण .

४) आतरराHa2य (वपणनाला चालना दण .

५) राजको(षय तट भWन काढण.

६) !Dय> व अ!Dय> कर आकाWन दशातील आFथ*क (वषमता दर करण.

७) सामाfय जनतच जीवनमान उचावण.

८) शती(वषयक उ^योगाना चालना दण.

९) (वशष आFथ*क >6(special economic zone )

१०) मVहला व बालक7याणासाठk (वकासाDमक पाऊल उचलण.

११) पातपरवmयावर ;नय6ण ठवण.

१२) रोजगारा=या (व(वध नवनवीन सधीचा शोध घण.

१३) जल9सचना=या (व(वध सोयी उपलnध करण .

१४) नसFग*क ससाधनाचा जा-तीत जा-त उपयोग करण .

१५) कौश7या9भमख व रोजगारा9भमख (व^यापीठ-तर2य अpयासqमात समावश करण.

१६) सशोधनकाय* करPयास !ोDसाहन दPयासाठk (वDतीय अनदान दण .

१७) भारतातील उ=च(व^या(वभ(षत (व^यारrया*ना 9श>ण घत7यानतर (वदशात जाPयाऐवजी

आप7याच दशात योBयवतन दवन सवा दPयास भाग पाडण .

१८) +यावसा;यक व औ^योFगक 9श>ण दणाtया खाजगी आ7ण शाशक<य स-थाचा (वकास

करण .

१९) बाजारपठाचा (वकास करPयास !धाfय दण .

२०) (वपणन सशोधनाच महDव उ^योजकाना माVहत कWन दण .

२१) (वपणन(वषयक घटकाचा (वकास करण बाजारपठ उDपादक व (वqता कu V1त न बनवता

?ाहककu V1त बनवण .

२२) दशा=या सर>साठk अ^यावत असन व नवीन त6+ान (वक9सत करण इDयाद2.

दश(वक9सत असो, (वकसनशील असो vकवा अ(वक9सत असो, !Dयक दशातील अथ*+यव-थवर

नाना(वध !@न असतात. जस आFथ*क, सामािजक, राजन;तक, सर>ाDमक औ^योFगक, +यावसा;यक,

(व9भfन धोरणाDमक इDयाद2 .


Multidisciplinary


Page 8

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



भारत हा (वकसनशील दश असन या दशातील अथ*+यव-थसमोर अनक !@न आह.

परत कोणDयाह2 !@नाला उDतर ह असतच .Dयाच!माण भारता=या अथ*+यव-थसमोर

असल7या या !@नाना दखील अनक उपाययोजना आहत. Dयापक< काह2 उपाययोजना

पढ2ल!माण

१) भारतात लोकस[या मया*Vदत राहावी या हतन जनजागती मोVहम यश-वी करPयासाठk

ठोस पाऊल उचलण.

२ ) मVहला व बालक7याणासाठk अि-तवात असल7या काय^यात सशोधन कWन पनर*चना

करण.

३ ) औ^योFगक (वकासासाठk सरकारन (वशष !यDन करण

४) भारतातील बहस[य जनता Vह त*ण असन उ=च9श>ण घत7यानतर बहताश त*णाना

नामाvकत बहराHa2य कपनीम&य लxपगाराची नौकर2 हवी असत. त*णाची Vह मान9सकता

बदलायला हवी व जा-तीत जा-त त*ण उ^योगाकड वळायला हवत यासाठk सरकारन

(व(वध अनदानाDमक सोयी उपलnध कWन ^यायला ह+यात .

५) काह2 रा'याम&य ख;नज उ^योगाच खाजगीकरण झाल आह. सव* ख;नज उ^योग कu 1

vकवा रा'य सरकार=या ;नय6णाखाल2 असावत अशी +यव-था करण .

६) कौशा7या9भमख व रोजगारा9भमख अpयासqमाचा समावश (व^यापीठातील

अpयासqमात +हावा या साठk सरकारशी सदशवहन करण.

७) (वपणनाचा (वकास कWन (वपणन(वषयक (व(वध रोजगाराचा (वकास करण

८) दशातील पLरि-तथी Vह नहमी बदलत राहत. या बदलDया पLरि-थती सyम अpयास

कWन योBय !णाल2 ;नि@चत करण.

९) दशातील आFथ*क (वषमतची दर2 दर +हावी यासाठk (वशष योजना काया*िfवत करण .

१०) दशातील चलन फगवIयावर ;नय6ण ठवPयासाठk योBय काया*कार2 य6णा काया*िfवत

करण .

११) सशोधनास !ाधाfय दPयासाठk सहयोग करणाtया (व9भfन स-थाची स[या

वाढवPयासाठk (व^यापीठ अनदान आयोगान !यDन करण .

१२) उ^योजकानी योBय ;नयोजन कWन मनHयबळा=या (वकासात योगदान दण .

१३) (वपणनाशी सबFधत घटकाचा (वकास कWन रोजगारा=या सधीचा (वकास करण .

१४) औ^योFगकरण वाढ(वPयासाठk स&या अि-तवात असल7या सधीम&य वाढ करण आ7ण

नवीन उपाययोजनासाठk शासनान !यDन करण.

;नHकष* :-


Multidisciplinary


Page 9

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



आज भारतासार[या (वकसनशील दशासमोर अनक !@न ;नमा*ण झाल आहत. या !@नाना

सोडवPयासाठk सरकार !यDनशील आहच. परत समाजात दखील ‘आप7या दशाची !गती झाल2

पाVहज’, Vह भावना ;नमा*ण होण आव@यक आह, न+ह तस !यDन झाल पाVहज. यासाठk (व(वध

-तरावWन सरकारशी योBय सदशवहन झाल पाVहज. सरकारन दखील जनतच मत जाणन घऊन

सकाराDमक पाउल उचल7यास आप7या दशातील अथ*+यव-थ पढ2ल महततम !@न सटतील व

आFथ*क महासDता बन पाहणारा आपला दश जाग;तक अथ*+यव-थ=या पातळीवर जाग;तक

सघटना, जाग;तक +यापार व मUत अथ*+यव-थ=या बाबतीत इतर राHaासोबत !ती -पध*का=या

*पात समथ*पण उभा राह शकतो.

साराश :-

दश (वक9सत, (वकसनशील vकवा अ(वक9सत असला तर2 Dया दशा=या अथ*+यव-थ=या

(वकासासठk अनक घटक परक असतात. याच अनक घटकापक< एक अDयत महDवाचा घटक Dया

दशातील झालला औ^योगीकरणाचा (वकास होय. कारण औ^यागीकारणाचा (वकास झा7यास

सरकारला (व(वध ख;नज उ^योगाची ;न9म*ती करावी लागत, 'यामळ मोmया !माणात रोजगार

;न9म*ती होत. पLरणामत: जनत=या जीवनमानात सधारणा होत आ7ण (व(वध -व*पात सरकारला

!Dय> आ7ण अ!Dय> करा^वार उDपfन !ा}त होत. या उDपfनाचा उपयोग सरकार (व(वध

!कार=या क7याणकार2 योजना यश-वीपण राब(वPयासाठk कर2त असत.

भारत हा (वकसनशील दश असन या दशातील शकडा ५६% प>ा जा-त जनता त*ण आह.

परत अस असल तर2 या दशासमोर अनक -व*पाच !@न आहत, 'याना सोडवPयाच एक मोठ

आ+हान सरकार पढ उभ आह. या !@नाना सोडवी7या 9शवाय आप7या दशा=या अथ*+यव-थचा

(वकास होण शUय नाह2 आ7ण पLरणामात: जाग;तक महासDतची -व}न ह कवळ -व}नच बनन

राह2ल.

सदभ*?थ

अq . प-तकाच नाव !काशक

१ उ^योजक M .C .E .D औरगाबाद

(नो+हuबर –~डसuबर -२०१० )


Multidisciplinary


Page 10

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



eksgksG % ,d fpfdRld vH;kl izk- MkW- fgjkth cuiwjdj ejkBh foHkkx izeq[k deZohj nknklkgsc nsorGs egkfo|ky; pkeks’khZ ft- xMfpjksyh

xks”kokjk

Lokra«; izkIrhuarj ejkBh lkfgR;kr uO;k laosnuf’kyrsps n’kZu ?kMrs- Lokra«; feGwugh ;k ns’kkpk ek.kwl

vrÌr vkgs- Lokra«;kiwohZ mjk’kh doVkGysY;k loZ LoIukapk Qqyksjk xGwu iMyk- loZ Fkjkrhy ek.kwl vrÌr jkfgyk-

xjhc vf/kd xjhc] Jhear vf/kd Jhear v’kh folaxrh fuekZ.k >kyh- Kkud{kk ok<Y;k r’kkp lektkleksjP;k

leL;kgh ok<Y;k- thou foy{k.k dksykgykus dkBksdkB Hkjysys fnlwu ;srs- ys[kukrhy ,dLoj oSQY;kpk rj nqljk

Loj vk’kspk- Lokra«; izkIrhuarj ,dw.kp laosnuk dsanz gyys- Hkkoukaps cnyysys vf/k”Bku O;Dr dj.kkjs lkfgR;kps uos

:i mn;kyk vkys- ika<jis’kk ejkBh lkfgR;ke/;s fujfujkGîk ?kVdkps lkfgR; ;sÅ ykxY;kuarj ;k lkfgR;kpk vk’k;]

fo”k; vkf.k vfHkO;Drh :< ijaijkauk /kDds ns.kkjh vkf.k loZLoh osxGh gksrh- ;k lkfgR;kr uos vuqHko o uoh Hkk”kk

vkyh- R;kps uos vkf.k osxGsi.k y{kkr ?ksÅu R;kauh osxGÓk ukokus vkiY;k izokgkps leFkZu lq: dsys- ;k osxG;k

izokgkauh vkiY;k ok³~e;kph uoh O;k[;k dsyh- izsj.kk] iz;kstu o Lo:ikph ekaM.kh lq: dsyh- R;kaPkh lHkklaesyus]

fo’ks”kkad] ifjlaokn] la?kVuk vkf.k ‘kk[kk Lkq: >kY;k- R;keqGs ejkBh ok³~e; O;ogkjkr vHkwriwoZ tkxrh >kyh-

dqBYkkgh lkfgR;izokg fuekZ.k gkss.ks gs ftoari.kkps y{k.k vkgs- uO;k izokgkewGs ok³~e;kph maph ok<rs- uO;k ys[kdkaP;k

mRlkgkeqGs vkfnoklh lkfgR;kyk pGoGhps Lo:i izkIr >kys vkgs- ;klanHkkZr êksgksG* gk dforklaxzg izkfrfuf/kd

Bjrks-

izLrkouk

1960 uarj ts lektfHkeq[k dkO;izokg ejkBh dkO;kr vorh.kZ >kys R;kr vkfnoklh dkO;izokg gk mÙkjksÙkj

l’kDr gksr tk.kkjk dkO;izokg vkgs- vkfnoklh dkO;izokg gk lkeqfgd psruspk vfo”dkj dj.kkjk dkO;izokg vkgs- 1960

iwohZP;k dkGkr lkekU;r% ts fo’o fnlys rs ikaa<jis’kk lektkps gksrs- vkfnoklh lekt R;kaP;kiklwu brdk nwj gksrk dh-

R;kP;kcÌypk fopkjgh ejkBh dohP;k eukr vkyk ukgh- R;kauh R;kaph fLFkrhxrhgh d/kh tk.kwu ?ksryh ukgh- vkfnoklh

lektkrhy r:.koxZ f’kdwu iq<s vkY;kuarj vkiY;k fLFkfrxrhdMs R;kauh ikfgys rsOgk ;k vareqZ[krsrwu th tk.kho fuekZ.k

>kyh R;k tkf.kospk vk/kkj eq[;Ros d:u vkfnoklh dforspk gksrk- vkiY;koj >kysY;k vU;k;kfo:/n vki.k usVkus la/k”kZ

dsyk ikfgts gh ;k dforsrwu izdV gks.kkjh tk.kho vkgs- ;k lanHkkZr MkW- fouk;d rqejke Eg.krkr] **O;kid lkekftd Hkku

vkY;keqGs vkfnoklh doh dkghlk vLoLFk >kyk vkgs- lHkksorkyP;k okLrokps m?kMs&ukxMs :i R;kyk fMop.kkjs o

fpMo.kkjs vkgs- lektkrhy vU;k; vR;kpkj ;keqGs R;kpk fo’okl nqHkaxyk vkgs- ‘kks”k.k] fo”kerk] tkrh;rk] /kEkkZa/krk]

lkaiznkf;drk ;kpk R;kyk ohV vkysyk vkgs- Lokra«;] lerk vkf.k U;k; ;k =;hlkBh fonzksg gk ;k dkO;kpk mn~?kks”k vkgs-


Multidisciplinary


Page 11

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



vkfnoklhP;k fodV&foØkG leL;kaph mdy djrkuk gh dfork vk<Grs-**1 rh tk.kho T;k vkfnoklh dohP;k dkO;krwu

izxVrs fryk vki.k vkfnoklh dfork Eg.krks-

izkfrfuf/kd dfork laxzg % *eksgksG*

egkjk”Vªkrhy vkfnoklh dohapk ifgyk ofgyk dkO;laxzg Eg.kts *eksgksG*- *eksgksG* gk vkfnoklh dohapk dfork

laxzg 23 o 24 es 1982 jksth ;orekG ftYákrhy o.kh ;sFks >kysY;k nqlÚ;k vkfnoklh lkfgR; laesyukP;k fufeÙkkus

izfl/n >kyk- ;k dkO; laxzgkps laiknu Hkqtax esJke o izHkw jktxMdj ákauh dsys- rj izLrkouk fyfgyh vkgs usrkth

jktxMdj ;kauh- vkfnoklhapk bfrgkl] laLÑrh] R;kaP;k osnuk] fonzksg ;k loZ fo”k;koj vkfnoklh dohP;k ,dw.k 33 dfork

;k dkO;laxzgkr vkgsr- dkO;laxzgkps Lo:i Li”V djrkuk o lkekftd izsj.kk fo”kn djrkuk jktxMdj Eg.krkr]

**rFkkdfFkr lH; i.k vkØed laLÑrhauh taxykr fiVkGwu ykoysY;k vkfne tekrhP;k VksGÓkauh vkiY;k lkekftd

oSf’k”VÓkaph gGoh [kq.kxkB v’kk dkO;krwu tiyh vkf.k izlaxkuq:i rh O;Dr gksr xsyh] gh vfHkO;fDr vkgs-**2 iq<s rs

Eg.krkr dh] gÓk ns’kkps ns’ki.k igkMklkj[;k Nkrhoj isy.kkÚ;k vkfne lektkP;k fodklkP;k VI;kr vktph vkfnoklh

dfork mHkh vkgs- leLr ‘kksf”kr] fiMhr] nfyr vkf.k d”VdÚ;kaP;k y<Ókr gh dfork m|kP;k fu.kkZ;d ;q/nkph yydkjh

Bjrs-

*eksgksG* gk dkO;kRed vfo”dkj Eg.kts vkfne lektthoukryk mxz vkf.k la?k”kkZdMs ikB fQjfo.kkÚ;k

lektjpusyk m?kM vkOkkgu vkgs- jkukoukrY;k ek.klkaP;k eukeukr isVysY;k o.kO;kps rs dkO;kRed n’kZu R;krwu ?kMrs-

jkukoukrY;k R;kaP;k LoPNanh o fujke; thoukr nk:.k oSQY; isj.kkjh gh HkkaMoyh lektO;oLFkk] ân;kyk fp:u

Vkd.kkjh vkfne thoukph Hk;kud vlgk¸;rk gs lkjs fp= ikgrkuk doh Hkwtax esJke vLoLFk gksÅu *ldkGP;k pgk

lkscr* ;k dforsr mijksf/kd ‘kCnkr cksyrkuk Eg.krkr]

*ldkGpk pgklkscr fu;fer

vkrk jkst vkfnoklhojhy vR;kpkjkP;k ckrE;k

o:M------- dkasMikf[kMh------- dksaM;kaph okMh

vkf.k vkrk banjoYyh--------

fdrh Lor% gksr pkyyks; vkEgh \

dfoP;k lkekftd vLoLFkrsph tk.kho d:u ns.kkjh gh dfork vkgs- vlgk¸; ik[kjk lkj[;k rMQM.kkÚ;k vkfnoklhaps

thou ikgwu dfoeu fonzksgkP;k lehi tkÅ ikgr vkgs- *j.kdanu*]* ^dktO;kaP;k vkHkkGkr* o ^ukxou isVys vkgs* gÓk

R;kaP;kp vk.k[kh dkgh dfork- R;kaph dfork t’kh lans’kokgd vkgs r’kh rh Hkkoh thoukrhy laHkkO; /kksD;kps funkugh

djrs- okLrokyk fHkM.;kps lkeF;Z frP;k Bk;h vkgs- *j.kdanu* ;k dforsr doh Eg.krks]

*i.k xksaM iz/kkukaph FkksVh mrjaM iwoZtkaP;k gkrh fnysyk ‘ksanwj


Multidisciplinary


Page 12

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



^vkf.k vk;Z laLÑrhps egkiwj

brds Hk;kud Mkoisph jLrs

Eg.kwu eh ukdkjrks; vksykaM.;klkBh

vkf.k laLÑrhdj.kkph xksaMl Hkk”kkgh*

vk;Z vuk;kZP;k iznh?kZ la?k’kkZrwu m}Lr >kysY;k HkDde vkfnoklh laLÑrhsps QDr HkXu vo’ks”k ikgwu doh mnkÙk >kyk

vkgs- jkukoukrY;k ekuo leqgkus ijkHkokps ‘kY; lkslwu ‘krdkuq’krds teysyh thou dfoeukyk tk.koys vkgs- gh tk.kho

t’kh lkekftd r’kh lkaLÑfrd Lo:ikphgh vkgs- fla/kq laLÑrhrhy HkDde uxjs vkt fnlr ukghr- Eg.kwu *ukxou isVys

vkgs* gÓk dforsr

*dksBsgh dlk fnlr ukgh eyk igkMh dksIik fyaxks fdaok

R;kaP;k m/oLr x`gkaph uxjs-*

vlk iz’u dohus fopkjysyk vkgs- gÓkp dkO; laxzgkrhy Hkqtaax esJke ;kaph *eksgksG* gh dfork jkukoukrY;k

vkfnoklh o R;kr dq.khgh dsOgkgh ;kos] dsOgkgh yqVkos vlk ‘krdkuq’krdkapk vuqHko vkgs- lkodkj] HkkaMoynkj] btkjsnkj

;kauh outhoukps vktoj eulksDri.ks dsysys ‘kks”k.k dohyk BkÅd vkgs- vkt ek= jkukoukrhy ekuoleqgkps eu isVys

vkgs- izfrdkjkph rkdn R;kaP;k Bk;h fuekZ.k >kyh vkgs- gÓk ifjorZukus dohps fparu dkghls lq[kkoys vkgs- *eksgksG* ;k

dforsr doh Eg.krks]

*dkiwl vkrwup isVr vlrks HkqjHkqj

gs R;kauk ekghr vlkos

Eg.kwu rj rq÷;k vksVhryk dkiwl ikgwu

rs xqipki fu?kwu xsys*

*egkdk; ‘kgj*] ^dkWezsM*] *ckEcs lsUVªyP;k IyWVQkeZoj* vkf.k *eqDdke iksLV iksg.kk* gÓk ;k dfork laxzgkrhy izHkw

jktxMdj ;kaP;k dfork oSQY;xzLr vk;q”;k’kh dohph utj feGrs vkf.k doh vareqZ[k gksÅu tkrks- dkeklkBh o iksVkph

vkx fo>fo.;klkBh nkjksnkj fQj.kkÚ;k NksVÓk eksBÓk thokaps okGoaVh tx.ks doh *egkdk; ‘kgj* ;k dforsr js[kkVrks-

*[ksMÓkrwu vkysys dkeklkBh

?kj ukgh] nkj ukgh] >ksirks QykVQkjeoj lkgsc

gokynkjkauh gkdyya dqB tkoa

ik.kh vkgs

Hkdkl mnkl QkVds ikBh’kh Bsowu

vkysys NksVs NksVs tho

R;kaps cki

egkdk; ‘kgjkr


Multidisciplinary


Page 13

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



fpe.;kxr] vUuklkBh dke ekxrs

ldkG >kyh

lkgsc esgjckuh*

v’kkizdkjs egkdk; ‘kgjkrhy ân;Li’khZ okLro fp=.k dohus ;kfBdk.kh vkiY;kleksj mHks dsys vkgs- vkfne

laLÑrh’kh vlysys vkiys ukrs lkax.;kpk folj vfer xMdjkaauk iMysyk gksrk- gs R;kaP;k *dksyktZ* o *iksVªsZV* ;k

dforko:u tk.kors- osxosxGîk jaxkr jaxysyh ek.kls ikgwu dfoeukyk >kysyh tk.kho *ekWMsy* ;k dforsr fp=dkjh Hkk”ksr

O;Dr djrkuk doh Eg.krkr]

*vkrk jaxysr rqEgh

fuGîk tkaHkGîk] xqykch ds’kjh jaxkus

vkf.k eh

*dyjfFkvjhpk* vH;kl dj.;krp

rqeP;k jaxkrwu osxGk jkghyks

eh Qklw ‘kdyks ukgh jax Lor%yk *

gs usgehis{kk fujkGs vuqHko vkgs- eq[koVs /kkj.k dj.kkÚ;k ek.klkaP;k xnhZr doh vkiY;kyk gok vlysyk

*vWukykWxl* psgjk ‘kks/krks vkgs- vFkkZr gk ‘kks/k ?ks.;kekxs dfoeukyk vlysyh ekuO;kph vfuokj vks< mHkh vkgs-

fo”ke lekt jpuseqGs dohP;k thoukyk vkysyh vodGk frrD;kp izkekf.kdi.ks doh fuydkar dqylaxs ;kauh

vkiY;k *xHkZikr* dforsr ‘kCnc/n dsysyh vkgs-

*QkVD;k yDrjkrqu vks?kM.kkÚ;k ?kkekP;k

‘okl fu’oklkps vFkZ eh Hkksxys vkgsr

vU;k;] vR;kpkjkauh fp?kGysY;k t[kesrqu

okg.kkjs jDrkps ikV eh fiÅu Vkdys vkgsr

[kikVh xsysY;k iksVkrwu mBysY;k Hkwdspk Mksac

fuFkG.kkÚ;k ?kkekus eh ipowu Vkdyk vkgs-*

iq<s tkÅu dohus vkokgukph Hkk”kk lkscrhyk ?ksrysyh vkgs- okLrokph nkgd tk.kho ulysys] lÙkk vkf.k lq[k

gÓkaP;krp /kqan >kysys vkf.k ek.kwldhP;k dssoG oYxuk dj.kkjs ákaph nqfu;k dohP;k frjLdkjkpk fo”k; >kyk vkgs-

lksikunso pkS/kjh Eg.krkr dh] **vkfnoklh lekt gk /kj.khekrspk ifgyk xfgoj vkgs- ‘ksdMks o”kkZpk ouokl R;kauh Hkksxysyk

vkgs vkf.k vktgh gk ouokl laiysyk ukgh- iq<kjysY;k lqlaLÑr vkf.k mPpHkzw yksdkaP;k txkiklwu ‘ksdMks ;kstus nwj

jkukoukr o MksaxjdikÚ;kr R;kaPkk iziap! iziap dlyk\ i'kq ikrGhojps rs ft.ks vkgs-**3 vkf.k R;kauk vls txk;yk Hkkx

ikM.kkÚ;k izfrxkeh ‘kDrh ,doVysY;k! v’kk ifjfLFkrhr vkfnekaps vuks[ks vkf.k vks’kkGysys tx R;kaP;k fparukpk fo”k;

dls gks.kkj\ vkiY;kp nqfu;sr e’kxqy vlysY;k outhoukrhy ckjdkos m”kkfdj.k vk=ke ;kauh vH;klys vkgsr- gÓk


Multidisciplinary


Page 14

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



/kjrhP;k ysdjkaph osnuk letwu ?ks.;kpk izkekf.kd iz;Ru >kyk vlrk rj m”kkfdj.k vk=ke ;kauh *txkiklwu nwj* gÓk

dforsr EgVY;kizek.ks]

**Rkks HkVdrks mUgkikolkrwu

dkVÓk >kqMikrwu------- njhxqgsrwu

txkiklwu nwj-------- dks.krh fn’kk\

rks Fkkacyk vkgs---- txkP;k dMsyk

MksaxjkP;k vkMks’kkyk -------

oYdykus vczw >kdwu-----

fp:Vkpk >qjdk nsr-------

frjdek----- xqy;ky ?ksÅu

>kMhrwu--- ikukikukrwu------- jks[kwu utj

‘kks/khr b”kZsus ------Hk{;kaps ik[kj*

vls vktps vkfnoklh thoukps fp= jkfgys ulrs- fnolHkjkP;k dkCkkMd”Vkuarj vkysyk ‘kh.k ?kkyfo.;klkBh rks Lor%yk

fol:u <ksykP;k rkykoj Qsj /k:u ukprks- vkfne thoukP;k injh vlysyk gk vuqHko vk=kekauh >qatkj ‘kCnkr O;Dr

dsysyk vkgs-

vkfne thoukyk izkIr >kysyh lkekftd voLFkk doh okeu ‘ksGekds ;kauk vlgÓ >kysyh vkgs- vk;kZuh dsysys

vkiY;k vkfne laLÑrhP;k fo/oalkph dohyk tk.k vkgs- lkaLÑfrd la?k”kkZr ijkftr >kysyk vkfniw= vkiY;k laLÑrhyk

mjhiksVh okxohr dlk txyk ákpk izR;; vk.kwu ns.kkjh *eqDrhpk lanHkZ gh dfork] doh Eg.krks]

*rw laLÑrhyk iksVh /k:u

?kqV ?kqV ik.kh ihr

nÚ;krwu] Mksaxjkrwu] dkVsjh fitaÚ;ki;Zar

lgL= osnuk lgu d:u

dGoGwu

rMQMwu

tGtGwu txykl*

vkiY;k cka/kokauk ouokleqDr dj.;kpk dohpk euksn; vkgs- Eg.kwu rks vkokgu djrks- vkf.k R;kaP;k ák vkokgukr loZad”k

Økarhph chts vkgsr- ,d djkjh ladYi vkgs dfoeukpk-

*tUekykl rw dkVsjh fiatÚ;kr

ok<ykl xqykehP;k dkGks[kkr

i.k rqyk ‘kiFk ?ksÅu lkaxrks vkgs-


Multidisciplinary


Page 15

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



e: ns.kkj ukgh rqyk

;k o.kO;kP;k ilkÚ;kr

;sr vkgksr vkEgh

rqÖ;k eqDrhpk lanHkZ ?ksÅu*

izLFkkfirkaP;k Vkdkow Hkwfedspk dohus dsysyk f/kDdkj ikg.;klkBh R;kaph *vk;q”;kyk ewBekrh nsÅu* gh dfork okp.ks

egRokps vkgs

*vja bFk vk;q”; ltokoa ykxra

MksGîkauk ej.kkP;k fn’kk nk[kowu*

;k dforsrhy dohph ‘kCn;kstuk y{k.kh; vkgs

;kp dfork laxzgkr doh ,l-Vh- eMkoh ákauk ouiq=kP;k uSlfxZd thoukpk gsok okVrks- jkukoukrY;k LoSj

ik[kjkaps ft.ks] fulxkZph ‘kkGk] osxGh laLÑrh gh vkfne thoukph [kkl oSf’k”VÓs! fulxkZph gh ysdjs oL=ghu vlyh rjh

R;kauk [kar ukgh- ek= R;kaP;kBk;h eukpk fnynkji.kk vkgs- dohyk gk ^vkiyk ek.kwl* ‘kgjh yksdkis{kk vf/kd laLdkj’khy]

izkekf.kd vkf.k eksdGk okVrks- **fulxZiq=** ;k dforsr doh Eg.krks]

*taxyP;k ik[kjkauk] jku&ou gsph ?kj

‘kgjhP;k Hkkoukauk ;sbZ tk R;kph lj*

;k dforsrhy dohps fparu vkfnoklhaP;k lkaLÑfrd oSHkokph n[ky ?ks.;kr xqarys vlY;kps tk.kors- dohuh R;kauk ^taxyps

jkts* EgVys vkgs vkf.k [kjks[kjp ftoukpk lkaLdfrd bfrgkl riklY;kl dohus fnysys uko leiZd vlY;kpk izR;;

;srks-

*ouoklh tjh rqEgh] vkgk taxyps jkts

oujktkijh R;kojh] vf/klÙkk rqeph xkts *

dohP;k ;k fuosnukrhy lkekftd lqpu ek= y{kkr ?ks.;klkj[ks vkgs- fulxkZP;k lkfu/;kr jeysys R;kaps eu *okjs uO;k

;qxkps* ;k dforsr caM d:u mBys vkgs- ijkHkwr eukso`Ùkhsyk R;kus xnxnk gyowu tkxfoys vkgs- Økarhps ‘kL= izHkkoh okVw

ykx.kkjk doh vkiY;k dforsr Eg.krks]

*xk vkrk Økarhps xk;u

ek.kqldhyk gs vkokgu*

mjk’kh ckGxysys LoIu iw.kZ dj.ks gsp R;kps czhn vkgs- ;klkBh otzklkj[ks eu d:u okVsy rs eksy ns.;kl rks vkt fl/n

>kyk vkgs-

*ck/kk vkdka{kk ân~;k’kh

>xMk vkrk fojks/kdka’kh

tk.kk vkEgh vlw fouk’kh


Multidisciplinary


Page 16

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



gksoks ex Qk’kh-------- *

vlk dohus fu’p;h Lkwj dk<ysyk vkgs-

vkfnoklh doh ifj.kkekph iokZ u djrk Økarhps ‘kL= gksowu tjh mByk vlssy rjh ek= y- lq- jktxMdj ;kauk

fHkrh okVrs] rh QDr fQrqjhph! vkfnoklhaP;k bfrgklkrhy fQrqjhph vusd mnkgj.ks R;kaP;k injh vkgsr- vkfnoklhaP;k

cyk<Ó lkezkT;kyk vkf.k lkekftd ,drsyk lq:ax yko.kkjh fQrqj eukso`Ùkh vtwu u”V >kysyh ukgh- gÓkph [kar R;kauh

*,dp Hkhrh* ;k dforsrwu O;Dr dsyh vkgs- gs lkaxrkuk rs Eg.krkr]

ijtw ns rh ‘kL= lgL=s

HkhM uls R;kph

bFks ek.klk QDr okVrs

Hkhrh ek.klkph

‘kkS;kZ laxs ‘kkS;Z fHkMw ns

[kar uls R;kph

eyk okVrs Hkhrh ,o<h

QDr fQrqjhph

*f’kYidkj* ;k dforsr ek= jktxMdj ;kaph izfrek LoRo ‘kks/k.;kl fl/n >kyh vkgs- ák dforsrqu uos R;kaps Hkku izdVys

vkgs- rs Eg.krkr]

*vo’ks”k eh Lor%ps fo’okr nklnklh

fo'okl iw.kZ ukes Eg.krkr vkfnoklh

vkdYi vklokaps fo”k izk’kquh d/khph\

vk;q”; ika?kjksuh iMyks bFks n/khph*

vkfnoklhaoj vf/kjkT; xktow ikg.kkÚ;k doh ds- ;w- eMkoh *LokFkhZ Hkqrs* Eg.kwu f/kDdkjrkr- vkiY;k ,dVsi.kkcíy

dohyk fo’okl okVr ukgh- dkj.k dks.k dls vkgs gs R;kyk dGwu pwdys vkgs- *,dVkp eh* gÓk dforsrhy dfoeukph

lkekftd voLFkk d’kh leksj vkyh gs y{kkr ;srs-

*psruk ek>hp eyk dks.k dls rs metys

f>jf>jhr iM|kekxs] LokFkhZ Hkqrs fnlyh mHkh*

gh vkfne leqgkph vkarjhd osnuk vkgs- lsosP;k ukok[kkyh vktoj >kysys R;kaps ‘kks”k.k vkrk ek= R;kauk letysys vkgs-

R;kaP;k HkksGsi.kkpk vktoj brjkauh ?ksrysyk Qk;nk ákph R;kauk vkt let vkysyh vkgs- /keZlÙkk vkf.k jktlÙkk ;kaP;k

/kkdkoj ák ouiq=kps vktoj eulksDr ‘kks”ku dsysys vkgs- gh vkfne thoukph vkarfjd osnuk doh vkiY;k dforsr

js[kkVrks-


Multidisciplinary


Page 17

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



fodklkph xaxk vtwugh vkfnoklhaP;k oLR;kai;Zar iksgkspysyh ukgh- v’kh gGgG doh lqHkk”k vkMs gs vkiY;k

*taxykojph oLrh* ák dforsr O;Dr djrkr- vkfnoklhaP;k U;k; gDdklkBh y<.kkjh gh dfork vkgs- vkfnoklh dohe/;s

jpusP;k ckcrhr FkksMh vks<krk.k >kysyh vlyh rjh ,d LrqR; miØe Eg.kwu R;kapk Lohdkjp djkok ykxsy- dkO;jpusP;k

ekU; fud”kkaoj ák dfork rikl.;kis{kk ákrhy lkekftd izsj.kkapk ‘kks/k ?ks.ks vkfnoklh dforsP;k lanHkkZr ;ksX; Bjsy-

*ewG fuoklh*] ôuoklh*] */kjrhph ysdjs*] *fulxZiq=*] *vkj.;d*] v’kk ,d uOgs rj vusd ukokauh vksG[kY;k

tk.kkÚ;k vkfnekaP;k dqGkryk doh Eg.kts ckckjko eMkoh] *vkfnoklhapk Madk* gh jpusP;k n”Vhus eukpk os/k ?ks.kkjh dfork-

bfrgklkpk vfHkeku vl.kkjk gk doh xkaasMo.k] dksGo.k vkf.k fHkyoM gs loZ izkar ;k dohP;k izsj.ksph cyLFkkus vkgsr-

ouoklh ;kaP;k vktP;k nqnZ’kso:u R;kaP;k HkwrdkGkph dYiuk dj.kkÚ;kauk oÚgkMh <axkr dohus QVdkjysyss vkgs]

**vkfnoklh vlyks Eg.kwu

dk; >kya eys

ewG fuoklh dkowu Eg.krsr

ekghr ukgh rwys\**

vkfnoklhapk bfrgkl lkaxwu vkfnoklhauk la?kVhr gks.;kl izsfjr dj.kkjs doh Eg.kts nkeksnj bdikrs- jkukoukr

fo[kqjysY;k vkfnekaph la?k’kDrh iqUgk ,doVyh rj vkfnekaps lkekftd vkf.k lkaLÑfrd lkeF;Z ok<sy vlk dohyk

vkRefo’okl okVrks- T;kauk v{kjvksG[k uOgrh] i.k o”kkZx.krh T;kauh xksaMoukr jkT; dsys R;kaPkk gokyk rs vktP;k

r:.kkauk nsrkr- R;klkBh rs jk.kh nqxkZorh] ohj raVÓkfHkYy] egkdoh okfYedh] fcjlk eqaMk gÓklkj[ks vkfnoklh Økafrohjkapk

ifjp; nsowu R;kaP;kiklwu LQwrhZ ?;k;yk r:.kkauk lkaxrkr- *vkfnoklhauk gkd* ;k dforsr doh Eg.krks]

**igkM taxykr njh[kksjhA ‘kks/kwu dk<k vkrk ,dnk rjh

fnlsy vkfnoklh fdrhrjhA

okpk QksMk R;kauk lkjs feGwuhA lkeF;Z ok<ok;ps vkgs jaA**

dohph gh tk.kho vkfnoklhauk ,dk uO;k ifjorZukdMs ?ksÅu tk.kkjh vkgs-

vkfnoklhaP;k okVîkyk ouokl vkysyk vlyk rjh rks vktoj LokfHkekukusp txyk vkgs- R;kP;krhy >aqtkji.kk

vktgh dk;e vkgs- vlk fo’okl nk[kfo.;kpk iz;Ru *eksgksG* e/kY;k dohauh dsysyk vkgs- êksgksG* ;k dkO; laxzgkcÌy

lkaxrkuk izk- yhyk Hksys ;kauh] **vkfnoklh dohpk ifgyk lkfgfR;d IyWVQkWeZ* vls êksgksG* lac/kh xkSjoksn~xkj dk<ysys

vkgsr-**4 rj ák dforsps Lo:i Li”V djrkuk MkW- v{k; dqekj dkGs Eg.krkr dh] **ijaijkiwtd] /kueÙk lÙkkf/kdkjh

lektkus vkiY;k vk;q”;koj ouoklkph eksgj ykoyh vkgs vls R;kyk okVrs- jkukrhy vkfnoklhaP;k va/kkj oLR;kr LoIukaP;k

‘ksdksVÓk isVr jkfgY;k- i.k xkodqlkP;k vkrhy fu”Bwj lkoY;kauh d/kh gkdp fnyh ukgh- Eg.kwu vkrk rks ouiq=

y<.;klkBh lTt >kyk vkgs- R;kP;k jDrkGysY;k ?kkokrwu fonzksgkps o.kos isVys vkgsr- R;kaP;k eukr ouokl eqDrhps LoIu

fuekZ.k >kys vkgs- ;k nkL;kpk] ;qxku;qxkpk dkGk va/kkj iql.;kph ftí R;kP;kr fuekZ.k >kyh vkgs- vkeP;k t[kekoj ehB

pksG.kkjh oka> laLÑrh ngu djkoh] vk;q”;kph tkr fopkj.kkjh loZ rRoKkus tkGwu HkLe djkoh] vkiY;k thoukrhy va/kkj


Multidisciplinary


Page 18

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



u”V u dj.kkjs vkdk’kfnos fo>okos gh R;kaph euh”kk vkgs-**5 rh egRokph okVrs- dsoG dykRed dkO; jpkoh gh vkfnoklh

dohph izsj.kk ukgh- vkiyh dfork Eg.kts vkfnoklhapk tks la?k”kZ lq: vkgs R;k la?k”kkZrhy ,d gR;kj vkgs v’khp vkgs-

vkiY;kyk dq.kh doh ukgh EgVys rjh pkysy i.k vkiY;k dforsus vkfnoklh cka/kokaP;k eukr la?k”kkZph izsj.kk fuekZ.k >kyh

ikfgts- gh R;kaph izkekf.kd /kMiM vkgs-

fu”d”kZ %

1½ fulxZ izfrekaph eqDr m/kG.k] jkuf’kokjkaps&nÚ;kMksaxjkaps vkf.k rsfFky eqDr thoukps izlUu okrkoj.k ;k dforkauk ykHkys

vkgs-

2½ fulxkZ’kh rknkRE; ikoysY;k ek.klkps vkReHkku] lewgfu”B var%izsj.kk] ekuoh ewY;kapk mn~?kks”k] laLÑrhfu”B Økrhph

/kx/kxrh e’kky] cksyh Hkk”kk] xkSjo’kkyh bfrgkl] thoula?k”kZ] ‘kks”k.k] dqiks”k.k] ‘kklu] u{kyok|kaps Hk; bR;knh ifjizs{;krwwu

R;k vorjY;k vkgsr-

3½ ejkBh dkO;fo’okr ák dfork okLrodkGkr ‘kCnf’kYi Bjr vkgsr- *eksgksG* ;k dforklaxzgkrhy dforkae/kwu

vfHkekukcjkscjp vkfnoklh dohauh vkiY;k nq%fLFkrhps vkf.k ,dw.kp vkiY;k Jekoj tx.kkÚ;k vkfnoklhaP;k lq[knq%[kkph

dgk.kh eq[kjhr dsyh vkgs-

4½ R;kekxs ,dizdkjph Økafrizsj.kk vkgs-

5½ vkfnoklh dfork v|ki tjh ckY;koLFksr txr vkgsr vls okVr vlYks rjh frpk xkHkk vR;ar l’kDr vkgs-

6½ frP;kr dekyhpk izkek.khdi.kk vkgs- ;k dohaph vuqHkwrh m/kkj ml.kokj vk.kysyh ukgh- LokuqHkwrhrwu gÓk dfork izdV

>kY;k vkgsr-

7½ R;krhy izfrekfo’o T;k jkukoukr rs txrkr R;krhy ?kVukaP;k ri’khykrwu fuekZ.k >kys vkgs-

8½ R;keqGsp ,dk osxGÓk uO;k vuqHkwrhfo’okph dfork ejkBhr fuekZ.k gksÅu ejkBh dkO;ok³~e;kr frus vkiY;k

oSf’k”VÓiw.kZrsus vk.k[kh laiUurk vk.kyh vkgs-

lanHkZ xzaFk

¼1½ rqejke] fouk;d] *’krdkrhy vkfnoklh dfork*] gjhoa’k izdk’ku panziqj] izFkeko`Ùkh 2003] i`- Ø- 25

¼2½ jktxMdj] izHkq]& esJke] Hkqtax ¼laik½] *eksgksG* ¼dfork laxzg½ nqljs vkfnoklh lkfgR; laesyu] o.kh es 1982]

izLrk-& izHkq jktxMdj]

¼3½ pkS/kjh] laksikunso] *vkfnoklhaph yksdxhrs*] ^gkdkjk* ¼tqyS&fMlsacj 1983½ vad 4 i`- Ø- 13

¼4½ Hksys] yhyk] *vkfnoklh dohapk ifgyk lkfgfR;d IyWVQkeZ&eksgksG* yksder] ¼lkfgR;t=k& 1982½

¼5½ dkGs] v{k;dqekj] vkfnoklh dfork] *ok³~e;hu izo`Ùkh rRo’kks/k*] izfrek izdk’ku] iq.ks] 2007] i`- 415&416


Multidisciplinary


Page 19

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



vkdk'kok.kh ek/;ekrhy ejkBhdfjrk O;kolkf;d la/kh

MkW-ehuk{kh nj.ks

,l-ch-dkWyst vgsjh

lkjka'k (Abstract)

vktP;k foKku o ra=KkukP;k ;qxkr bysDVªkWfud ek/;ekus leLr fo’o O;kiysys vkgs- vkt uHkksok.kh nqjfp=ok.kh vkf.k lax.kdk}kjs laiq.kZ fo‹okrhy ?kMkeksMhaph ekfgrh vkiY;kp ?kjh clqu izkIr djrk ;srs jkstP;k thoukr vki.k cksyrks R;kizek.ks dls fygk;ps] df=erk] xkafFkdrk ckstMi.kk gs nks”k dls VkGk;ps ;k n”Vhus ljko dsY;kl izlkjek/;ekalkBh ys[ku djrk ;srs Jo.kkP;k lgk¸;kus n`dz izR;; ns.ks ;k xq.kkph uHkksok.khlkBh xjt vlrs ejkBhP;k fo|kF;kZaLkkBh vusd {ks=ke/;s la/kh vkgsr R;kiSdh ,d vkdk’kok.kh gs {ks= vkgs- vkdk’kok.kh gs yksd laidZ lk/k.;kps vfr’k; lqyHk LoLr o lokZauk miyC/k gksm ‘kd.kkjs lk/ku vkgs- vkt uouohu bysDVªkfud ek/;ekauh vkiys izLFk fuekZ.k dsys vlys rjh vkt gh vkdk’kok.kh ;k ek/;ekus vkiyh vckf/krrk dk;e jk[kyh vkgs- vkdk’kok.kh gs ns’kkP;k dkukdksiÚ;kr ekfgrh ikBfo.;kps yksdf’k{k.k ns.;kps izHkkoh ek/;e vkgs- yksdlaLdrh] yksddyk] izknsf’kd Hkk”kkarhy fofo/k okM~e;hu vfo”dkjkaps lao/kZu vkdk’kok.kh}kjs gksr vlrs-

ifjp; (Introduction)

Hkkjrke/;s 23 tqYkS 1927 yk eqacbZ ;sFks ifgys vdk’kok.kh dsanz lq: >kys rsOgkiklwu vktrkxk;r vkdk’kok.khpk izlkj vkf.k izHkko lkrR;kus ok<rkauk fnlrks- vkdk’kok.khoj ‘ksrhfo”k;d dk;Zdze] vk/;kfRed rlsp ‘kS{kf.kd] xzkeh.k] dzhMkfo”k;d] vkjksX; fo”k;d vls ‘kkldh; /kksj.kkapk izlkj dj.kkjs vls fofo/k dk;Zdzekps vk;kstu vkdk’kok.khoj gksr vlrs- vkdk’kok.kh JkO; ek/;e vlY;keqGs rs fuj{kjkai;Zr gh iksgprs dsoG /ouhaP;k lgk¸;kus okijyh tk.kkjh Hkk”kk vkf.k R;kvk/kkjs JksR;kaP;k dYiuk’kDrhyk dsysys vkokgu gs vkdk’kok.khP;k laoknkps izeq[k oSf’k”V vkgs-

‘kks/k (Findings)

vkdk’kok.kh dk;Zdzekps fofo/k izdkj vkgsr- R;kr ckreh i= mn?kks”k.kk] Hkk”k.k] ppkZ] eqyk[kr] ifjlaokn] :id] Jqfrdk vkf.k uHkksukV; gs loZ izdkj vkdk’kok.kho:u lknjdj.;klkBh ejkBhP;k fo|kF;kZauk la/kh miyC/k vkgsr-


Multidisciplinary


Page 20

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



ckrehi= %& vkdk’kok.khPkk mís’k dsoG yksdkaps euksjatu dj.ks gk ukgh rj tuekulki;Zr fofo/k fo”k;kph v|;kor ekfgrh iksgpo.ks gk eq[; mís’k vkgs- vkdk’kok.khojhy izlkj.kkP;k ,d prqFkkZa’k Hkkx ckrehi=kauh O;kiysyk vlrks- ckrehi=kps okpu djrkauk ‘kq/n Hkk”kk o Li”V mPpkj gos vlrkr- R;keqGs ejkBhP;k fo|kF;kZauk vkdk’kok.khoj dke feGq ‘kdrs- ckreh ys[ku dj.;klkBh vkdk’kok.khoj la/kh feGrs-

mn~?kks”kd%& dk;Zdze yksdkai;Zr pkaxY;k i/nrhus iksgpfo.;klkBh pkaxY;k mn~?kks”kdkph vko’;drk vlrs mn?kks”k.ksrwu dks.krk dk;Zdze dks.kR;k dsanzko:u fdrh oktrk izlkfjr gks.kkj vkgs- b- lqpuk JksR;kauk fnyh tkrs- mn~?kks”k.ksrwu rks dk;Zdze dks.krk vkgs- R;kps ys[ku dks.kh dsys vkgs- R;kr dks.kh dks.kh lgHkkx ?ksryk lknjdrkZ dks.k\ bR;knh ekfgrh mn~?kks”k.ksrwu fnyh tkrs-

Hkk”k.k%& Hkk”k.k gs izxr Hkkf”kd dkS’kY; vkgs- O;kogkfjd ejkBh Hkk”kk ;k vH;kldzekr Jo.k & Hkk”k.k & laHkk”k.k & okpu o ys[ku gs pkj ewyHkwr Hkkf”kd dkS’kY;s vkgsr- vkdk’kok.khojhy Hkk”k.kkr uqlrh ekfgrh fygwu pkyr ukgh- rj T;kauk mís’kwu rh ekfgrh lkaxk;ph vkgs- R;kaP;k’kh fe= gks- Hkfxuhuks oxSjs lkj[kh lacks/kus oki:u laokn lk/kk;pk vlrks- R;kr okdizpkj Eg.khpk okij djkok- ykxrks- rlsp cksyhHkk”ksrhy ‘kCn okijkos ykxrkr- ejkBh Hkk”ksP;k fo|kF;kZauk gs dj.ks lgt ’kD; gksrs- rsaOgk ;k {ks=kr dke dj.;kph la/kh R;akuk feGq ‘kdrs-

ppkZ%& vki.k vkdk’kok.kho:u vusd fo”k;kaoj ppkZ ,sdr vlrks- ppkZgh vfr’k; lgt o ftoar Ogk;yk goh- R;kph laxrokj ekaM.kh d:u ?;koh ppkZ Hkjd.kkj ukgh- ;kph dkGth ?;koh-,[kkn;k fo”k;kP;k ppsZps la;kstd Eg.kqu ejkBhP;k fo|kF;kZauk ;k {ks=kr dke djrk ;sbZy-

eqyk[kr%& vkdk’kok.khoj vusd O;DrhaP;k eqyk[krh ?ksrY;k tkrkr- R;kr fdzMk {ks=krhy laca/khr O;Drh lkfgR;d] ikfjrksf”kd izkIr O;Drh vrqyuh; dk;Z dj.kkÚ;k O;Drh] jktdh; lkekthd {ks=krhy O;DrhP;k eqyk[krh ?ksÅu R;kaP;k dk;kZph ekfgrh lokZauk Ogkoh gk mís’k eqyk[kr ?ks.;kpk vlrks- eqyk[krdkj Eg.kqu vkdk’kok.khoj ejkBh Hkk”ksP;k fo|kF;kZauk dke dj.;kph la/kh miyC/k vkgs-

ifjlaokn%& vkdk’kok.kh ojhy ifjlaoknkph Hkk”kk lk/kh ljG lksih vkf.k eq|kyk /k:u vlkoh osGsph e;kZnk vlY;keqGs vkiys fopkj FkksMD;kr izHkkfoi.ks ekaMkos ykxrkr- R;kr la;kstdkph Hkwfedk Qkj egRokph vlrs la;kstd Eg.kqu vkdk’kok.khojhy ;k {ks=kr fo|kF;kZauk dke feGq ‘kdrs-


Multidisciplinary


Page 21

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



tkfgjkrys[ku%& ekykP;k tkfgjkrhcjkscj vkdk’kok.kho:u tutkxrhlkBhgh tkfgjkr dsyh tkrs- mnk%& dqaVqcdY;k.k] gqaMkcGh] ylhdj.k] jk”Vªh; ,dkRerk] oulao/kZu] isVªksycpr b-fo”k;kaojgh tkfgjkr fygwu rh vkdk’kok.khoj izlkfjr dsyh tkrs- ejkBhP;k fo|kF;kZauk tkfgjkr ys[kukP;k {ks=krgh la/kh miyC/k vkgs- rlsp dk;Zdzekps fuosnu dj.;kph la/kh feGrs- vkdk’kok.khoj lkrR;kus lkfgR;hd dk;Zdze gksr vlrkr- R;kr dFkk] dfork] ys[k] ukV; dkancjh :ikr vls dk;Zdze ?ksrY;k tkrkr- ;k {ks=krhy rK vlysY;kauk O;olk;kph la/kh miyC/k gksrs- uoksfnr ukV; ys[kdkauk la/kh feGrs-

:id%& :id Eg.kts T;k dk;Zdzekr Hkk”k.k eqyk[kr ppkZ ukVd dkO;okpu ;k lokZapk ;ksX; rÚgsus leiZd okij dsysyk vlrks- R;kyk :id Eg.krk ;soq ‘kdrs- :idke/;s L=h&iq:”k nks?kkaps vkokt okijys tkrkr- okLrokph iz[kj tk.kho d:u ns.ks gs :idkps mfÌ”Vs vlrs- :idklkBh fuoMysY;k fo”k;kps fofo/kkaxh Kku vlk;yk gos :idkps ys[ku djrkauk ys[kdkus gs ra= voxr dsY;kl vkdk’kok.kh ek?;ekr ejkBhP;k fo|kF;kZayk la/kh izkIr gksow ‘kdrs-

fu”d”kZ%& 1½ ckreh i= & ckreh ys[ku dj.;kdjhrk ejkBhP;k fo|kF;kZauk vkdk’kok.khoj O;olk;kph la/kh miyC/k gksoq ‘kdrs-

2½ mn~?kks”kd%& mn~?kks”k.ksrqu dk;Zdze dsaOgk o fdrh oktrk izlkfjr gks.kkj ;k fo”k;hph ekfgrh n;kp;h vlrs- ;k lkBh Hkk”ksph ‘kq/nrk o Li”V mPpkj ikfgts ;k dfjrk ejkBh ,e-,- >kysY;k fo|kF;kZauk O;olk;kph la/kh feGw ‘kdrs-

3½ Hkk”k.kppkZ%& Jo.k Hkk”k.k laHkk”k.k okpu o ys[ku gs pkj ewyHkwr Hkkf”kd dks’kY;s vkgsr- R;kr okD;izpkj] Eg.khPkk mi;ksx d:u cksyh Hkk”ksrhy ‘kCnkaPkk okij d:u R;kr jaxr vk.kkoh ykxrs ejkBhP;k fo|F;kZayk pkaxys Kku vlrs- R;keqGs R;kauk bFks la/kh feGrs-

4½ eqyk[kr%& eqyk[krdkj Eg.kqu dkekph la/kh feGrs-

5½ ifjlaokn%& la;kstdkph Hkqfedk Qkj egRokph vlrs-

6½ tkfgjkr ys[ku%& tkfgjkr ys[ku QDr ekykphp ulqu lkekftd jk”Vªh; fo”k;kaph gh tkfgjkr n;k;ph vlrs- tkfgjkr gh vR;Yi o ifj.kkedkjd ‘kCn Vkdqu djkoh ykxrs ejkBhP;k fo|kF;kZauk bFks la/kh miYc/k gksoq ‘kdrs-

7½ :idkRed ys[ku%& :idkrqu okLrokph iz[kj tk.kho d:u fnY;k tkrs- bFks ejkBh Hkk”ksP;k fo|kF;kZauk O;olk;kph la/kh miyC/k gksoq ‘kdrs-


Multidisciplinary


Page 22

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



lanHkZ xazFk%&

1½ O;kogkfjd ejkBh y-jk- ukfljkckndj QqMds izdk’ku dksYgkiwj vkBoh vko`rh 2008

2½ ndJkO; ek/;eklkBh ys[ku dks’kY;s & 2 Jh-panzdkar HkkstakG ;’koarjko pOgk.k eqDr fo|kihB ukfld&2008

3½ uHkksok.kh dk;Zdze ra= vkf.k ea= lkS-iq”ik dk.ks

4½ O;kogkfjd ejkBh iq.ks fo|kihB izdk’ku iq.ks

5½ O;olk;kfHkeq[k Hkkf”kd ys[ku dkS’kY; izk-ujsnz ekjokMs


Multidisciplinary


Page 23

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



ty O;oLFkkiukdfjrk tylk{kjrk MkW- cStq izdk’k lkseydj jkT;’kkL= foHkkx izeq[k jkts/keZjko egkfo|ky;] vykiYyh eks-ua- 9422137816 Email : -

[email protected]

xks”kokjk%& tkxrhdhdj.kkps okjs okgw ykxY;kuarj vFkZO;ooLFksP;k loZp {ks=ke/;s cjhp myFkkikyFk >kyh] d”khiz/kku vlysY;k vkiY;k Hkkjr ns’kkr R;kdMsgh y{k fnY;k xsys- ikjaikjhd ‘ksrhyk vk/kqfudrsdMs oGfo.;kpk iz;Ru >kyk vkf.k ‘ksrhps Lo:Ik cnyr xsys- ijarq gk cny vuwdqy vkgs dk;\ gk [kjks[kjp xaHkhj iz’u vkgs- dkj.k ,sdsdkGh lqtyke lqQyke vls Hkkjrkps o.kZu dsys tkr gksrs- dkj.k fulZxkojp vk/kjhr vlyk rjh ikÅl gk fu;fer vkf.k eqcyd iMwu un~;k ;k ckjekgh okgr gksR;k- ‘ksR;k fidqu fid MkSykus Mksyr vlr] ijarq vkt rks dkG jkfgyk ukgh ok<rs vkS|ksfxdj.k ik.;kph vfu;ehrrk ;keqGs ty L=ksr ?kVr pkyys vkgs- ;koj osGhp mik;;kstuk dsyh ukgh rj frljs egk;qn~/k gs ik.;ko:up gksbZy-

;kr nqer ukgh] dkGkph fg xjt vksG[kwu ik.kh okpokos ;klkBh loZp ikrGhoj f’k{k.kkph xjt fuekZ.k >kyh vkgs- fct ‘kCn % tyO;oLFkkiu] fulxZnRRk ikÅl] tutkx`rh ] ‘kkys; vH;kldze ]Ik;kZoj.k larwyu izLrkouk % Hkkjrkr ik.kh eqcyd gksrs rs izkew[;kus ikolkeqGs ikolkG~;kr ik.;kps Hk`i`”Bkoj fuekZ.k >kysys izokg gs ryko] unh] ukys] foghjh bR;knh tyL=ksrkpk Hkwty ikrGh ok<fo.;klkBh mik;ksx gksr vls vkf.k v’kk rÚgsus ikolkOnkjs uSlfxZdfjR;k feGkysys ik.kh ekuokph ok<rh ik.;kph xjt iw.kZ dj.;kdfjrk mi;ksxh vk.kY;k tkr vls- ijarq ekuoh gLr{ksikewGs fdaok ik.;kP;k n:mi;ksxkeqGs gs tyokjs gGwgGw u”V gksr pkyys vkgsr- R;kpkp ifj.kke Eg.kwu itZU; ns[khy vfu;ehr gksr pkyysyk vlwu gh vfu;ehrrk ok<r vkgs- ifj.kkeh fnolsfnol ik.kh lkB~;kr ?kV gksr tkÅu ik.;kpk iz’u xaHkhj gksr pkyyk vkgs- Hkkjr ns’kkrhy ,dw.k 593 ftYgkiSdh fuE;k ftYgke/;s ik.;kph ikrGh toGtoG liq”Vkr vkyh vkgs- ;koj mik;;kstuk Eg.kwu ik.;kph ikrGh okBfo.;klkBh dk; dsys ikghts\ ik.;kpk nqjmi;ksx dlk Fkkcfork ;sbZy\ u”V gksr pkyysys tyL=ksr dls okpfork ;sbZy\ fulZxkus fnysyh vueksy ns.kxh Eg.ktsp ikolkP;k :ikus feGkysys ik.kh lkBork ;sbZy-\ ;k lokZfo”k;h tkxrh fuekZ.k dj.;kph furkar vko’drk vkgs- ;k dfjrk loZ


Multidisciplinary


Page 24

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



Lrjko:u f’k{k.k ns.;kph vkt xjt fuekZ.k >kyh vkgs- ;kr izR;sd O;Drh vxnh NksV~;k iklwu eksB;k i;Zr loZp lgHkkxh gksrhy rsOgkp Hkfo”;krhy ik.;kpk iz’u lksMfork ;sÅ ‘kdrk]s R;klkBh vktiklwup iz;Ru gks.ks xjtsps vkgs- ik.kh lkBfo.;kps dkgh mik;% ik.kh gh drhe ckc ulwu ;klkBh dsoG fulZxkojp voyacwu jkgkos ykx.kkj vkgs- ;kph tk.kho BsoY;kf’kok; ;k n”Vhus ikoys iM.kkj ukghr- ,danfjr ikolkiklwu feG.kkjs ik.kh lkBowu Bso.ks gkp R;koj ,deso mik; gks;] rs iq<hy izek.ks- ik.kh vMok ik.kh ftjok%& ^^ik.kh vMok ik.kh ftjok** fg ;kstuk dsanz’kklu o jkT;’kklu ;kaP;k la;qDr fon~;ekus ik.;kpk ;ksX; fjrhus fupjk dj.;klkBh veykr vk.kU;kr vkyh- ;k ;kstuseqGs ik.;kpk ;ksX; R;k fBdk.kh fupjk dj.;klkBh ik.kh vMok ik.kh ftjok ;k ;kstusOnkjs ns’kkrhy loZ Lrjkrhy yksdkae/;s ;k ek/;ekrqu tutkxrh dj.;kl lkg; gksr vkgs- ok<R;k yksdla[;spk fopkj d:u vki.k ;k ^^ik.kh vMok ik.kh ftjok** ;k;kstuspk vaxhdkj dsyk ikghts- ty la/kkj.k%& tyla/kkj.k ;kyk lk/;k Hkk”ksr tksikluk dj.ks vls EgVys tkrs- vkt vkiY;k ns’kkyk ik.;kpk iz’u HksMlkor vkgs- R;keqGs vkiY;kyk ik.;kpk tks lkBk miyC/k

vkgs R;kph ;ksX;fjR;k tksikluk dj.ks dkGkph xjt vkgs- ^^ty gh thou gS** ;k Eg.khyk vafxdk:u vki.k ik.;kpk ;ksX; R;k fBdkauh okij djkok o ik.;kpk viO;; VkGkok- ikolkP;k ik.;kps fu;kstu%& ikÅl gk dsoG dkgh Bjkohd dyko/khre/;sp iMr vlY;keqGs g;k iM.kkÚ;k ikolkps ;ksX; rÚgsus fu;kstu d:u R;k iM.kkÚ;k ik.;kpk lkBk dj.;kl osxosxGs ts i;kZ; miyC/k vlrkr R;k loZ lalk/kukapk ;ksX; fjrhus okij dj.;kr ;kok- mnk- ‘ksrkojhy ik.kh foghjhdMs fdaok vkiY;k cksjosydMs oGoqu fupjk dj.ks- lkBo.k%& ikÅl gk vkiY;kyk iq.kZ ikolkG~;kr iMrkauk vk<Gr ukgh- ikolkps izek.k iqohZis{kk fnolsafnol deh&deh gksr vkgs v’kk ikolkps ik.kh lkBfo.;klkBh ‘kklu LRkjkojhy T;k ;kstuk vkgsr R;kaph ;ksX; fjrhus vaeyctkouh d:u ^^Fksacs Fksacs rGs


Multidisciplinary


Page 25

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



lkps** g;k Eg.khyk v.kql:u ikolkP;k ,d&,dk Fksackph lkBo.k dj.ks vko’;d vkgs- v’kk ik.;kph lkBo.k dj.;klkBh vkiY;kyk fofo/k ljdkjh LRkjkojhy ;kstuk vlrkr fdaok izdYi vlrkr tls] /kj.ks]rykos]’ksrrGs]flesUV ca/kkjs] ik>j ryko ck/k.ks o ;k rykokrhy fdaok ca/kkÚ;krhy xko lgHkkxkrqu xkG dk<.ks o lkBo.k {kerk ok<fo.ks bR;knh Lo:ikP;k lk/k.kkapk mi;ksx d:u ik.;kph lkB.kwd d: ‘kdrks] ok<R;k yksdla[;spk fopkj djrk gh dkGkph xjt vkgs- lkrR;kus ok<.kkÚ;k yksdla[;sdMs ikgrk ik.kh okij.;kckcr osGhl fuca/kZ ?kkrys rj froz ik.kh VapkbZyk lkeksjs tkos ykx.kkj ukgh- i;kZoj.kkP;k ÚgklkeqGs ikÅl deh iMrks iMysY;k ikolkps ;ksX; fu;kstu d:u tylkBk ok<fous] R;kpk ;ksX; dkVdlfjus okij dj.ks ;koj loZ ‘kS{kf.kd Lrjkoj ikB~;iqLRkdkae/kwup vH;kldzekr lekos’k dsY;kl loZ Lrjkojhy fon~;kF;kZuk lgt tylk{kj djrk ;sÅ ‘kdrs- fofo/k vH;kldzekrqu Hkfo”;krhy ik.kh lkB~;kckcr ‘kS{kf.kd tutkxrh djhr vlrkauk iq<hyizek.ks lq/kkj.kk djrk ;sÅ ‘kdrkr- rkaf=d f’k{k.k% ik.kh okpfo.ks fdaok ;ksX; okij dj.ks Eg.ktsp iquoZkij dj.ks vlsgh Eg.krk ;sbZy- gh r’kh rkaf=d ckc vkgs- dkj.k ,dnk okij dsysY;k ik.;kPkk iquokZij dj.ks gs loZlkekU;kauk ‘kD; gks.kkj ukgh- rs dls djkos ;kckcr lk{kj >kysys fo|kFkhZ gs

lektkrhy brj ?kVdkai;Zr gs Kku iksgpoq ‘kdrkr o R;keqGs ik.;kP;k vfucZa/k okijkoj fu’phrp vadw’k ;sÅ ‘kdrks- efgyklkBh fo’ks”k fo”k;kaph fuehZrh %& vkiY;k f’k{k.kiz.kkyhr vktgh dkgh fo”k; gs [kkl eqyhalkBh vkgsr- ik.;kpk okij gk efgyk oxZ tkLr izek.kkr djrkr R;eqGs ty O;oLFkkiukoj dkgh vH;kldze [kkl eqyhaP;k fo”k;kae/;s lekos’khr dsY;kl eqyhae/;s i;kZ;kus efgykae/;s fuf’prp tkx`rh fuekZ.k gksbZy- ckyf’k{k.k %& f’k{k.kkpk ik;k gk ckyo;krpjksoyk tkrks- ;kp o;kr ik.khokijkcn~ny vkf.k R;kPkk viO;; gks.kkj ukgh vls ckGdMq tj eqykauk feGkys rj R;kaph tM.k?kM.kp ;k i/nrhus gksbZy] rs ik.;kpk tiqu okij djrhy o brjkauk ns[khy ;k ckcrhr tk.kho d:u nsrhy-


Multidisciplinary


Page 26

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



d`”kh vH;kldze %& d`”kh vH;kldzekrqu vk/kqfud ’ksrhps laiq.kZ ra=Kku f’kdfoys tkrs i.k vtqugh ‘ksrhe/;s ik.;kpk okij d’kk i/nrhus djkok dh T;keqGs ik.kh VapkbZoj ekr djrk ;sbZy ;kpk lekos’k >kysyk ukgh- ifj.kkeh xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy ik.kh VapkbZeqGs fidkaps izek.kp deh >kkysys vkgs- ;koj fuf’prp ekr d:u uoufou ‘kks/kkaOnkjs dehr deh ik.;kp Hkjiqj mRiknu ?ks.kkÚ;k fidkapkgh ‘kks/k ykork ;sbZy- okf.kT; f’k{k.k %& okf.kT; f’k{k.k Eg.kts vFkZO;oLFkspk d.kk gks;-loZp vkFkhZd ckchapk m|ksx/kan~;klg o ‘ksrh fodklklg okf.kT; f’k{k.kkr lekos’k gksrks- R;keqGs okf.kT; f’k{k.kkr T;k fofo/k fo”k;kpk lekos’k vkgs R;kr tyO;oLFkkiu gh uohu ‘kk[kkp lq: Ogk;yk goh- R;krqu uSlfxZd ikolkP;k ik.;kps ;ksX; O;oLFkkiu dls djrk ;sbZy ;koj vk/kkjhr vH;kldzekr ik.;kpk laiw.kZ okij dehr deh dlk djrk ;sbZy ;koj tksj vlkok- fu”d”kZ%& Hkkjrklkj[;k df”kiz/kku ns’kkr 74% ik.kh ‘ksrhlkBh 18% ik.kh fotfufeZrhlkBh o brj mn;ksx/kan;klkBhp QDr 8% ik.kh ?kjxqrh mi;ksxklkBh okijys tkrs- fulxZnRRk ik.;kph lokZuk xjt vkgs- Loa;izsj.ksus ik.kh cpr pGoGhr dke dj.kkÚ;kauk vki.k tylk{kj Eg.kw ‘kdrks- rsp ukxfjd iq<kdkj ?ksÅu ik.kh cprhr

dke djhr vkgs- i;kZoj.kkP;k ÚgklkeqGs deh >kysyk ikÅl] iMysY;k ikolkps ;ksX; fu;kstu d:u] tylkBk ok<fous R;kpk ;ksX; dkVdljhus okij dj.ks ;klkBh fofo/k izHkkoh mik;;kstukalkscrp ‘kS{kf.kd LRkjkoj vH;kldzekOnkjs tkxrh fuekZ.k dsY;kl gs dk;Z vf/kd izHkkoh gksÅ ‘kdsy- lanHkZ%&

1½ nSfud orZekui= ns’kksUUkrh fnukad 12@03@2015] egkjk”Vªkr loZd”k tyfurh Bjfo.;kph xjt] Jh- fc- fV- ns’keq[k ;kapk ys[k-

2½ Keller A.J., Integrated water resource systems: Theory & Policy

3) Frederiksen H.D. & Perry C., Needs & Priorities in water related

Research

4) Bhuiyan S.I., Improving water use efficiency


Multidisciplinary


Page 27

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



vacktksxkbZ rkyqD;krhy izkFkfed Lrjkojhy ‘kkys; O;oLFkkiu lferhph dk;Z & ,d vH;kl

ekxZn’kZd la’kks/kd

MkW- va/kkjs ,l- th- fxRrs f=cad xksfoan midqylfpo] Lok-jk-rh-e-fo|kihB] ukansM izLrkouk

dsanz’kklukus lgk rs pkSnk o;ksxVkrhy loZ ckydkauk eksQr o lDrhps f’k{k.k ns.kkjk

vf/kfu;e ykxw dsyk ;k vf/kfu;ekrhy Hkkx pkj dye 21 uqlkj izR;sd ‘kkGse/;s ‘kkGk

O;oLFkkiu lferhph LFkkiuk dj.ks vfuok;Z dj.;kr vkys- izkFkfed ‘kkGsr pky.kkÚ;k

dkedktkoj lafu;a=.k Bso.;kdfjrk fouk vuqnkfur ‘kkGk oxGrk moZfjr loZ ‘kkGke/;s ‘kkGk

O;oLFkkiu lferhLFkkiu dj.ks ca/kudkjd vkgs ;k lferh e/;s 75% lnL; ‘kkGsP;k

fo|kF;kZaps ikyd vlrhy moZfjr 25% lnL;ke/;s LFkkfud izkf/kdj.kkpk ,d ‘kkGsP;k

f’k{kdkauh fuoMysyk ,d f’k{kd] ikydkauh fuoMysyk ,d o LFkkfud f’k{k.k fdaok cky

fodklrTKkaph fuoM dj.;kr ;srs ‘kkGsPks ew[;k/;kid gs lferhps infl/n lfpo Eg.kwu dke

ikgrkr- ‘kkys; O;oLFkkiu lferh nj nksu o”kkZa uarj iquxZfBr djrkr- ‘kkys; O;oLFkkiu

lferh ‘kkGsyk pkaxY;k izdkjs lgdk;Z d:u ‘kkGsP;k fodklkr egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk ctkorkr-

la’kks/kukph mfn”V~;s

1- vkacktkxkbZ rkyqD;kr ftYgk ifj”kn ‘kkGsr dk;Zjr vlukÚ;k ‘kkys; O;oLFkkiu

lfeR;kafo”k;h ekfgrh ?ks.ks-

2- ‘kkys; O;oLFkkiu lfeR;k ‘kkGsr djr vlysY;k dk;kZpk ‘kks/k ?ks.ks-


Multidisciplinary


Page 28

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



la’kks/kukph xjt

izkFkfed ‘kkGsr ‘kkys; O;oLFkkiu lfeR;k dk;Zrj vkgsr- ‘kkys; O;oLFkkiu lfeR;k

‘kkGsph xq.koRrk ok<o.;klkBh dk;Zdjrkr- fo|kF;kZaP;k vMp.kh lksMo.;klkBh f’k{kdkauk

enr djrkr Eg.kwu R;kauh dsysY;k dk;kZoj la’kks/ku gks.ks xjtsps vkgs-

la’kks/kukps egRo

‘kkGsrhy O;oLFkkiu lferh fo”k;h ekfgrh feGsy ‘kkGsr O;oLFkkiu lfeR;k dks.krh

dk;Z djrkr ;k fo”k;h lfoLrj ekfgrh feGsy gh ekfgrh brj ‘kkGkalkBh izsj.kknk;h Bjsy-

la’kks/ku i/nrh

izLrqr la’kks/kuklkBh losZ{k.k la’kks/ku i/nrhpk okij dsysyk vkgs-

la’kks/ku U;kn’kZ

izLrqr la’kks/kuklkBh ftYgk ifj”kn izkFkfed ‘kkGsrhy 20 ‘kkys; O;oLFkkiu lfeR;kaph

fuoM lqxe ;kn`fPNd i/nrhus dsysyh vkgs-

la’kks/ku lk/kus

izLrqr la’kks/kuklkBh eqyk[kr o iz’ukoyh ;k lk/kukapk okij la’kks/kuklkBh dysyk vkgs-

lkaf[;fd; ifjek.ks

izLrqr la’kks/kukr ekfgrhps fo’ys”k.k o vFkZfuoZpulkBh vkys[k] rDrs] ‘ksdMsokjh ;k

lka[;fd; ifjek.kkpk okij dsysyk vkgs-

la’kks/ku fu”d”kZ

1- ‘kkys; O;oLFkkiu lferh ‘kkGsP;k dkedktkps lafu;a=.k djrs-

2- ‘kkGsl izkIr gks.kkÚ;k fu/khP;k fofu;ksxkoj fu;a=.k Bsors-

3- fo|kF;kZaps gDd o f’k{kdkaps drZO; ;kpk ikBiqjkok djrs-

4- fo|kF;kZaph iVuksanuh o mifLFkrh 100% jkghy ;k lkBh n{krk ?ksrs-


Multidisciplinary


Page 29

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



5- ‘kkGk cg; eqykauk f’k{k.kkP;k eq[; izokgkr vku.;klkBh iz;Ru djrs-

6- ‘kkGsrhy e/;kUg Hkkstu dk;Zdzekps lfu;a=.k djrs-

7- ‘kkys; fodkl ;kstuk r;kj d:u R;k ojhy [kpkZps lfua;=.k djrs-

8- ‘kkGspk x.kos’k Bjo.;klkBh enr djrs-

9- ‘kS{kf.kd xq.koRRkk ok<hlkBh dke djrs-

10- LusglaEesyu] lg’kkys; mide] jkco.;klkBh ‘kkGsl enr djrs-

lanHkZ xzaFk lwph

1- f’k{k.kkrhy uos fopkj izokg lg’kkys; midze ¼1990½ ;’koarjko pOgk.k egkjk”Vª

eqDr fo|kihB] ukf’kd-

2- ns’kikaMs d`- i- ¼1990½ f’k{kdkalkBh lg’kkys; midze lap ifgyk] iw.ks-

3- ikjluhl u- jk- ¼2009½ f’k{kdkaps izf’k{k.k] fuR;uqru izdk’ku iw.ks-

4- xktjs] fpV.khl] ikVhy ¼2006½ fuR;uqru izdk’ku iq.ks-

5- osclkbZM-

6- oRri=s-


Multidisciplinary


Page 30

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



nksu rstLoh rkjdk % cfg.kkckbZ vkf.k cfg.kkckbZ MkW- lkS- ohjk ekaModj lgk;d izk/;kid] bafnjk egkfo|ky;] dGac] ft- ;orekG b esy %[email protected] Hkze.k/ouh 9403014885

xks”kokjk & ^vjs lalkj lalkj] tlk rok pqY;koj* Eg.kr lksI;k] jlkG Hkk”ksr thoukps rRRoKku lkax.kkÚ;k cfg.kkckbZ

pkS/kjhaps uko ekghr ukgh] vlk ,dgh vH;kld egkjk"Vªkr lkiM.kkj ukgh vkf.k ^Kkunsos jfpyk ik;k] rqdk >kykls

dGl* ák okjdjh laiznk;kP;k izoklkpk vHkax jp.kkÚ;k lar cfg.kkckbZaps uko lar ok³~e;kr vR;ar vknjkus ?ksrys tkrs] ;kph tk.kho ul.kkjk okpdgh dqBs vk<G.kkj ukgh- rjhgh lar cfg.kkckbZ vkf.k fulxZdU;k cfg.kkckbZ ák

osxosxGîkk vkgsr] gs Qkj deh yksdkauk ekghr vkgs- lrjkO;k 'krdkr lar rqdkjkekaP;k f'k";k Eg.kwu vksG[kY;k tk.kkÚ;k lar cfg.kkckbZaP;k ckcrhr vusd peRdkfjd dFkk izfl) vkgsr- 'kds 1557 e/;s tUeysY;k lar

cfg.kkckbZauh vkiys rsjk tUe iq=kyk dFku dsys gksrs vkf.k 'kds 1622 e/;s iwoZdYiuk nsÅu nsg Bsoyk- fulxZdU;k cfg.kkckbZ pkS/kjh ;kapk tUe b-l- 1880 e/;s ukxiapehyk >kyk vkf.k 1951 lkyh 3 fMlsacjyk fouksckaph xhrkbZ

Jo.k djhr vlrkuk R;kauh izk.k R;kxyk- nksUgh dof;=hapk dky[kaM] ik'oZHkweh] ifjfLFkrh iw.kZr% osxGh vlyh rjh vykSfdd vuqHkwrheqGs R;kaP;kr

dkghls lkE; vk<Grs- R;kaP;k d”Ve; pfj=kaph ik’oZHkweh] R;koj R;kauh xkBysyh vk/;kfRed maph] lalkjkpk xkMk vks<rkuk R;krwup vkiyk vkuan ‘kks/k.ks] thoukP;k ikmyokVsojps vkiys vuqHko dkO;krwu fVi.ks] lk/;k lalkjh

fL=;kaps gs vuqHko jfldkauk vuqiE; vlk dkO;kuan ns.kkjs vl.ks v’kk vusd xks”Vh R;kaP;k ckcrhr leku vkgsr- Eg.kwup lkfgR;uHkkr ;k nksu rstLoh rkjdk vktgh vkiY;k rstkus rGir vkgsr-

cht’kCn & dfork] L=h] vk/;kRe] d”V] dkO;lkSn;Z

izLrkouk & vikj d”V d:u Lor%P;k cGkoj larizHkkoGhr egRRokps LFkku izkIr dj.kkÚ;k cfg.kkckbZaps thou vusd

jgL;kauh Hkjysys vlwugh vkn’kZor vkgs- cfg.kkckbZauh ekuoh thoukP;kp uOgs rj l"VhP;k fofo/k d{kkauk Li'kZ dsyk vkgs- ekuoh thoukrys vkf.k ikjekfFkZd thoukrys fdrhrjh vuqHko cfg.kkckbZaP;k dforkaps fo"k; >kys vkgsr- ykSfdd vuqHko] vykSfdd vuqHko v'kk nksUgh izdkjkar cfg.kkckbZaph dfork vk'k;c) >kysyh vkgs- ykSfdd vuqHkokr ekuoh thoukrhy lR;kuqHkwrhpk 'kks/k ?ks.;kpk iz;Ru cfg.kkckbZauh dsyk vkgs] rj vykSfdd vuqHkokr ikjekfFkZd lR;kuqHkqrhpk 'kks/k ?ksryk vkgs-

dohgh tUekyk ;kok ykxrks vkf.k dforkgh- ok³~e;kpk izkjaHkfcanw dfork gkp vkgs] ákr nqer ukgh- HkY;k HkY;k fnXxtkaP;k dfork tsOgk lexz egkjk"Vªkyk HkqjG ?kkyr gksR;k] lar] iar] rar jpukaps vkn'kZ dikGkoj fpdVowu dfork izloyh tkr gksrh vkf.k ejkBh lkjLorkr ntsZnkj Eg.kwu ok[kk.kY;k tkr gksrh] R;kp osGh [kkuns'kkrhy tGxkokr jkg.kkÚ;k ,dk 'ksrdjh dqVqackrhy ,d vMk.kh L=h vkiY;koj dkslG.kkÚ;k izR;sd ladVkapk lkeuk djhr] 'ksrkr jkcrkuk fdaok tkR;koj nGrkuk lalkjkph xk.kh xkr gksrh- dkGîkk'kkj Hkwehr jlj'khr vadqjklkj[kh rh #tyh] ok<yh vkf.k R;k Hkwehph xk.kh frus xk;yh- v{kjkpkgh xa/k ulysY;k ;k L=hus ekSfyd vkf.k vk'k;?ku vls dkO; egkjk"Vªkyk fnys- thoukps rRRoKku dq.khgh ifgys lkafxrys ulsy brD;k lksI;k Hkk"ksr lkax.kkÚ;k ;k egku dof;=hps uko gksrs & cfg.kkckbZ pkS/kjh- ;k nks?khaP;k thoupfj=klkscrp R;kaP;k dkO;fo”okpk vk<kok ?ks.;kpk iz;Ru ;k ys[kkn~okjs dj.;kr vkyk vkgs-


Multidisciplinary


Page 31

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



lar cfg.kkckbZ ;kaps ykSfdd pfj=% cfg.kkckbZaps pfj= Eg.kts rRdkyhu L=hthoukpk vkjlkp gks;- cfg.kkckbZaP;k pfj=kr R;kaP;k lk/kdkoLFksP;k

ekxkZr vMp.khp tkLr vkysY;k fnlrkr- ,d lkekU; eqyxh vkiyh HkDrhph mRdV bPNkgh iw.kZ d: 'kdr ukgh- R;kdfjrk fryk vkIrkadMwu] lektkdMwu Qkj eksBk fojks/k lgu djkok ykxrks- ek= gk fojks/k vkf.k =kl lgu djhr] fojks/kkpk lkeuk djhr v[ksj vkiY;k bfPNr LFkGh iksp.kkÚ;k cfg.kkckbZaP;k O;fDreRRokpk fot; >kysyk fnlrks- cfg.kkckbZapk tUe nsoxko ;k xkoh ‘ds 1550 Eg.ktsp b-l- 1628 lkyh >kyk- oktlus;h ‘kk[ksps ;tqosZnh; czk„.k vlysY;k ekrk tkudh o firk vkÅth dqGd.khZ ;kaP;k ?kjh gs dU;kjRu tUekyk vkys- cfg.kkckbZaP;k O;fDreRRokP;k fofo/k iSywaoj utj Vkdrkuk y{kkr ;srs dh] R;k vkysY;k ifjfLFkrhyk vkiys u'khc ekuwu rh ifjfLFkrh fuHkkowu us.kkÚ;k ,d L=h vkgsr- R;kapk fookg o;kP;k frlÚ;k o"khZp >kyk- R;k dkGkrhy pkyhjhrh ikgrk gs cjkscj vlsygh( ijarq R;kapk fookg ,dk rhl o"khZ; fctojk'kh >kysyk vkgs- cfg.kkckbZaps gs o; Eg.kts u dG.kkjs o; gks;( ijarq iq<sgh ;k izdkjkcíy R;k dqByhgh rØkj djrkuk fnlr ukghr fdaok R;kaP;k dkO;kr ukjkthpk lwjgh meVysyk ukgh- R;kaps pfj= R;kaP;k vHkaxkarwup izdVrs- R;kaph ukjkth] [ksn] rØkj R;k R;krwu ekaMw 'kdY;k vlR;k( i.k myV R;k Eg.krkr]

^f}rh; lea/kh o#"kk frlkpk A uksojk HkkX;kpk Kkuoar AA cgsf.k Eg.ks R;klh dU;knku dsys A vkanu fn/kys loZ dkgh AA*

¼vHkax Ø- 6] vks- 3] 4½ cfg.kkckbZaP;k vkf.k R;kaP;k irhP;k o;kr ,o<s eksBs varj vlwugh R;klacaÄkus uk[kq"kh u nk[kork] myV irhph R;k Lrqrhp djrkr] gs mYys[kuh; vkgs- iq<s cfg.kkckbZaP;k vkbZofMykadMwu yXukr ?ksrysys _.k QsMrk u vkY;kus dyg fuekZ.k gksÅu R;kauh xkokpk R;kx dsyk- cfg.kkckbZaP;k Hkzrkjklgh cksykowu ?ksrys- v'kkizdkjs cfg.kkckbZaps dqVqac ijkxank gksÅu HkVdarh d: ykxys- ;sFksgh cfg.kkckbZ eqdkVi.ks vkiY;k dqVqach;kaP;k ekxksekx fu?kkysY;k fnlrkr- xkoksxko HkVdarh] fHk{kk ekxwu mnjfuokZg vls d"Ve; thou R;kauk O;rhr djkos ykxys- v'kk foijhr ifjfLFkrhrgh xkoksxko gks.kkjs nson'kZu R;kauk tkLr lq[ke; okVr gksrs- ;ko:u R;kaP;k eukryk HkfDrHkko ygkui.kkiklwup dlk ewG /k:u gksrk] gs fnlwu ;srs- R;k Eg.krkr]

^xaxk ns[kksfu;k fl)s'oj nso A rsFkksfu;k tho fu?kks us.ks AA vkoMhpk gsr iwohZy laLdkj A Jo.kh vknj dhrZukps AA*

¼vHkax Ø- 8] vks- 1] 2½ R;kaP;k vHkaxkr dqBsgh d"Vkaps fp=.k fnlr ukgh( myV nson'kZukps lq[k tkxkstkxh izdV >kys vkgs- 'kaHkwegknsokl ikgwu R;kaP;k eukr ;srs dh dksjkékps d.k vki.k lgt dqBsgh feGow 'kdw( i.k gs vls nson'kZu feGo.;klkBh iq.;p ikBh'kh vlkos ykxrs- ;kosGh cfg.kkckbZaps o; dsoG vdjk o"kkZaps gksrs- brD;k ckyo;kr HkDrh #tY;keqGs iq<hy vk;q";kr ;k HkDrhps Msjsnkj o`{kkr :ikarj >kY;kps fnlwu ;srs- cfgjaHkVkdMs okLrO; djhr vlrkuk cfg.kkckbZauk jkst Hkkxor&iqjk.k ,sdk;yk feGw ykxys- fo|kF;kZauk f'kdoys tk.kkjs osnikB] R;kaP;kr pkyysyh vkRefo|sph ppkZ dkukoj iMw ykxY;keqGs vk/khP;kp ijekFkZlUeq[k eukyk Hkkxor] osnikBkps laLdkj vfÄdp vk/;kfRedrsdMs cfg.kkckbZauk vks<rkuk fnlrkr-

cfg.kkckbZapk irh vR;ar rkiV o la’k;h LoHkkokpk gksrk- cfg.kkckbZauh dsoG HkxoRizseklkBh ,o<îkk ygku o;kr brdk NG lkslyk] gs ,sdwu ije Hkkxor izYgknkph vkBo.k dks.kkl gks.kkj ukgh\ vkiY;k bZ'kizsekr varjk; vk.k.kkÚ;k Hkzrkjkpk R;kx dj.;kph dYiukgh cfg.kkckbZaP;k eukr vkyh ukgh o vkyh vlrh] rjh R;k dkykr rls dj.ks fryk 'kD;gh uOgrs- f'kok; vdjk o"kkZaP;k eqyhP;k eukr vlys fopkj dqBwu ;s.kkj\ irh gkp ijes'oj vkf.k rks djhy rs izek.k] gh rRdkyhu fL=;kaph letwr- R;keqGs R;kaph Hkxon~HkDrh vk.k[khup rstLoh >kyh vlkoh] vls okVrs- cfg.kkckbZapk ln~xq#fo"k;hpk dGoGk vHkaxkarwu okjaokj O;Dr >kyk vkgs- ^eRL; tSlk tGkokpqfu pjiqMh A rSlh rs vkoMh rqdksckph AA* vls ln~xq#fo"k;h Eg.kwu ,[kk|k xks"Vhpk /;kl ?ks.;kph oRrh R;k n'kZforkr-

cfg.kkckbZ vk/;kfRed o`Rrhus HkkjysY;k] oRly] izseG] R;kxh] lgu'khy] e;kZnk'khy] 'kkar v'kk xq.kkauh ifjiw.kZ fnlrkr- R;kaP;k LoHkkokph [kjh vksG[k rsOgkp gksrs] tsOgk R;kapk irh ^ijekFkZ fdaok eh* vls i;kZ; R;kaP;kleksj Bsorks- ,dhdMs ln~xq:ph ykxysyh vks<] tGkf'kok; rMQM.kkÚ;k ek'kklkj[ks gksr vlysys eu rj nqljhdMs vlk Hkzrkj] T;kus


Multidisciplinary


Page 32

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



vkrki;Zar frpk NG dsyk vkgs] frP;k ijekFkZekxkZr tks /kksaMk cuwu mHkk vkgs] v'kh f}/kk eu%fLFkrh gksrs- rsOgk cfg.kkckbZ irhpk frjLdkj u djrk] irhf'kok; iRuhP;k vk;q";kyk vFkZ ukgh] izk.kkf'kok; nsgkl t'kh 'kksHkk ukgh] v'kh Lor%P;k vk;q";krhy irhph tkxk v/kksjsf[kr djhr ln~xq:pk /;kl lksM.;kpk fu.kZ; ?ksrkr- R;kaph gh Ñrh dks.kR;kgh ifrozrsleksj vkn'kZ Bso.kkjh vkgs- cfg.kkckbZaph J)k gksrh dh] vkiY;kyk HkksxkO;k ykx.kkÚ;k ;kruk gk vkiY;k thoukpkp ,d vkfoHkkT; Hkkx vkgs- rks dlk pqdsy] ;kph R;kauk Hkzkar uOgrh- myV vls izlax okjaokj ;kosr Eg.kts vkiyh HkDrh n`< gksbZy vlk R;k fopkj djhr- cfg.kkckbZaph ijh{kk ?ksÅu dnkfpr bZ'ojkyk n;k vkyh vlkoh( Eg.kwu R;kaP;k irhyk 'kkjhfjd nkg fuekZ.k d:u fopkj dj.;kl Hkkx ikMys- czk„.kkps :i ?ksÅu R;kyk n"Vkar fnyk vkf.k R;kps eu oGfo.;kr ;'kLoh >kys- cfg.kkckbZaph ri%lk/kuk brdh n`< gksrh] dh R;kaP;k enrhlkBh bZ'ojkykgh dk;Zjr Ogkos ykxys- cfg.kkckbZaP;k O;fDreRRokr vkewykxz cny >kyk rks rqdkjkekaps n'kZu gksÅu R;kapk ojngLr ykHkY;koj- R;kaps varjax t.kw lq[kkus Mksyw ykxys- f'kok; R;kauk >kysyh dfoRokph LQwrhZ- ;keqGs vkiys vuqHko R;kauh vHkax:ikr lkBowu Bso.;kl lq#okr dsyh- gs vHkax Eg.ktsp cfg.kkckbZaP;k O;fDreRRokyk iw.kZRokus vkdkj ns.;kl dkj.khHkwr Bjys-Eg.kwup ^jkenklkauarj leFkZ laiznk; tlk fu”izHk >kyk] rls dkgh yxsp rqdkjkekaP;k i’pkr okjdjh laiznk;kps >kys ukgh- rqdkjke Hkkxor /kekZps dGl >kys] rj R;kaph f’k”;k cfg.kkckbZ dGlkP;k /otsizek.ks QMdyh-*1 ,dw.kp îziap ijekFkZ pkyoh leku A frusph xxu >syh;sys A * vls Eg.k.kkÚ;k cfg.kkckbZaps pfj= vk/kqfud fL=;kaukgh ekxZn’kZd vkgs-

cfg.kkckbZ pkS/kjh ;kaps ykSfdd pfj=% ^T;k dky[kaMkr ejkBh lkjLorkrhy fnXxt doh vkiyh izfrHkk egkjk"Vªkoj m/kGhr gksrs] ejkBh turk T;kaP;k

dkO;kP;k vkLoknkr jaxwu xsyh gksrh] R;kp lqekjkl [kkuns'kkrhy tGxkokr jkg.kkÚ;k ,dk 'ksrdjh dqVqackrhy ,d vMk.kh L=h 'ksrkr dke djrk djrk fdaok tkR;koj nGrk nGrk lalkjkph xk.kh xkr gksrh- dkGîk'kkj Hkwehr jlj'khr vadqjklkj[kh rh #tyh] ok<yh vkf.k R;k Hkwehph xk.kh frus xk;yh-*2 ikVhiqLrd rj nwjp( i.k v{kjkpkgh xa/k ulysY;k ;k L=hus ekSfyd vkf.k vk'k;?ku vlk dkO;:ikrhy gaMkp egkjk"Vªkyk cgky dsyk- ekuoh thoukps rRRoKku T;k vMk.kh L=hus vkiY;k lk/;k] lksI;k i.k jlkG Hkk"ksr] vxnh ekstD;k 'kCnkr lkafxrys vkf.k leLr cqf)ok|kauk pfdr d:u lksMys] v'kh gh yksdekrk] HkwehdU;k] fulxZdU;k cfg.kkbZ Eg.ktsp cfg.kkckbZ pkS/kjh- b-l- 1880 P;k ukxiapehyk cfg.kkckbZ pkS/kjhapk tUe ^vklksns* ¼vlksns½ ák xkoh >kyk- gs xko tGxko 'kgjkiklwu vo?ks 2 eSykaoj gksrs- cfg.kkckbZaps oMhy m[kkth ¼m[kMwZ½ gs xkops egktu gksrs- lkgftdp R;kaP;k ?kjk.;kyk xkokr izfr"Bk gksrh- rs drZRooku gksrs- R;kapk O;ogkj LoPN gksrk- ?kjh usgehp ;s.kkÚ;k tk.kkÚ;kaph jh?k ykxysyh vls-

^ckikthP;k gk;yhr] ;srh 'ksV 'ksrdjh nkjh [ksVjkaph jkl] ?kjh Hkjyh dpsjh*

¼êkgsj*] ^cfg.kkbZph xk.kh*] i`- 4½ iq<s R;k Eg.krkr]

^xkoke/kh ncnck] cki egktu ek>k R;kpk dkVsrksy U;ko] tlk xkoke/kh jktk*

¼êkgsj*] ^cfg.kkbZph xk.kh*] i`- 4½ dkVsrksy U;k; dj.kkjs oMhy ^m[kkth* rj vkbZ ^HkhekckbZ* ¼HkhekbZ½ & lokZaps Hkys fpar.kkjh] izseG LoHkkokph] lokZauk 'khry Nk;k ns.kkjh-

êk; HkhekbZ ekÅyh] t'kh vkaC;kph lkÅyh* ¼êkgsj*] ^cfg.kkbZph xk.kh*] i`- 4½

cfg.kkckbZauk ?ku%';ke] x.kir] /kukth gs rhu HkkÅ rj lhrk] rqGlk] vfgY;k ák rhu cfg.kh gksR;k- ^vkEgh cfguh vkEgkyk] lhrk] rqGlk] cfguk

nsY;k v'khykps ?kjh] lxslkbZ eksrhnkuk* ¼êkgsj*] ^cfg.kkbZph xk.kh*] i`- 4½


Multidisciplinary


Page 33

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



cfg.kkckbZapk fookg o;kP;k rsjkO;k o"khZ tGxkoP;k uFkwth [kaMsjko pkS/kjhacjkscj >kyk- ekgsjkizek.ksp lkljps ?kjk.ksgh izfrf"Br gksrs- lkljh loZ dqVqac ,d= jkgr gksrs( i.k yodjp rs dqVqac foHkDr >kys- okV.;k >kY;k- okVîkkyk vkysY;k ?kjkr] feGkysY;k ekstD;k tfeuhoj d"V djr cfg.kkckbZ irhlg jkgw ykxY;k- 2&3 o"kkZauh nq"dkG iMyk- nq"dkGkP;k dkGkr R;kauk [kMh QksM.;kps dkegh djkos ykxys- [kMrj v'kh thoukph okV R;kaP;k okVîkyk vkyh- okMîkkrys /kkU;kps iso laiys- iso Eg.kts tfeuhr [kksyoj fofgjhizek.ks [k.kwu] 'ks.kkus lkjowu] fyaiwu R;kr ÄkU; lkBoys tkrs- baxzt ljdkjus tGxkoP;k esgs:.k xkokyk nq"dkGh dke Eg.kwu ryko ckaÄk;ps Bjoys- cfg.kkckbZgh 'ksrh lksMwu dkekoj xsY;k- cfg.kkckbZauh tks nsokpk izFke 'kks/k ?ksryk rks ;k ifjfLFkrhr- ^Vk;k fifVlu nso HksVr ukgh* gs R;kauh tk.kys- ^T;kP;k gkrkyk ?kV~Vs] R;kys nso HksVsA* gs R;kauk iVys- cfg.kkckbZauk nksu eqys vkf.k ,d eqyxh >kyh- vksadkj] lksiku vkf.k dk'kh- nqnSZokus fr'khP;k vkrp R;kaP;koj oS/kO;kph vkiRrh dkslGyh- R;k dkGkr L=hpk vkÄkj Eg.kts irhp vls- tksMhnkj xsyk Eg.kts lalkjjFkkps ,d pkdp fu[kGys-

^vjs jMrk jMrk] Mks;s Hkjys Hkjys vklw ljys ljys] vkrk gqands mjys!---

lkax lkax /krhZ ekrk] v'kh d'kh tknw >kyh >kM xsya fua?khluh] eka?ks lkoyh mjyh!*

¼^vkrk ek>k ekys tho*] ^cfg.kkbZph xk.kh*] i`- 22½ cfg.kkckbZauk vkrk txk;ps gksrs rs eqykalkBh-

^nso xsys nsok?kjh] vkBh Bs;hluh Bsok Mks;kiq<s nksu yky] jMw udks ekÖ;k thok*

¼^vkrk ek>k ekys tho*] ^cfg.kkbZph xk.kh*] i`- 22½ vlk Lor%yk /khj nsÅu R;kauh thou ekxZ iq<s vkØfer dsyk( i.k ^lq[k ikgrk tokikMs] nq%[k ioZrk,o<s* ;k mDrhizek.ks cfg.kkckbZaoj ladVsp vfÄd vkyh- R;kaph eqyxh dk'kh fgps yXu ckyo;kr >kys- fryk lkljh Qkjls lq[k ykHkw 'kdys ukgh- eksBk eqyxk vksadkj gk Iysxe/kwu okpyk( i.k viax >kyk- vksadkjP;k iRuhykgh lalkj lkoj.;klkBh d"V djkos ykxys- R;kauk ikaMqjax ukokpk eqyxk gksrk- cfg.kkckbZapk nqljk eqyxk Eg.ktsp doh lksikunso pkS/kjh- lksikuusgh ifgY;k iRuhyk ?kVLQksV fnyk o nqljk izsefookg dsyk- gh lxGh ladVs cfg.kkckbZauh ,dVîkkus ipoyh- lksikunsokauh iRuh yhyknsohacjkscj ukf'kdyk fcÚgkM dsys- frFks cfg.kkckbZ tkr vlr- frFks cfg.kkckbZaok y{ehckbZ fVGd] tkudhckbZ lkBs v'kk eksBîkk O;Drha'kh ifjp; >kyk- R;k ifjp;krwu] ppsZrwu dkO; vfÄd Qqyys- ladVkauk nwj lkjrkuk R;k Lor%P;k eukyk letkor]

^jMw udks ekÖ;k thok] rqys jMîkph js lo jMw gklo tjk] R;kr lalkjkph po*

¼^vkrk ek>k ekys tho*] ^cfg.kkbZph xk.kh*] i`- 22½ rjhgh vusdnk dtZcktkjhi.kkeqGs R;kapk tho O;fFkr Ogk;pk- gkrkrksaMkph xkB tksMrkuk ikaMqjaxkyk R;k Eg.krkr]

^vjs ikaMqjaxk rq>h] d'kh HkDrh d: lkax rqÖ;k :ikvkM ;sra] lkodkjkpa js lksax*

¼^LQqV vksO;k*] ^cfg.kkbZph xk.kh*] i`- 89½ i.k cfg.kkckbZaP;k la?k"kkZrgh ldkjkRed iSyw tk.korks- rGkxkGkrhy ek.klkaP;k nq%[kkpk] osnukapk osÄ R;k ?ksrkr- ijes'ojkoj MksGl J)k Bsorkr( i.k R;kis{kk vf/kd fo'okl vkiY;k drZRokoj Bsorkr- ^ek>h ek; ljlksrh] ekys f'kdors cksyh* vls lkax.kkÚ;k cfg.kkckbZauh thoukP;k rRRoKkukph mdy d:u vusd xqfirs dkO;krwu m?kM d:u vueksy vlk Bsok txkyk fnyk vkgs- 3 fMlsacj 1951 jksth cfg.kkckbZauh bgyksdkpk fujksi ?ksryk-


Multidisciplinary


Page 34

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



nksUgh cfg.kkckbZaP;k pfj=kaph rqyuk% iziap o ijekFkZ nksUgh xks"Vh lk/; dj.;kekxs lar cfg.kkckbZaph >kysyh vks<krk.k] R;kauh dsysys d"V] bPNk'kDrh

;k loZp xks"Vh R;kaps mPp dksVhps drZRo n'kZforkr- R;kauh fyfgysys lqekjs lOoklkr'ks vHkax Eg.kts R;kaP;k loZLi'khZ O;fDreRRokph vksG[k vkgs- nqljhdMs cfg.kkckbZ pkS/kjh ;kaP;koj oSÄO;kph dqÚgkM dkslGY;kus lalkjkr R;kaukgh Hkjiwj d"V djkos ykxys- ek= ijekFkZ gsp R;kaps /;s; uOgrs- lar cfg.kkckbZadfjrk ijekFkZ gs lk/ku vkf.k lk/; gksrs rj cfg.kkckbZ pkS/kjhauh v/;kRekdMs dsoG ,d fpjaru lR; Eg.kwu ikfgys- v/;kRe gk R;kaP;k tx.;kpk vkÄkj gksrk] vls Eg.krk ;s.kkj ukgh( ek= v/;kRekyk R;kauh ukdkjys ukgh- lar cfg.kkckbZ vkf.k cfg.kkckbZ pkS/kjh nks?khgh dqVqacoRly gksR;k- ,d eqyxh Eg.kwu vkn'kZ gksR;k- ,d iRuh Eg.kwu vkn'kZ gksR;k- R;k vkn'kZ ekrk gksR;k- iq=kaoj mRre laLdkj d:u R;kauh R;kauk ?kMfo.;ke/;s dqByhgh dlj Bsoyh ukgh-

rqdksckauh LoIukr ;sÅu vk'khokZn fnyk- dikGkyk Li'kZ dsyk vkf.k lar cfg.kkckbZaP;k jpuk QqyY;k- cfg.kkckbZ pkS/kjhauh izopu] dhrZukP;k Jo.kkrwu] ijes'ojkP;k HkDrhr rYyhu gksÅu thoukuqHkwrhrwu dkO;jpuk dsyh- ^ek>h ek; ljlksrh] ekys f'kdors cksyh* vls R;k lkaxr- R;kaph xk.kh larlkekU;kauk letsy v'kk lksI;k Hkk"ksr vkgsr- tkR;koj nGrk nGrk] 'ksrkr ?kke xkGrkuk lgtLQwrZ rh R;kaP;k eq[kkokVs ckgsj iMyh vkgsr-

lar cfg.kkckbZaP;k dkO;krhy oSf’k”Vîks% cfg.kkckbZaP;k fo"k;oSfo/;kyk rksM ukgh- v/;kRe gh ,d cktw] R;kr vusd fo"k;] lektizcks/ku gh nqljh cktw]

R;krgh vusd fo"k;] ;k nksUgharwu lkdkj >kysys R;kaps ykacypd rRRoKku vkf.k gs rRRoKkukps Mksl Jksrsjfldkauk iktr vlrkuk dkfB.;kyk Fkkjkgh ukgh- fL=;ka'kh fgrxwt vlks fdaok czkEg.;kojhy vk?kkr] R;kaph oSfo/;iw.kZ ys[k.kh frrD;kp l{kersus iq<s ;srs- xq#xkSjo djk;pk vlks fdaok pfj=dFkukP;k vks?kkr ;s.kkjs O;fDrfp=.k] R;kr ukohU; lkrR;kus ;srs] gk lar cfg.kkckbZaP;k ys[k.khrhy oSfo/;kpk vkfo"dkj dkSrqdkLin vkgs- cfg.kkckbZauh ekuoh thoukP;kp uOgs rj l`"VhP;k fofo/k d{kkauk Li'kZ dsyk vkgs- ekuoh thoukrys vkf.k ikjekfFkZd thoukrys fdrhrjh vuqHko cfg.kkckbZaP;k dforkaps fo"k; >kys vkgsr- ykSfdd vuqHko] vykSfdd vuqHko v'kk nksUgh izdkjkar cfg.kkckbZaph dfork vk'k;c) >kysyh vkgs- ykSfdd vuqHkokr ekuoh thoukrhy lR;kuqHkwrhpk 'kks/k ?ks.;kpk iz;Ru cfg.kkckbZauh dsyk vkgs] rj vykSfdd vuqHkokr ikjekfFkZd lR;kuqHkwrhpk 'kks/k ?ksryk vkgs- vyadkjlkSan;kZpk fopkj djrkuk R;kr vuqizkl o ;ed gs 'kCnkyadkj vkf.k miek] n`"Vkar] :id] ekyk:id] viUgqrh] fojks/kkHkkl] iz'ukyadkj] pSrU;kjksi] vuUo;] dkO;e; vR;qDrh] O;frjsd] 'ys"k] i;kZ;ksDr] fun'kZuk] O;ktLrqrh] ,dkoyh] vFkkZUrjU;kl] ifjdj ák cfg.kkckbZaP;k dkO;kr vk<Grkr- d#.kjl] oRlyjl] 'kaxkjjl] vn~Hkqrjl] gkL;jl] Hk;kudjl] chHkRljl] ohjjl] jkSnzjl] HkfDrjl vkf.k 'kkarjl gs jl cfg.kkckbZaP;k dkO;kr cgjysys vkgsr- dkO;lkSan;kZpk 'kks/k ?ksrkuk cfg.kkckbZaph izfrekl"Vh] lar cfg.kkckbZaP;k vHkaxkarhy fopkjlkSan;Z ;kauk rksM ukgh gsp [kjs- cfg.kkckbZaP;k dkO;kph lkSan;kZRed oSf'k"Vîs Eg.kts dsoG jlkyadkjkaiqjrs e;kZfnr jkgwu pkyr ukgh- R;kaps fopkj] R;kaps jpukdkS'kY;] Hkk"ksojhy izHkqRo ;k lxÈ;kaeqGsgh R;kaP;k dkO;kyk lkSan;kZpk mPpkfo"dkj lk/krk vkyk vkgs] gs y{kkr ?;kos ykxrs- R;kaP;k dkO;krwu izxV.kkjs R;kaps O;fDreRRo foyksHkuh; vls vkgs- osnfu"Bk] foB~ByHkDrh] xq#HkDrh] v}Sr rRRoKku] larfu"Bk ;kaizek.ksp ifrfu"Bk gs iSyw R;kaP;k dkO;kr vk<Grkr- R;kaps dkO; izklkfnd o rRRoKkulaié vkgs- foosd] fparu'khyrk] Kkufu"Bk] O;qRiérk] ;k xq.kkaizek.ksp cgqJqrrk gkgh xq.k R;kaP;k dkO;kr vkgs- R;kaps O;fDreRRo f=fo/k rkikauh iksGY;keqGs fuekZ.k >kysys ulwu rs tUetkr vkgs- Lor%yk L=htUe izkIr >kyk] Eg.kwu R;kauh m}sx O;Dr dsyk vkgs] rjh L=hthoukP;k e;kZnk] y{e.kjs"kk lkaHkkGwu vkReKkulaié gks.;kpk iq#"kkFkZ R;kauh d:u nk[kfoyk vkgs- iziapkr irhus NG dsyk( i.k R;kfo#) ^cz*gh mPpkjyk ukgh- lkekftd thoukr nkafHkd eackthus NG dsyk rjh dksBs iq#"kfuank dsyh ukgh- cfg.kkckbZaps dkO; lksTToG vkf.k ifo= vkgs- fopkjlj.kh izxYHk vkgs- ifj.kkeh R;kaph dfork osxGîk ikrGhoj ikspyh vkgs- cfg.kkckbZauk xq#Ñik >kyh rh peRdkjh gdhdr R;kaP;k Hkkfodrsph lk{k iVfors- R;kauh dsysyk xq#xkSjo vlkekU; vkgs- xq#HkDrhpk brdk laqnj vkfo"dkj cfg.kkckbZaf'kok; brj L=hlarkaP;k jpukar vk<Gr ukgh- otzlwph vuqoknkrhy R;kaps Hkk"; ij[kM vkf.k oSpkfjd ØkafrdkjdRo izxV djrs- R;kaph fparu'khyrk izxYHk gksrh-


Multidisciplinary


Page 35

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



îzfrek gh ladYiuk laosnukxHkZrk vkf.k lk/kE;ZoS/kE;kZf/kh’Br #idizfdz;k ;k nksgksaP;k lgdk;kZrwu iw.kZ gksrs-*&lbZ ns”kikaMs] îzfrekfopkjkaph #ijs’kk] vuqHkokerkrhy izfrekl’Vh]izFkekoRrh] nsfodk izdk”ku] Bk.ks] 1994] i`- 28 izR;sd larkaph izfrekl`"Vh dkghuk dkgh fo'ks"k /kkj.k d:u vorh.kZ gksr vlrs- cfg.kkckbZaph izfrekl"Vh cjhp foLrr] O;kid vkf.k vFkZxHkZ vlY;kps tk.kors- R;kaP;k izfrekfo'okr lw;kZiklwu {kqnz dhVdkai;Zar] czEgkiklwu nsgki;Zar] fujkdkjkiklwu lkdkjki;Zar v'kk loZ rÚgsP;k izfrekapk lapkj vkgs- R;kauh fofo/k fo"k;kaojP;k izfrek ;kstY;k vlY;k rjh d/kh d/kh R;kr iqujkoRrhgh gksrs- rjhns[khy cfg.kkckbZaph izfrekl"Vh fuf'prp vFkZlaiDr] oSfo/;iw.kZ vkgs- laLÑr o ejkBh ok³~e;kr :< vlysys vusd dkO;ladsr cfg.kkckbZaP;k vHkaxkar vk<Grkr- R;kaP;k dkO;kr vykSfdd izfrHkkfoykl tk.korks] rks iz'kaluh; vkgs- vfg.kkckbZauh fdR;sdnk vuko/kkukus rj fdR;sdnk tk.kwucqtwu xzkE; vfHkO;Drh vkiY;k dkO;kr dsyh vkgs- deZBkaps <ksax] vHkDr czkEg.k] {kqnz nsohnsorkaps iwtu ;koj izgkj djrkuk R;kauh f'kO;kapkgh okij dsyk vkgs- lektkrhy nq"V izoRrhapk fouk'k Ogkok] lektkph jtrexq.kkadMwu lRoxq.kkdMs izoRrh oGkoh] gh R;kaph vkl vkgs- R;kaP;k dkO;krhy mnkRr /;s;kiq<s xzkE;rk fo:u tkrs- R;kaP;k yksdks)kjkP;k foy{k.k dGoÈ;krwu dkO;kr ij[kMrk ;srs vkf.k xzkE; vfHkO;Drhrgh ,d izdkjP;k lthorsps lkeF;Z fnlwu ;srs- vls gs cfg.kkckbZaps dkO; fdrhrjh lkSan;kZRed iSywauh ltysys vkgs- cksVkoj ekst.;kbrds lkSan;Zck/kd nks"k lksMys rj R;kaph dfork lkSn;kZpk 'kCnkfo"dkjgh vkgs vkf.k Hkkokfo"dkjgh vkgs-

cfg.kkckbZa PkkS/kjhaP;k dforkaph oSf’k”Vîks% cfg.kkckbZ pkS/kjh ;kaps thou d”Ve; vls O;rhr >kys- nqnSZokus fr'khP;k vkrp R;kaP;koj oS/kO;kph vkiRrh dkslGyh- lalkjjFkkps ,d pkd fu[kGys- tckcnkjh vaxkoj vkyh- d"V ok<ys vkf.k gs d"V djrk djrk R;kaph jpuk Qqyw ykxyh- vksO;k jp.kkÚ;k ;k L=hyk vki.k dkO;fufeZrh djhr vkgksr] ;kph tk.khogh uOgrh- tkR;krwu ihB lgt iMkos] r'kk R;kaP;k jpuk ?kMr xsY;k- vfHktkr ykHkysyh dkO;izfrHkk gh R;kaP;k vafre 'oklki;Zar lkscr gksrh- R;kaps fparu'khy ltx eu fofo/k ?kVdkaps] izlaxkaps] ekuoh izo`Rrhaps] thouO;ogkjkps fujh{k.k djhr gksrs- ;k fujh{k.kkrwu R;kaph dfork Qqyr xsyh- osnusrwu fuekZ.k >kysyh dfork gh ân;kP;k vkrY;k dII;krwu ;srs vkf.k rh vR;ar izHkko'kkyh Bjrs- R;kaP;k fdR;ssd dforkauk rj rqdksckaP;k jpukaizek.ks lqHkkf"krkapk ntkZ izkIr >kyk- bafnjk lar ;kauh cfg.kkckbZ pkS/kjhauk fulxZdU;k Eg.kwu xkSjfoys vkgs- R;k [kjsrj HkwehdU;kgh vkgsr- dkj.k R;kaP;k vfr'k; lqcksÄ vkf.k lk/;k fo"k;kaojhy lksI;k dforsrwu 'ksrhfo"k;d izfrek] fulxkZps dkSrqd] Äfj=hfo"k;hpk vfHkeku loZ= fo[kqjysyk vk<Grks- R;k Lor% 'ksrkr jkcysY;k vlY;keqGs 'ksrhfo"k;d tkf.kok vkf.k izfrek R;kaP;k dkO;kr foiqyRokus vk<Grkr- R;kaP;k dforkauk yksdxhrkapk ckt tk.korks- egkjk"Vªkrhy tGxko] HkqlkoG ifjljkr thou O;rhr >kY;keqGs frFkyh [kkuns'kh vkf.k vfgjk.kh Hkk"kk gs R;kaP;k dkO;kps fo'ks"k :i vkgs- fL=;kaph [kkl v'kh osxGh Hkk"kkgh R;kaP;k dkO;krwu tk.kors- ojoj fnlk;yk L=h&iq#"kkaph Hkk"kk lkj[kh vlyh rjh fL=;kaph dkgh oSf'k"Vîsk R;kaP;k cksyhrwugh fnlrkr- ;kyk dkj.k tqU;k dkGkr vk;kZaps Hkkjrkr vkxeu >kY;kuarj R;kauk nqlÚ;k lektkrwu fL=;k LohdkjkO;k ykxY;k- ;k fL=;kauh dkykarjkus vk;kZaph Hkk"kk vkRelkr dsyh rjh R;kaph ewG oSf'k"Vîks dk;e jkfgyh- cfg.kkckbZaph dfork vH;klrkuk L=hHkk"ksps vls osxGs :i lgti.ks nk[kork ;srs- ;k dforsr fL=;kaps nh?kZ mPpkj vkgsr- e`nw O;atukaps mPpkj deh vkgsr- 'ksrh] ?kj] eqysckGs gs fL=;kaps tx vlY;keqGs R;krys fdrhrjh lw{e vFkZn'kZd 'kCn R;kaP;k dforsr tkxkstkxh fo[kqjysys vk<Grkr- ^volHkj*] îwuo*] êkeath*] ^?kjksV*] ^f[kjuh*] ^fHkykok*] ^gk;* v'kk 'kCnkauh R;kauh vkiys dkO; ltfoys vkgs- iwohZP;k dkGh nG.k ?kjhp tkR;koj Eg.kts ?kjksVîkoj nGys tkr vlY;kus x`fg.khapk cgqrka'k osG nG.;kr tk;pk- R;kauh nGysY;k fiBkrwu dqVqackph Hkwd Hkkxyh rj R;kp osGh fuekZ.k gksr xsysY;k dkO;kus lexz ejkBh dkO;izkarkph Hkwd Hkkxoyh vls Eg.k.;kis{kk estokuh fnyh] vlsp Eg.kkos ykxsy- cfg.kkckbZaph Hkk"kk vkf.k 'kCnHkkaMkj gs vfgjk.kh] [kkUns'kh cksyh Hkk"ks'kh vkf.k izns'kk'kh lacaf/kr vkgs- ^/kkaMk*] ^rkok*] ^pqYgk*] ^cSru*] ^Qqduh*] ^/kqDd;*] ê;k*] ^[k;* vls fdrhrjh 'kCn 'kgjh jfld&okpdkauk uohu okVrkr- ^gkrkeÄh ?kMk; QqdV xsyk ;k;*] ^f'knksGkys vkyk jkx] ekys Eguk QU;k ukx*] ^Hkjyh ;sgsj] eksV pkys HkjkHkj] d'kkys djra] dukpkd dqjdqj*] ^vkj'kh >kyh ikj[kh] vkrk eh dksuklkj[kh\* v'kk fdrhrjh Eg.khapk ifjp; gksrks-


Multidisciplinary


Page 36

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



R;kaP;k dkO;kyk uV.;keqjM.;kph gkSl ukgh] vyadkjkaph vis{kk ukgh] cfgjaxkapk Qkthy lksl ukgh- vks?kkus R;kaps dkO; okDizpkj] Eg.kh vkf.k izfrekauh uVrs- R;kaP;k jpukaP;k izfrekaps vf/k"Bku ^/kfj=h* gsp vkgs- rh R;kaP;k dkO;kr lkrR;kus okojrkuk fnlrs- êk>h ek; ljlksrh*] ^fgjhrkpa nsua?ksua*] ^/kfj=hyk naMor*] ^vkrk ek>k ekys tho*] ^nso vtc xkjksMh* fdaok fdrhrjh ^LQqV vksO;ka*e/kwugh rs tk.kors- ^/kfj=h*izek.ksp ^vkHkkG*] îkÅl*] êu*] ^liku* ;kgh izfrek HkqjG ?kky.;kph {kerk Bsorkr-

êu o<k; o<k;] mH;k fidkrya <ksj fdrh gkdyk gkdyk] fQjh ;sra fidkoj*

¼êu*] ^cfg.kkbZph xk.kh*] i`- 18½ ^lkax lkax /krhZ ekrk] v'kh d'kh tknw >kyh >kM xsya fua?khluh] eka?ks lkoyh mjyh!*

¼^vkrk ek>k ekys tho*] ^cfg.kkbZph xk.kh*] i`- 22½ v'kk jpukae/khy R;kaP;k izfrek ok[kk.k.;ktksX;k vkgsr- larkauh vkiY;k dkO;fufeZrhps Js; ijes'ojkyk fnys- cfg.kkckbZlq)k vkiY;k jpukaekxs bZ'ojh izsj.kk vlY;kps uewn dsys- jkenkl] rqdkjke] eqDrkbZ ;kaP;k dkO;k'kh cfg.kkckbZaph dfork dkgh'kh feGrhtqGrh okVyh rjh fryk larlkfgR; Eg.kwu lacksÄrk ;s.kkj ukgh( dkj.k ,dks.kfolkO;k 'krdkrhy tx.;kr R;kauk vkysys vuqHko R;kauh vkiY;k dforkaeÄwu fpf=r dsys vkgsr- R;kr tk.khoiwoZd izcks/kukph isj.kh dsyh ulwu vuqHkwrhaP;k izxVhdj.kkcjkscj vks?kkus rs ;srs- êgkjk"VªkP;k vksBkaoj Kkus'ojkaph vksoh] ,dukFkkaps Hkk#M] rqdkjkekaps vHkax vkf.k cfg.kkckbZaph xk.kh vkgsr- cfg.kkckbZaph xk.kh thoukyk Li'kZ dj.kkjh] lglzinjh vkgsrp] i.k R;kapa vk.k[kh ,d egRRokpa oSf'k"Vîk Eg.kts ;k xk.;kae/;s y; vkgs] rky vkgs] xs;rk vkgs- lqjs[k pkyhae/;s gh xk.kh Eg.krk ;srkr- vla y;] rky] xs;rk vl.kkja dkO; d/khgh dkycká gksr ukgh- Eg.kwup 'krdkiwohZph cfg.kkckbZaph xk.kh vktgh vkoMhus xk;yh tkrkr-*3 lk/;k] ljG tx.;krwu fulxkZps ts voyksdu gksr xsys] rsp cfg.kkckbZauh R;kaP;k dforsrwu izfrekaP;k :ikr ekaMys- tk.khoiwoZd ukgh] rjh miek] mRizs{kk] :id] vuqizkl] ;ed vknh vyadkjkapk leiZd okij cfg.kkckbZaP;k dforsr vk<Grks- R;kaP;k izfrekaps ewG ^/kfj=h* vkgs- cfg.kkckbZ vLly 'ksrdjh vlwu Äjrh'kh t.kw R;kaph ukG tksMyh xsyh vkgs- Eg.kwup ^/kfj=h*P;k izfresrwu R;k tUenk] l[kh v'kh fofoÄ ukR;kaph xqaQ.k myxMwu nk[korkr- /kfj=h gh dkGh] [kMdkG rjhgh frP;krwu mxo.kkjh Qqys] QGs lqanj] lqxaÄh] pfo"V] fofoÄ jaxkauh ifjiw.kZ v'kh vkgsr- Eg.kts gs lxGs xq.k] gh loZ oSf'k"Vîs ;k /kfj=he/;s vkgsr( i.k rh Lor%toG u Bsork okVwu Vkd.;krp fryk /kU;rk okVrs- cfg.kkckbZauk ;krwu l`"VhP;k vkf.k bZ'ojkP;k ewG :ik'kh ,dp 'kDrh fuxfMr vkgs] gsp nk[kok;ps vkgs-

^/krhZe/kY;k jlkua] thHk ek>h loknrs rOgk rksaMkryh po] fiaMke/kh Bko ?ksrs*

¼êk>h ek; ljlksrh*] ^cfg.kkbZph xk.kh*] i`- 3½ /kjrhizek.ksp vkHkkGgh cfg.kkckbZaP;k dforkaeÄwu Mksdkors- /kjrh vkf.k vkHkkG ;kauk tksM.kkjk js'kheca/k Eg.kts ikÅl- fulxkZ'kh lacaf/kr loZp ?kVd cfg.kkckbZaP;k thouk'kh ,d:i >kys gksrs- R;kaP;k lq[kn%[kk'kh tqGys gksrs- pS=&oS'kk[kkrys Åu] ve`rkph xksMh vl.kkjh ^ykSdh* unh] ekgsjP;k okVsojps ckHkGhps ou] dkVsxksVs] ik.;kP;k Mkck] oMkph >kMs] iGlkph Qqys] lqxj.k&lkGqadhlkj[ks i{kh] <xkapk xMxMkV] lqlkV okg.kkjk ekjksrhpk cki & okjk] /kjrhpk ifjeG] ikolkP;k >Mh rj d/kh ikaMqjaxkps xhrk&Hkkxor lkekowu ?ks.kkjk vkYgknnk;d ikÅl] ekrhrys vadqj] R;krwu mxo.kkjs lksus ,o<sp d'kkyk rj cksjh&ckHkGhaph >kMs vkf.k R;kaps 'ksrhlkBh ?kkrys xsysys dqai.k] fofgjh] R;kojhy eksV] ^duk*] ^pkd*] ô[kj*] ûkaxj*] ^frQu*] êks?kMk*] ^vkÅr*] ^xksQuh*] ^dks;ia*] ^b;s*] ^ljr* v'kh 'ksrh'kh lacaf/kr votkjs vkf.k oLrwgh lrr R;kaP;k jpukarwu lgtxR;k vorjr jkgrkr- îsj.kh*] ^dki.kh*] ^jxM.kh*] ^miu.kh* gs rj R;kaP;k dkO;kps eq[; fo"k;p gksrs-vkf.k ;k lokZaP;k fde;syk ikgwu R;kauk ^nso vtc xkjksMh* okVrks vkf.k R;kaP;k dkO;kyk v/;kRekpk Li'kZ gksrks- ,danjhr dk; rj fulxZ] Hkweh vkf.k 'ksrdjh] xzkeh.k thoukyk cfg.kkckbZaP;k dkO;kr foiqyRokus LFkku feGkys vkgs- ek= ;k lokZps Js; R;k loZ'kfDreku ijes'ojkyk nsrkr-


Multidisciplinary


Page 37

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



^cfg.kkckbZaP;k dkO;kr tkfroar ftOgkGk vkf.k vykSfdd izfrHkk gksrh- thoukrhy lq[knq%[k] ÅuikÅl] p<mrkj lkj[;kp la;ekus ipowu] izR;sd {k.k R;k uqlR;k mRdVrsus txY;k ukghr] rj izR;sd {k.kkyk R;kauh cksyrs dsys vkf.k Eg.kwup okLrfodrk vkf.k lR; ;kapk Li'kZ >kysys R;kaps dkO; vkiY;k eukpk Bko ?ksrs-*4

^cfg.kkckbZaph dkO;l"Vh fulxZizfrekauh [kPpwu Hkjysyh vkgs- R;kaph 'kCndyk vuqie vkgs- R;kaph fp=orh Hkk"kk'kSyh euksosÄd vkgs- R;kaph xk.kh izklkfnd vkgsr- Jo.ke/kqj vkgsr- R;kaP;k xk.;kr vkuan vkgs( i.k vkuankph csgks"kh ukgh- lq[k vkgs i.k lq[kkpa mr.ka ekr.ka ukgh- nq%[k vkgs i.k nq%[kkpk vkØks'k ukgh- rRRoKku vkgs] i.k rRRoKkukpk :{ki.kk ukgh- mins'k vkgs] i.k mins'kkryk dksjMsi.kk ukgh- vyadj.k vkgs] i.k vyadkjkaeqGs dforsyk ;s.kkjk ckstMi.kk ukgh- dYiukfoykl vkgs] i.k dYiukfoyklkeqGs ;s.kkjh Ñf=erk ukgh- R;kaP;k xk.;kr fouksn vkgs] i.k fouksnkeqGs xkaHkh;kZyk ck/kk ;sr ukgh--- cfg.kkckbZaph xk.kh vkgsrp r'kh vueksy-*5

lar cfg.kkckbZaph dfork dqBsp m.kh Bjr ukgh- vkst] y;] xrh] xs;rk] jl] vyadkj] Hkko] laokn] fojks/k] vkRefu"Bk vknh izpfyr lkSan;ZrRRo rlsp vuqHko vkf.k lR;kpk euksjE; vkf.k thouxE; vkfo"dkj R;kaP;k dforsr vk<Grks- cfg.kkckbZa pkS/kjhaphgh xk.kh vtjkej >kyh vkgsr- laxhrc) >kyh vkgsr] fp=iVkarwu mrjyh vkgsr- lkekftd tkf.kok] v/;kRRekpk Li'kZ] thoufo"k;d lokZax lqanj rRRoKku] nhunfyrkaizrh d.ko] 'ksrdjh vkf.k xzkeh.k thouk'kh tqGysyh ukG] va/kJ)k] O;lus ;kaP;kfo"k;h Li"V ers] l.k] L=hthou] fouksn] gkL;&dk#.;] ekuorkokn] mins'kijrk] larkafo"k;h vknj] lkfgR;kyk uO;kus vksG[k d:u fnysys xzkeh.k] 'ksrdjh thoukr okijys tk.kkjs 'kCn] okDizpkj vkf.k Eg.kh vls fofo/kkaxh fo"k; vkf.k oSf'k"Vîs ;kauh R;kaph dfork cgjyh vkgs- R;kaP;k ,dw.kp ;k nksUgh rstLoh rkjdkauh ejkBh lkjLorkr Lor%ps v<G LFkku fuekZ.k dsys vkgs- ;k O;fDreRRokauk vkf.k R;kaP;k dk;ZdrZRokyk fouez vfHkoknu!

fu”d”kZ & 1- lar cfg.kkckbZ vkf.k cfg.kkckbZ pkS/kjh ;k nks?khaphgh dksVqafcd ik’oZHkweh foifjr vkgs] R;keqGs vikj d”V gsp

nks?khaP;kgh thoukps lkj vkgs- 2- vikj d”V djrkuk ;k nks?khaukgh R;kaP;k irhph lkFk ykHkysyh ukgh- lar cfg.kkckbZapk irh rkiV] la’k;h

gksrk]rj cfg.kkckbZ pkS/kjhauk nqnsZokus yodjp oS/kO; vkys- 3- lar cfg.kkckbZaP;k irhus myV cfg.kkckbZP;k vk/;kReekxkZr okjaokj vMFkGs vk.kys- R;koj ekr djhr cfg.kkckbZ

ijekFkZkr mPp LFkku izkIr djR;k >kY;k- 4- cfg.kkckbZ pkS/kjhauk irhph lkFk uOgrh- f’kok; vkfFkZd cktwgh dedqor gksrh] rjhgh eqykapk lkaHkkG djhr R;kauh

vk;q”;kr [kwi eksBs LFkku izkIr dsys- 5- ;k nks?khauhgh lkalkfjd tckcnkÚ;k uhV ikj ikMY;k- R;kpsp QG Eg.kts nks?khaphgh eqys drRooku fuityh- 6- ;k nks?khapsgh dkO; vtjkej vls vkgs- R;kr lkSan;kZlkscrp mPp dksVhps rRRoKku igko;kl feGrs- 7- L=hlqyHk lgtrk gs nks?khaP;kgh dkO;kps oSf’k”Vîk vkgs- 8- nksUgh dof;=hapk dky[kaM] ik'oZHkweh] ifjfLFkrh iw.kZr% osxGh vlyh rjh vykSfdd vuqHkwrheqGs R;kaP;kr dkghls lkE; vk<Grs- R;kaP;k d’Ve; pfj=kaph ik’oZHkweh] R;koj R;kauh xkBysyh vk/;kfRed maph] lalkjkpk xkMk vks<rkuk R;krqup vkiyk vkuan ‘kks/k.ks] thoukP;k ikmyokVsojps vkiys vuqHko dkO;krwu fVi.ks] lk/;k lalkjh fL=;kaps gs vuqHko jfldkauk vuqiE; vlk dkO;kuan ns.kkjs vl.ks v”kk vusd xks”Vh R;kaP;k ckcrhr leku vkgsr- Eg.kwup lkfgR;uHkkr ;k nksu rstLoh rkjdk vktgh vkiY;k rstkus rGir vkgsr-


Multidisciplinary


Page 38

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



lanHkZ % 1- ‘ks.kksyhdj] g-Jh-] izkphu ejkBh ok³~e;kps Lo:i] rrh; [kaM] 1650 rs 1840] lgkoh vko`Rrh] eks?ks izdk’ku]

dksYgkiwj] 1987] i`- 160 2- ekaModj] MkW- iou] nksu ‘kCn] cfg.kkbZph xk.kh% lkSan;Z vkf.k leh{kk] lsok izdk’ku] vejkorh] izFkekoRrh]

2013] i`- 5 3- /kqIiM] ek;k] cfg.kkckbZ pkS/kjh vkf.k R;kaP;k lglzinjh dfork] v{kjjax iqjo.kh] nS- yksder] iq.ks] fn-

3&12&2000] i`- 1- 4- o#Mdj] ek/kqjh] fulxZdU;k] v{kjjax iqjo.kh] nS- yksder] iq.ks] fn- 1&12&2002] i`- 3- 5- dÚgkMs] lnk] ^cfg.kkckbZph xk.kh & ,d fparu*] cfg.kkbZph xk.kh] cfg.kkckbZ pkS/kjh] lqfp=k izdk'ku] eqacbZ]

lkroh vko`Rrh] 1999] izk-i`- 59- ��


Multidisciplinary


Page 39

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



Tkulapkj ek/;eksa es fganh dk vuqiz;ksx

'kkjnk lkgscjko 'ksGds fganh foHkkx] MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ejkBokMk fo'ofo|ky;] vkSjaxkckn eks- 9764961940 Email -

[email protected]

Tkulapkj ¼Mass Communication½ blds varxZr Hkkjh ek«k es ;g ra= fc[kjs yksxks rd lans'k vFkok lqpuk ig¡qpkuh gksrh gSA okLro esa tulapkj og izfØ;k gS ftles tulk/kkj.k rd lqpuk laxzg djus ds fy, rduh dh vFkok laLFkkid v/kkj xzg.k fd;k tkrk gSA orZeku es bldk pfj=] lqpuk] izs’k.k] fo'Yks’ku] Kku eqY; izlkj ,oa euksjatu djus ds fy, ppÊr fd, gq, gS fizaV ek/;e ¼lekpkj i=] if«kdk,¡ vknh½ rFkk bY¨DVª‚fud ek/;e ¼nwjn'kZu] jsfMv¨ vkfn½ blds varxZr vkrs gS pfpZr dHkh&dHkh tulapkj O;fDrxr ,oa leqg Lrj ij Hkh lapfjr gksrs gS D;ksadh lekpkj i= dk ikBd dsoYk f'kf{kr oxZ gh gksrk gSA vui<+ dks og izHkkfor ugh dj ikrk vkSj ;g Hkh laHko gS dh i<sA fy[ks&yksxksa dh :ph fdlh fo'ks’k lekpkj i«k ij gh gks blh izdkj nwjn'kZu ds fy, VhJOkh- dk gksuk vfuok;Z gSA vkSj vko';d ugh gS fd lHkh n'kZd lHkh dk;Zdze ns[ks lcdh viuh&viuh vfHk:ph gksrh gSA yksdukV~;] yksdxhr vknh ijaijkxr lk/ku Hkh tulapkj ds varxZr vkrs gSA

**jholZ ihVjlu rFkk tsUlu us tulapkj dh fo'ks"krk crkrs gq, fy[kk gS & tulapkj *tulk/kj.k* ds fy, gksrk gSA fo'ks"k oxZ ds fy, ugh- tulapkj viuk lans'k eqfnzrn`'; o JO; tSls lk/kuksa ls izdkj djrk gSA bldh lcls cMh fo'ks"krk ;g gS dh] bl es yksxks dh izfØ;k dk irk py tkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr tulapkj vYiewY; dk gks tkrk gSA vFkkZr djdkj ;k laLFkk dks rks O;; djuk iMrk gS ysfdu turk dks cgqr de [kpZ djuk iMrk gSA tulapkj izR;{k vFkok vizR;{k nksuksa :iksa es gh gks ldrk gSA

Ekk/;e gh –’Vh ls tulapkj fn'kk,¡

1. eqfnzr ek/;e lekpkj i=] if=dk,W iqLrds 2. JO; ek/;e&jsfMvks] fV-oh- fQYe dWlsV&fMLd 3. vU; iz;ktfud ek/;e&foKkiu] dEI;qVj] ek;ØksfQYe fpIl

izksQslj foycj Jke dgrs gS Þlapkj es ,d O;Drh ;k O;Drh;ksa ds leqg ds lkFk ,sD; ;k lkekU;rk dh LFkkiuk lekfgr gksrh gS


Multidisciplinary


Page 40

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



gj O;Drh dHkh vius eu dh Hkouk,W] fopkj] nq[k%nnZ] leL;k,W] osnuk] vfHkO;Dr djrk gS rks dHkh rks dHkh Áse] lq[k] vkuan] Lusg] lEizs’khr djrk gSA lapkj ds izlkj&izpkj dh ;g izfdz;k rhu rRoksa ls gksrh gSA L=ksrk] lans'k vkSj L=ksrk jktsanz ds erkuqlkj tulapkj bl 'kCn leqg es iz;qDr 'kCn *lapkj* vFkkZr fdlh dks vkxs c<kuk ;k pykuk QSykuk dh eqy /kkrq laLÑr dks *pj* gS ftldk eryc pykukA nqljs 'kCnksa es tc ge fdlh Hkko ;k fopkj ;k tkudkjh dks nqljks rd igqWpkrs gS vkSj ;g izfØ;k lkeqfgd iSekus ij gksrh gS rks bls tulapkj ¼Mass Communication½ dgrs gSA lapkj ls rkRi;Z gS ,d O;fä ls nqljs O;fä rd vFkZiw.kZ lans'kks dk izs"k.kkA1

lkFkZd lans'k ds fy, l'kDr ek/;e dh t:jr gksrh gS ek/;e ds fcuk lapkj dh izfØ;k vlaHko gSA

vkfnedky ls euq"; lapkj ds lk/kuksa dk voyac djrk vk;k gS cnyrs ifjos'k es lapkj ek/;eksa esa Hkh ifjorZu gksrs vk jgs gSA ijaijkxr ek/;eksa ls ysdj vkt rd ds uobY¨DVª‚fud] ek/;e¨ rd dk ;g lQj O;fDr ds] lekt ds gj ,d igyq ij viuk vfLrRo cuk,¡ gq,¡ gSA euq’; ds thou dk gj ,d vax tulapkj ek/;ekas ls fdlh u fdlh ls tqMk gqvk gS

tulapkj ek/;e ;k *tuek/;e* vaxzsth ifjHkkf"kd 'kCn 'Mass Media' dk fganh vuqokn gSA 'Media', 'Mediam' dk cgq&opu gSA bldk lkekU; vFkZ gS&og lk/ku ftlls dqN vfHkO;Dr vFkok laiszf'kr fd;k tk,A ekuo lekt ds lHkh feys tqys oxkZs rd cMs iSekus ij pkgs os ikl gks ;k nqj dqN fopkj Hkko] lqpuk,W ;k tkudkjh *lapkj* {ks= es lkFkZd lans'k ekus tkrs gS buds laizs'k.k ds fy, dqN lk/kuksa ;k midj.kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;s lk/ku ;k midj.k ;k *lapkj&ek/;e* dgykrs gSA2

tulapkj ek/;e ds izeq[k rkSj ij nks foHkkxkas es ns[kk tk ldrk gS

1½ ijEijkxr ek/;e

2½ vk/kqfud ek/;e

IkjEijkxr ek/;e %&

IkjEijkxr ek/;ekas es izk;% mRlo yksdxhr] 'khykys[k] okrkZ dFkk] esysas yksdukV; vkfn vkrs gSA iqjkru dky es mRlo] esyks es yksdxhr yksdukV; dk vk;kstu gksrk FkkA blds }kjk lans'k igq¡pk, tkrs FksA f'kykys[k dFkk es Hkh mphr lans'k gksrs Fks tSls&tSls fLFkrh cnyrh x;h oSls&oSls bu lk/kuksa es cnyko vkrs x;sA


Multidisciplinary


Page 41

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



vk/kqfud ek/;e %&

Mkd lsok] eqnz.k ek/;e v©j bY¨DVª‚fud eqnz.k ek/;eks es lekpkj i=] if=dk,W gsUMfcy vkfn

bysDVªkWfud ek/;eksa es jsfMvks VsfydkWe] VsfyfizaVj] jsfMv¨ isftax ;g JO; ek/;e¨ v©j Vsfyfotu ;g n`";&JO; ek/;ekas es lekfo"B gS ijEijkxr ek/;eks ds fo"k; es dgk tk, rks 9 oh 'krkCnh es izkIr f'kykafdr jpukvksa ls gh ;g ladsr feyrk gS fd laokn isz"k.k ds :Ik es budh egRoiw.kZ Hkqfedk gS

/keZxq:vkas ds izopu ls lapkj&ra= dk izHkkoh :Ik lkeus vkrk gS _"kh ukjn dks i`Foh vkSj nsork es laokn LFkkfir djusokyk laoknd rFkk ek/;e dgrs F¨A

e/;dky es HkDrks vkSj larks dks lkaLd`frd iqutkZxj.k dh T;ksrh tyk;h tks fofHkUUk lq+++++=ksa ds :Ik es vkt Òh foneku g¨ /kkfeZd lapkj ek/;e¨ ds :i es izopu] okrkZ] rFkk fp=] lafxr] lkfgR; vkfn dykvks dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk tks vkt Hkh viuk vfLrRo cuk, gq, gS

Hkkjrh; lekt dh fofo/krk lkaLd`frd yksdxhr] dFkk Hkk:M :i ds lkeus vkrh Fkh ftlls laLdkj laLd`fr ,d ih<h ls nqljh ih<h rd vkt rd laokfgr gks jgh gS tulapkj ds ek/;e Hkjh la[;k es Jksrk n'kZd leqg dks izHkkfor djrs gSA

ÞHkkjr es ijEijk ls laxhr] u`R;] ukfVdk] yksdjaxeap] xhr] yksdu`R; ,oa yksddyk lapkj ds ek/;e jgsA bu ek/;eks ds izLrqrhdj.k dk Lo:Ik dkQh jkspd gksrk gS tks n'kZdks d¨ ea=eqX/k dj nsrk gSA tuek/;e ds izfr vius O;kid vkd"kZ.k vkSj yk[kksa fuj{kj yksxksa ds xguer laosxkas dks Nqus vius xq.k dh n`"Vh ls xhr vkSj ukVd dk ek/;e vfOnrh; gksrk gSA blds vykok egRoiw.kZ ek/;e a esa u`R; dk LFkku Js"B gSA dFkdfYk ¼dsjy½ Hkjr ukV;e] rkehyukMq] ef.kiwj] ef.kiqjh dFkd] mRrj Hkkjr&jkeyhyk] jklyhyk] HkobZ] ukSVadh] t=k] rek'kk] dBiqryh vknhA ,d rjQ ikjikfjd ek/;e tuek/;eks ds fo"k; oLrq dks le`/n djus ds lkFk LkkFk lapkj es O;kikj izlkj gqvkA3

Lakpkj ;k tu&lapkj fopkjksa lqpukvksa mRizsjd ladsrks ds vknku&iznku ls gh gekjs lexz thou eqY;kas vkSj laLd`rh dh gksrh gSA bl izdkj ds eqy rRo dh gekjs thou es LFkkiuk fdl rjg gksrh gS ;g Li"V gksrk gS

Msful eSdZcy %&

ÞLakpkj dks ,d O;fDr ls nqljs O;fDr rd vFkZiw.kZ lans'kks ds :Ik es Lohdkj fd;k x;k tk ldrk gS dksbZ Hkh O;fDr lapkj ds fcuk th ugh ldrhA4


Multidisciplinary


Page 42

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



Lakpkj dh izfØ;k fujarj pyusokyh izfØ;k gS O;fDr ds Hkko] fopkj er rFkk lekt es ?kVusokyh gj ?kVuk lapkj dh izfØ;k es lekfo"B gksrh gSA

Lakpkj dh bl izfdz;k es ek/;ekas dk viuk LFkku ,oa egRo gSA

*lapkj* O;fDr vkSj lekt dk lgtkr izo`fRRk gSA

,'kY© e©Vqxk rFkk DyksjkbZM %&

Okg vla[; <ax ftuls ekuork ls lEcU/k j[kk tk ldrk gS] dsoy 'kCnksa ;k laxhr] fp=kas ;k eqnz.k Onkjk b'kkjksa ;k vax&izn'kZu 'kkjhfjd eqnzk ;k if{k;ksa ds ijksa ls lHkh dh vkWa[k rFkk dkuksa rd lans'k igqqpkuk gh tulapkj dgykrk gSA5

Ckyks %&

gekjk vk/kkjHkqr mÌs’k vius O;fDrRo vkSj ml okrkoj.k&ftl es ge vius dks ikrs gS&ds chp ds eqy] lac/k dks cnyuk gksrk gSA fo'ks’k :Ik es gekjk eqy mnns’; ml laHkkouk dks de djuk gSA ftlds vuqlkj ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd ge iwjh rjg ls ckg; dkjksadk fuekZ.k djrs gSA lapkj es gekjk izkFkfed mÌs'; gS& izHkkoh izstUV cukuk] nqljks dks vius HkkSfrd ifjos'k dh ,oa Lo;a dks izHkkfor djuk fu/kkZfjd ,tsUV cuuk ,oa fofHkUUk xfrfof/k;ksa ds lac/k es viuk er O;Dr djukA la{ksi es ge izHkko Mkyus ds fy, lkSn`'; izHkko Mkyus ds fy, lEisz"k.k djr gSAÞ

yq.M cxZ %&

lapkj bl ikjEikfjd fdz;k dk :Ik gS tks izfrdksa ds ek/;e ls ?kfVr gksrk gSA ;s izfrd fp=h; IykfLVd ekS[khd ;k vU; fdlh :Ik O;Ogkj :i ls g¨ ldrs gS v©j fdlh O;ogkj fo'¨"k dsfYk, mÌhiu dk dk;Z djrs gSA ,slk O;Okgkj t¨ O;fä fo'¨"k dh fo'¨"k n'kkZv a ds vHkko es Lo;a izrhd Onkjk mnk?kkfVr ugh gks ikrkAÞ6

tulapkj dh ifjHkk"kk %&

tulapkj dh ifjHkk"kk dbZ :Ik ls gekjs lkeus izLrqr gS] ftlls tulapkj dk Lo:Ik Li"V :Ik ls izdV gks ldrk gSA

Þog vla[; <ax ftuls ekuork ls lEcU/k j[k tk ldrk gS] dsoy 'kCnksa ;k laxhr] fp«k¨ ;k eqnz.k Onkjk b'kkjksa ;k vax&izn'kZu] 'kkjhfjd] eqnzk ;k if{k;ksa ds iSjksa ls] lHkh dh vkWa[k rFkk dkuksa rd lans'k igqpkuk gh tulapkj dgykrk gSA

Kku] vuqHko] laosnuk] fopkj vkSj ;gkWa rd fd vfLrRo es gksusokys vfHkuo ifjorZuksa dh lk>snkjh gh lapkj gS vkSj lk>snkjh dh ;g izfØ;k gS lapkj gS


Multidisciplinary


Page 43

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



Lakpkj rF;ks rFkk fopkj/kkjkvkas ds ekuo fofue; dk foLrr {ks= gSAÞ Lkapkj dh izfØ;k es lans'k dh lkFkZdrk ek/;e ij fuHkZj djrh gSS lqpuk vkSj izks|ksfxd {ks= es gks jgs vkfo"dkj ls tulapkj d¨ u;k :i&Lo:i feYk jgk gSA dEI;qVj es baVjusV ds vfo"dkj dh Òqfe rS;kj dh vkSj lewY;s ek/;e&txr es viuk veqY; ;ksxnku fn;kA

lanÒZ lwph %

1. n`';&JO; ,oa tulapkj ek/;e MkW- d`".kdqekj jRrw] i`-Ø- 3 2. fganh ds v|;u vuqiz;ksx MkW- ek/ko lksuVDds i`-Ø- 58 3. fganh ds v|;u vuqiz;ksx&MkW ek/ko lksuVDds i`-Ø-61 4. Okgh i`- 58 5. Okgh i` 58


Multidisciplinary


Page 44

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



uO;k ;qxkrhy vf/kdks"k.kkps Lo#i izk- jkts’k lq/kkdj Mksaxjs okf.kT; foHkkx xq:dqy dyk okf.kT; o foKku egkfo|ky;] ukank ft- panziqj eksckbZy dz- 9021962848 E-Mail- [email protected]

Xkks”kokjk dsoG Bsoh fLodkj.ks o dtZ ns.ks gs vf/kdks”k.kkps uO;k ;qxkrhy Lo#i jkfgysys ukgh- vkt c¡dkauk

ns’kkr ik;kHkwr lqfo/kkapk fodkl dj.;kdfjrk lqjf{kr osGsoj vkf.k iqjslk vFkZiqjoBk djko;kpk vkgs- ns’kkr

ijdh; xqro.kqdhyk vkdf"kZr djko;kps vkgs- ns’kkr jkstxkj fufeZrh ?kMowu vk.k.;kP;k n`"Vhdks.kkrwu vkiys

;ksxnku |ko;kps vkgs- vFkZO;oLFksr vkS|ksfxd fodklkyk pkyuk ns.;kP;k n`"Vhus vf/kdks"k.k lsok iznku

djko;kP;k vkgs- ns’kkP;k vkfFkZd fodklkr vf/kdks"ku O;olk;krhl {ks=h; vlerksy deh djko;kpk vkgs-

ns’kkP;k vkarjjk"Vªh; O;kikj ok<fo.;kP;k n`"Vhus vkiyh vf/kdks"k.k lsok |ko;kph vkgs- ns’kkph fu;kZr

ok<fo.;kP;k n`"Vhus vf/kdks"k.k dk;kZrhy vMp.kh nwj djko;kP;k vkgsr- FkksMD;kr lkaxko;kps >kY;kl vkrk

c¡dkauk ufou vkfFkZd /kksj.kkuqlkj vkiY;k vf/kdks"k.k O;olk;kr vkeqykxz cny ?kMowu vk.k.;kph vko’;drk

fuekZ.k >kyh vkgs- c¡dkaP;k lsokaph lgt vkf.k lqyHk miyC/krk gs uO;k;qxkrhy vf/kdks"k.kkps laHkkO; Lo#i

jkg.kkj vkgs- vkiY;k O;olk;klkscr ns’kkpk vkfFkZd fodkl lk/; dj.;kps nk;hRo Hkkjrh; c¡dkauk ikj

ikMko;kps vkgs-

fct ‘kCn %

vf/kdks”k.k iz.kkyh] vkFkhZd fu;kstu] b & cWdhax] dksvj cWdhax] ijns’kh pyu-

izLrkouk%&

1951 iklwu Hkkjrkus tyn vkfFkZd fodkl ?kMoqu vk.k.;klkBh fu;kstukpk fLodkj dsyk-

vFkZO;oLFksP;k lopZ {ks=kapk lerksy i/nrhus fodkl ?kMowu vk.k.ks o lektoknh lektjpusP;k mf|"VkaP;k

iwrZrslkBh fu;kstu ;’kLoh dj.;kP;k fu;kstudkjkapk n`"Vhdks.k iapokf"kZd ;kstukaP;k ek/;ekrwu lkdkj dsyk tkr

vkgs- 1951 rs 2012 i;±r Hkkjrkus 11 iapokf"kZd ;kstuk iw.kZ dsY;k- ;k dkyko/khr 'ksrh m|ksx o lsok{ks=kP;k

fodklkr Hkkjrh; cSadkps ;ksxnku cgweqY; vkgs gs dq.khgh ukdk# 'kd.kkj ukgh- ek= ;kdkGkkr vf/kdks"k.k O;olk;

izkeq[;kus Bsoh fLodkj.ks o dtZ okVi dj.ks ;koj Hkj ns.kkjk gksrk-


Multidisciplinary


Page 45

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



Hkkjrh; c¡dkaps fofyuhdj.k

Hkkjrkr c¡fdax lsosph lq#okr 18 O;k 'krdkr >kyh- tujy c¡d vkWQ bafM;k 1786 e/;s LFkkiu >kyh-

R;k ikBksikB c¡d vkWQ fgUnqLFkku ;k nksUgh c¡dk vkt vfLrRokr vkgsr- R;k dkGkkr vus d NksV;k NksV;k c¡dk

gksR;k- cgqrka’k osxosxG;k leqnk;kaP;k ukokusp gksR;k- R;kaP;koj R;k R;k {ks=krhy izflMalh c¡dkps cgqrka’k izHkqRo

gksrs-

gGq gGq izsflMaslh c¡dkauh cgqrka’k NksV;k c¡dkuk fxGad`r dsys- iq<s ;k loZ izsflMsalh c¡dkaP;k

foyhuhdj.kkrqu bafifj;y c¡dsPkk tUe >kyk- rh Eg.ktsp vkt vfLrRokr vlysyh lokZr tquh c¡d] LVsV c¡d vkWQ

bafM;k gks;- rh tqu 1806 e/;s dydrk ;sFks c¡d vkWQ csaxky ukokus LFkkiu >kyh- R;kuarj 1865 e/;s vYkkgkckn

c¡dsph LFkkiuk >kyh- 1895 e/;s ykgksj yk iatkc uW’kuy c¡d vkf.k 1906 e/;s eqacbZ ;sFks c¡d vkWQ bafM;kph

LFkkiuk >kyh- ;k loZ c¡dkauh vkivkiY;k {ks=krhy NksV;k c¡dkauk fxGad`r dfjr eksBs #i /kkj.k dsys- 1935 e/;s

fj>OgZ c¡d vkWQ bafM;kph LFkkiuk gksÅu frP;kdMs loZ c¡dkaP;k fu;a=.kk[kkyh tckcnkjh vkyh 1947 e/;s fjtOgZ

c¡d vkWQ bafM;kps jk"Vªh;dj.k dj.;kr vkys] vkf.k fryk vf/kd vf/kdkj ns.;kr vkys- 1969 lkyh 50 djksM

is{kk vf/kd Bsoh vlYksY;k 14 Hkkjrh; c ¡dkps jk"Vªh;dj.k dj.;kr vkys- 1980 lkyh vk.k[kh lgk c¡dkps

jk"Vªh;dj.k dj.;kr vkys-

Hkkjrkr 1961 rs 2006 P;k njE;ku 72 c¡dkps foyhuhdj.k >kys- R;kiSdh 59 foyhuhdj.k vkfFkZd

lq/kkj.kkaP;k iqohZps vkgsr- rj moZjhr 13 vkfFkZd lq/kkj.kkuarj >kysys vkgsr- lq/kkj.kkiqohZps vusd foyhuhdj.k gs

ljdkj}kjk vktkjh c¡dkauk rkj.;klkBh ?ksrysY;k fu.kZ;krwu >kysys vkgsr- lq/kkj.kkuarjP;k dkGkr cktkjkP;k

nckokus gks.kkjs fofyuhdj.k ok<R;k la[;sr gksr vkgsr- gk ncko brdk tkLr vkgs dh izfrf"Br c¡dkauk ns[khy

vkiyh Li/kkZRed {kerk ok<fo.;kdfjrk Lor%ph iqujcka/k.kh djkoh ykxr vkgs-

lq/kkj.kkuarj >kysys c¡dkaps foyhuhdj.k

v-Ø- foyhu >kysyh c¡d T;kr foyhu >kyh rh c¡d rkjh[k@o"kZ

1 U;w c¡d vkWQ bafM;k iatkc uW’kuy c¡d 1993-94

2 c¡d vkWQ djkM fy- c¡d vkWQ bafM;k 1993-94

3 dkf’kukFk lsB c¡d LVsV c¡d vkWQ bafM;k 1995-96

4 iatkc dks&vkWi-c¡d fy- vksfj,aVy c¡d vkWQ dkWelZ 1996-97

5 ckjh nks,c c¡d fy- vksfj,aVy c¡d vkWQ dkWelZ 1996-97

6 cjsyh dkWikZsjs’ku c¡d fy- c¡d vkWQ cMksnk 03-06-1999

7 flDdhe c¡d fy- ;qfu;u c¡d vkWQ bafM;k 22-12-1999


Multidisciplinary


Page 46

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



8 VkbZEl c¡d fy- ,p-Mh-,Q-lh- c¡d fy- 26-02-2000

9 cukjl LVsV c¡d c¡d vkWQ cMksnk 20-07-2000

10 usnqaxMh c¡d fy- iatkc uW’kuy c¡d 01-02-2003

11 c¡d vkWQ enqjk vk;-lh-vk;-lh-vk;- c¡d March 01

12 Xykscy VªLV c¡d fy- vksfj,aVy c¡d vkWQ dkWelZ 24-07-2007

13 ;quk;VsM osLVuZ c¡d fy- vk;-Mh-ch-vk;- 03-10-2006

;kf’kok; dkgh foyhuhdj.k izfØ;k lq# vkgsr- ;qdks c¡d o nsuk c¡d ps LVWV c¡dsr foyhuhdj.k gks.ks

ckcn ckrE;k dkgh ek/;ekrwu xro"khZ izdk’khr >kY;k gksR;k i.k ;k nksUgh c¡dkaP;k izca/kdkdMwu ;k ckrE;kps

tksMnkj [kaMu dj.kr vkys gksrs- fMlsacj 2004 e/;s c¡d vkWQ bafM;k o ;qfu;u c¡d vkWQ bafM;k ;kaP;k

foyhuhdj.kkph ckreh gksrh- i.k rs vktrkxk;r iq.kZRokl xsysys ukgh- xzkfe.k c¡dkaP;k ckcrhrgh fujfujkG;k

ckrE;k o ppkZ e/;arjh ,sdw ;sr gksR;k- R;kr ;k c¡dkaps R;kaP;k ikyd c¡dkae/;s foyhuhdj.k gks.ks fdaok loZ xzkfe.k

c¡dkaph feGwu ,d jk"Vªh; c¡d fuekZ.k ;klkj[;k 'kD;rk cksyY;k tkr gksR;k- ijarq rqjGd xzkfe.k c¡dkaps vkilkr

foyhuhdj.k gks.;kifydMs R;kr fo’ks"k dkgh ?kMysys fnlr ukgh- ;k lokZr fo’ks"k mYys[kfu; Eg.kts LVWV c¡d o

frP;k lg;ksxh c¡dkaP;k foyhuhdj.kkph izfØ;k gks;- R;kr [kjsrj dqByhgh rkaf=d vMp.k vl.;kph dkgh 'kD;rk

ukgh- dkj.k ekydhP;k n`"Vhus ^^okVhrya rkVkr** lkj[kkp izdkj vkgs- lax.kdh; ckcrhr gh dkghp vMpu ukgh-

dkj.k R;k lok±ps lkW¶Vosvj ,dp vkgs- brdsp dk; ;k c¡dkaps vusd O;ogkj fo’ks"k d#u Mªk¶V~l vkf.k vkarj

'kk[kk O;ogkj vxnh iqokZikj pkyr vkysys vkgsr-

bZ&c¡dhax

bZ&c¡dhax Eg.kts lkekU;i.ks bysDVªkfuDl c¡dhax iz.kkyh gks;- ekfgrh o ra=KkukP;k c¡dkaP;k {ks=krhy

eksB;k izek.kkrhy okij lax.kdhdj.kkph osxoku izØh;k] dksvj c¡dhax i/nrh baVjusVpk okij] izxr laidZ

iz.kkyhpk c¡dhax O;ogkjkrhy okij ;k loZ ckch ,desdka’kh brD;k ?kV~Vi.ks tksMysY;k vkgsr vkf.k R;kpk lkekU;

vFkZ lokZuk let.;klkj[kkp vkgs- ;k loZ iz.kkyhpk mi;ksx dsY;keqGs c¡dhaxP;k vk/kqfud O;oLFksps ,d lexz fp=

vkiY;k MksG;kleksj mHks jkgrs- bysDVªkWfud midj.kkaP;k vk/kkjs foRrh; O;ogkj dj.ks ,o<kp e;kZnhr vFkZ

bZ&c¡dhax pk ukgh- bZ&c¡dhax ps {ks= O;kid vkgs o R;kr dkykuq#i osxoku cny lkrR;kus gksr vkgsr-

c¡dsarwu iSls dk<.ks o Hkj.ks] uksVkaph caMys ekst.;klkBh ekuoh Je’kDrhpk okij iSls ikBfo.;klkBh ,e-

Vh@Vh-Vh o Mh- Mh- ;k I;kZ;kpk okij] psd oVfo.ks] brj fBdk.kP;k psd ps fDy;jal dj.ks bR;kfn lkBh ykx.kkjk

dkyko/kh vkBoyk rj vtqugh vaxkoj dkVk mHkk jkgrks-


Multidisciplinary


Page 47

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



dksvj c¡dhax iz.kkyheqGs ,-Vh-,e- o eksckbZy c¡dhaxP;k ok<R;k okijeqGs foRrh; O;ogkj lqyHk >kys

vkgsr- izR;{k c¡dsr tkÅu O;ogkj dj.kss gh ladYiuk vkrk bfrgkl tek gksr vkgs-

bZ&c¡dhaxps lax.kdhd`r Lo#i

1- ,-Vh-,e- Lo;apfyr Vsyj e’khu

2- O;fDrxr lax.kdkP;k ek/;ekrwu c¡dhax

3- gkse c¡dhax fdaok baVjusV}kjs c¡dhx

4- ØsMhV dkMZ] MschV dkMZ] LekVZ dkMZ] fdlku dkMZ] Xykscy dkMZ bR;knh

5- Vsyh c¡dhax

6- bZysDVªkWfud for O;ogkj i/nrh ¼bZ-,Q-Vh-½

7- dksvj c¡dhax @,uh Ogsvj c¡dhax

8- bysDVªkfud fDyvfjax lsok-

;k loZ O;oLFkkapk ifj.kke Eg.kts loZ izdkjP;k 'kks/kuklkBh dkMZpk okij dj.ks] QDr dk;kZy;hu osGsrp

O;ogkj dj.;kps ca/ku ukgh] ?kj clY;k vkiY;k vko’;drsuqlkj o loMhuqlkj foRrh; O;ogkjkaph iwrhZ dj.ks 'kD;

>kys] ifjlj fojfgr c¡dhax iz.kkyhph eqgwrZesB >kyh vkgs-

Xykscy fOgyst e/khy eqDr vkfFkZd o O;kikjh O;ogkjkaP;k Li/kZsr fVdwu jkg.;klkBh Hkkjrkrhy c¡dkauk

vkiY;k xzkgd oxkZyk vk/kqfud o Rofjr =qVhfouk lax.kdh; lsok iznku dj.ks dkGkph xjt vkgs- Hkkjrkrhy

xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy vYicpr ;k ek/;ek}kjs izksRlkghr d#u R;kP;k Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFksrhy lgHkkx ok<fork ;sbZy-

orZeku vf/kdks"k.k i/nrh o leL;k

1- vkarjjk"Vªh; c¡d %& Hkkjrh; lekt cprhyk egRo nsrks- R;keqGs txHkjkrhy c¡dk Hkkjrkr vkY;k-

Hkkjrkr l/;k ,ch,u vWxzks] c¡d vkWQ vesfjdk] lhVh cSad] Mp c¡d] ,p,lchlh] LVWMMZ pkVZMZ c¡d v’kk

29 vkarjjk"Vªh; c¡dkaP;k 275 'kk[kk vkgsr- rj 39 c¡dkaph izfrfu/khd dk;kZy;s Hkkjrkr vkgsr- ;ko#u

gs Li"V gksrs dh] tkxfrd c¡dhax {ks=kyk Hkkjrkr O;kikj dj.;kl vf/kd LokjL; vkgs- vkarjjk"Vªh; c¡dk

dkedkt vR;ar i/nr’khj vlrs- Hkkjrh; c¡dkaph ikjaikfjd dk;Zi/nrh O;kolk;hd n`"Vhph ulY;kus

Hkkjrh; c¡dkauk ;k c¡dk’kh Li/kkZ dBhu tkrs-

2- vR;k/kqfud lqfo/kk %& laiq.kZ lax.kdhdj.k] baVjusVpk okij dksvj c¡dhax] eksckbZy c¡dhax v’kk

vk/kqfud lqfo/kk vkarjjk"Vªh; c¡dk iznku djrkr- R;keqGs vf/kd 'kqYd Hk#ugh loZlkekU; xzkgd

R;kaP;kdMs vkdf"kZr gksÅ ykxys- Hkkjrkr vk;-Vh- {ks=kpkgh >ikV;kus fodkl >kyk vkgs- loZlkekU;

yksdkatoG iSlk [ksGw ykxyk vkgs- v’kkizdkjs loZp yksdkauk vk/kqfud lqfo/kk;qDr c¡dsph xjt vkgs o gh


Multidisciplinary


Page 48

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



xjt vkarjjk"Vªh; c¡d izkjaHkkiklwup iw.kZ dfjr vkgsr- R;k rqyusr Hkkjrh; c¡d g;k lqfo/kk iqjfo.;kr

ekxs iMY;kr-

3- lekt fgrS’kh O;oLFkkiu ukgh & fons’kh c¡dkaP;k rqyusr vkt Hkkjrh; c¡dkaph la[;k vf/kd vkgs- R;keqGs

Hkkjrh; c¡dkaps ikjMs tM vkgs- i.k ygku Lo#ikP;k jk"Vªh;d`r o [kktxh Hkkjrh; c¡dk oS;fDrd

vgaxaMkrwu pkyoY;k tkr vkgsr- R;keqGs R;kap vfLrRo Qkj dkG fVd.ks l{kersP;k fud"kkoj dBh.k

okVrs-

4- rGkxkGki;±r dtZiqjoBk ukgh & Hkkjrh; c¡dk tkpd fuc±/kkeqGs ,dne [kkyP;k rGkP;k yksdkai;±r

iksgpw 'kdr ukgh- R;keqGs vusd lkekU; o vf’kf{kr yksd c¡dsP;k dtZiqjoBk /kksj.kkpk ykHk ?ksÅ 'kdr

ukghr-

5- dksvj c¡dhaxpk vHkko %& vktP;k g;k ra=KkukP;k ;qxkr xzkgdkauk rRij o ns’kkP;k dks.kR;kgh Hkkxkr

lsok miyC/k goh vkgs- Hkkjrkrhy loZp c¡dkgh lsok miyC/k d#u nsow 'kdr ukgh- T;k c¡dsr [kkrs vkgs

R;kp c¡dsrwu O;ogkj djkos ykxrs- dkgh c¡dk gh lsok nsr vkgs- ijarq R;kdfjrk xzkgdkyk vusd

vMp.khpk lkeuk djkok ykxrks-

6- xzkgd fgrkps /kksj.k ukgh %& 'kqYd vk/kkjhr lsok fnY;k tkr vlrkaukgh xzkgdkauk larks"k o lek/kku

feGsr vls- /kksj.k c¡dkaps ulrs- c¡dkaP;k osGk xzkgdkaP;k lks;huqlkj vlrkrp vls ukgh-

ojhy izek.ks Hkkjrh; c¡dkiq<s fofo/k leL;k vlY;k rjh lq/nk Hkkjrh; xzkgd ;a=kis{kk ekuoh

lsosyk vf/kd egRo nsrks- ekufo; n`"Vhdks.kkrwu lsok miyC/k >kY;kl g;k tkxfrd ifjfLFkrhrgh Hkkjrh; c¡dk

vxzslj jkgw 'kdrkr- R;klkBh [kkyhy mik; ;kstuk djkos-

mik;

1- baVjusV c¡dhax& ns’kkrhy ekfgrhy ra=KkukeqGs Hkkjrkrgh baVjusV c¡dhaxph ok< gksrkauk fnlr vkgs-i.k

vtwugh cÚ;kp c¡dk g;k lanHkkZr izkFkfed voLFksr vkgsr- vR;k/kqfud o fodlhr ;a=.ks}kjs gh lqfo/kk

iznku djkoh-

2- eksckbZy c¡dhax& Hkkjrkr eksckbZy /kkjdkaph la[;k eksBh vkgs- eksckbZyoj xzkgdkaph f’kYyd jk’kh]

uO;k ;kstuk] ri’khyokj ekfgrh ,l-,e-,l-}kjs ns.ks t#jhps vkgs ;k lsosr vusd vMp.kh ;sr vkgsr R;k

nqj dj.ks xjtsps vkgs-


Multidisciplinary


Page 49

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



3- ,-Vh-,e-& c¡dsP;k e;kZnhr osGsoj voyacwu u jkgrk jk=h mf’kjki;±r jk’kh dk<.;kph eqHkk vlkoh-

xzkeh.k Hkkxki;±r ;k lsospk foLrkj dj.;kr ;kok-

4- psd Mªki ckWDl& psd tek dj.;klkBh jkaxsr mHks u jkgrk psd Mªki ckWDl e/;s psd Vkdyk dh fu;ksftr

osGsr jk’kh [kkR;kr tek gksbZy v’kh lqfo/kk iznku djkoh-

5- lq{e ¼ek;Øks½ vFkZiqjoBk djkok& Hkkjrkrhy vusd dqVwac vtqugh nkfjnz;krp thou txr vkgsr-

R;keqGsp rj vusd 'ksrdÚ;kauk vkRegR;k djkO;k ykxr vkgsr- fg fLFkrh cny.;klkBh vFkZiqjoB;kP;k

tkpd vVh nwj d#u lkekU;kauk lgtxR;k vFkZiqjoBk Ogk;yk gok –

6- dkekP;k rklkr ok< %& ,dhdMs vkarjjk"Vªh; c¡dk o nqljhdMs [kktxh foRrlaLFkk vFkZiqjoBk dj.;kr o

xzkgdkauk rRij lsok ns.;kr Li/kkZ djhr vkgsr- i.k Hkkjrh; c¡dk e;kZnhr osGkrp lsok nsÅ bfPNrkr-

R;keqGs Hkkjrh; c¡dkukgh ckjk rkl pksohl rkl lsok nsowu xzkgdkauk vkdf"kZr dj.ks vko’;d vkgs-

7- ØsMhV o MsfcV dkMZ %& ØsMhV dkMZeqGs [kkR;kr iSls ulsy rjh m/kkjhoj ekykph [kjsnh djrk ;srs- MsfcV

dkMZoj ek= [kkR;kr tso<h f’kYyd vkgs rso<hp jk’kh [kpZ djrk ;srs v’kh lqfo/kk loZp c¡dkauh miyC/k

d#u n;koh vkf.k lqjf{krrsP;k nq"Vhus mik; djkos-

8- QkWjsu ,Dlpast %& ijns’kh pyu Hkkjrh; #ikarjhr dj.;kph QkWjsu ,Dlpast gh lsok gh c¡dke/;s

miyC/k ukgh- xzkgdkaP;k lks;hlkBh gh lsokgh loZp c¡dke/kwu miyC/k Ogkoh-

9- xzkgd fgrk;] xzkgd lq[kk; /kksj.k %& fons’kh o O;kolk;hd c¡dkaP;k ;’kkps eq[; xed xzkgd fgrk;]

xzkgd lq[kk; /kksj.k vkgs- ekdZsfVaxP;k vk/kqfud ra=kuqlkj xzkgd gk R;kaP;k O;olk;kpk dsanzfcanw vlrks-

R;keqGs xzkgdkapk dy y{kkr ?ksoqu R;kaP; vMp.kh lksMfo.;kph vkxzgh Hkwfedk c¡dkaph vlkoh-

10- bZ& c¡dhax lqj{kk o dkGth%& bysDVªkWfud ek/;ekaP;k okijkrwu vkfFkZd xqUgs o Qlo.kqdhps izdkj

fnolsafnol ok<rkauk fnlwu ;sr vkgs ;k leL;soj rkRdkG mik; dj.ks o lqj{kk O;oLFkk fuekZ.k dj.ks

dkGkph xjt vkgs-

fu"d"kZ o f’kQkj’kh

1- uQk defo.ks gk [kktxh c¡dkapk izeq[k m|s’k vlwu R;kn`"Vhus R;k xzkgdkauk vkdf"kZr dj.kkÚ;k

fofo/k ;kstuk jkcor vlrkr tkLrhr tkLr lqfo/kk miyC/k d#u vkiyk xzkgd oxZ ok<fo.;kpk R;kapk iz;Ru

vlrks- ljdkjh c¡dkuakgh vkrk R;kn`"Vhus iz;Ru dj.;kph xjt vkgs-

2- ufou ladYiukph vaeyctko.khlkBhs vk/kqfud ;a= o ra=Kku gkrkG.kkjs deZpkjh@vf/kdkjh ftrds l{ke

o dq’ky vlrhy frrdh R;k c¡dsph HkjHkjkV o izxrh 'kD; vkgs ;kph tk.kho Bsors lq/nk vko’;d vkgs-


Multidisciplinary


Page 50

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



3- bZ&c¡dhax O;ogkjkauk tkxfrd Lrjkoj ,d lkj[ks Lo#i vk.k.;klkBh laiq.kZ txkrhy bysDVªkWuhd vkfFkZd

O;ogkjkalkBh loZlekos’kd o laiw.kZ ns’kkaP;k xjtk Hkkxfo.kkjk o loZlkekU; vlk Xykscy lk;cj dk;nk r;kj dj.ks

vko’;d vkgs-

lanHkZ 1- MkW- ,l-,-ns’kikaMs] MkW-Ogh-,l-ns’kikaMs %& iS’kkps fl/nkar vkf.k iS’kkfo"k;d O;ogkj] fgeky; ifCy’khax

2006- 2- MkW- ikVhy ts-,Q] Hkkjrh; c¡dhax] QMds izdk’ku 1994&95- 3- lkIrkfgd foods] 29 tqu 2008] vk/kqfud c¡dhax izca/k laiknd fnyhi djacGdj eqacbZ&24 4- Wikipedia

5- Khusro Committee report – 1989] The Committee on Financial systems, 1991

(Narasimham Committee).

6- E-Banking, Prof Vasu Dev- Commonwealth publishers, ABN 81-7169-8514, Roshan

offset Printers, Delhi.

7- Indian Banking: - Towards Global Best Practices Banking Conference, 2007, 27 Nov.

Mumbai- 400050.


Multidisciplinary


Page 51

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



lqjs'k HkVkaaph oSf”k’Vîiw.kZ dfork MkW- fgjkth cuiwjdj

ejkBh foHkkx izeq[k

deZohj nknklkgsc nsorGs egkfo|ky;

pkeks'khZ ft- xMfpjksyh

ABSTRACT

lqjs'k HkVkaph x>y lezkV Eg.kwu [;krh vkgs- ek/ko twfy;u ;kauh ejkBh dkO;kr ykoysY;k

x>ysP;k jksikpk osy T;k dkgh ekstD;k dohP;k fufeRrkus xxukoj xsyk R;kps lokZf/kd Js; lqjs”k

HkVkaukp |kos ykxsy- fof”k’V dkO;izdkj Eg.kwu foLr`rizk; gksÅ ikg.kkÚ;k ejkBh x>yspk th.kksZ}kj

R;kauh dsyk- R;kpizek.ks vyhdMP;k dkGkr dsoG nq ;e izrhP;k dohauhp gk izdkj gkrkGko;kpk gk

ejkBh dkO;izkarkrhy Hkze R;kauh nwj dsyk- t.kw ejkBh x>ysph ?kl: ikg.kkjh ir R;kauh lkojyh

vkf.k fryk izfr’Bk izkIr d:u fnyh- x>y fyfg.kkÚ;k uO;k&tqU;k dohapk mRlkg R;keqGs veki

ok<yk- uO;k ejkBh x>ydkjkaoj rj lqjs”k HkVkapk brdk foy{k.k izHkko vkgs dh] R;kaP;k jpukra=kaph

vxnh vka/kGh vuqdj.ks rs d: ykxys vkgsr- ejkBh dkO;kpk loZlk/kkj.k izokg x>ysdMs oGowu

R;kyk vkiY;k “ksdMks vuq;k;kaP;k x>yfufeZrhus fLFkjRo izkIr d:u ns.;kpk “kFkhZpk iz;Ru lqjs”k

HkVkauh dsyk vkgs-

KEYWORDS vkReizR;;] la?k"kZlUeq[krk] fonX/k

izLrkouk

dfoo;Z lqjs”k HkV gs dsoG fonHkZ uOgs rj laiw.kZ egkjk’VªklkBh vuks[ks doh- x>y lezkV Eg.kwu

R;kapk lUekukus mYys[k dsyk tkrks- R;kapk tUe vejkorh ;sFks 15 ,izhy 1932 jksth >kyk-

brdsp eyk tkrkuk lj.kkoj dGys gksrsA

ej.kkus dsyh lqVdk] tx.;kus NGys gksrsAA

vaxkoj ljZdu dkVk vk.k.kkÚ;k ;k vksGh doh lqjs”k HkV ;kaP;k vkgsr- ;k vksGho:u lqjs”k HkVkauk

*vkiqys ej.k ikfgys E;k MksGk* v'kh vuqHkwrh vkyh gksrh dh dk; u dGs! i.k vk;q’;Hkj vkiY;kykp

eLrhr] fetk”khr txysyk gk eLrdyanj osG ;srkp o;kP;k 71 O;k o’khZ 14 ekpZ 2003 jksth thoukP;k

jaxeapko:u xqipwi var/kkZu ikoyk- R;kaP;k vla[; pkgR;kalkBh] jfldkalkBh R;kaps vls tk.ks foy{k.k

osnuknk;d o eu vLoLFk dj.kkjs gksrs-

lqjs”k HkVkaps iw.kZ uko lqjs”k Jh/kj HkV- ys[kd] i=dkj] LraHkys[kd] laiknd] dkO;xk;d Eg.kwu

R;kaph izfl)h vkgs- dkO; jfldka”kh pkj “kCnkauh laokn lk/krkuk ^^eh dq.kh Qkj eksBk doh vkgs] vlk

ek>k d/khp nkok uOgrk vkf.k vktgh ukgh!**1 vls lqjs”k HkV Lor% Eg.kr vlys rjh R;kauh foiqy

dfork fygwu ejkBh dforsP;k {ks=kr vkiys oSf”k’Vîiw.kZ LFkku fuekZ.k dsys vkgs- R;kaps ^#ixa/kk*]

^jaxek>k osxGk*] ^,Yxkj*] ^>a>kokr*] ^lIrjax*] ^jloarhpk eqtjk* bR;kfn dfork laxzg izfl) vkgsr-


Multidisciplinary


Page 52

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



lqjs'k HkVkaP;k ;k fofo/k dfork laxzgkrhy dforkapk vH;kl djrkuk R;kaP;k dforsph dkgh [kkl

oSf'k"Vîs vkiY;k y{kkr ;srkr- R;kIkSdh dkgh izeq[k oSf'k"Vîs iq<hyizek.ks lkaxrk ;srhy-

vkRefu"Bk%&

doh lqjs”k HkV gs ,d laiUu Hkkodoh vkgsr- ;k laiUusrwu R;kaph izsedfork meyyh- R;krhy

vkRefu’Bk foy{k.k vkgs- ;k lanHkkZr R;kaps izR;{k izsethou] izsekcÌypk rkfRod fopkj vkf.k dkO; ;kaps

rknkRE; vkf.k ,dftfoRo y{k.kh; vkgs- dohP;k uoFkj izhrhyk viw.kZrspk vfHk”kki vkgs- Qqykyk

tirkuk lqxa/k feG.;k,soth dkVsp gkrh vkys vkgsr- *:ixa/kk* vkf.k *jax ek>k osxGk* ;k nksUgh

laxzgkr nq%[kkus O;kdqGysY;k dforkaph la[;k foiwy vkgs-

lqjs”k HkV ;kaP;k dkO;krhy vkRefu’Bk gh R;kaP;k vkReizR;;kP;k tkf.kosrwu O;Dr >kyh vkgs-

*,Yxkj* e/khy x>y Eg.kts dohP;k vkfRed Dys”kkps vuar dYyksG- nq%[kkph brdh ns[k.kh dfork

ejkBhr Dofprp fyfgyh xsyh vlsy- *eh dlk osMk*] *dkiwj*] *txr eh vlk vkyks*] *rlk eh jkfgyks

ukgh*] *jax ek>k osxGk*] dkSy ekxr jkfgyks*] *vkdk”k mtGys gksrs*] *okVpky*] *rksj.k*] *ikfgys oGwu

eyk*] *>a>kokr* v”kk fdrhrjh x>ykae/kwu lqjs”k HkV ;kaP;k vkRefu’Bspk izR;; ;srks-

fo”okRedrk %&

dykoarkP;k ckcrhr vkRefu’Bk vkf.k fo”okRedrk ák tkf.kok r”kk ,dkp uk.;kP;k nksu cktw

vlrkr- lqjs”k HkVkaph dforkgh vkRefu’BsdMwu fo”okRedrsdMs izokfgr >kyh vkgs- vR;ar laosnu”khyrsus

rs HkksorkyP;k tkxR;k txkdMs ikgrkr- R;kaP;k dforsyk fo”oizsekP;k fo”kky lekftdrsP;k Li”kkZus

xfgjsi.kk vkyk vkgs- *jax ek>k osxGk* ;k x>ye/;s rs Eg.krkr-

ek.klkaP;k e/;jk=h fgaM.kkjk lw;Z eh

ekf>;klkBh u ek>k isV.;kpk lksgGkA

Lor%lkBh] Lor%P;k lq[kklkBh uOgs rj txkyk izdk”k ns.;klkBh *ek.klkaP;k e/;jk=h fgaM.kkjk* eh lw;Z

vkgs- gh lqjs”k HkVkaph Hkkouk fo”okRedrs”kh ukrs lkax.kkjh vkgs-

vkf.k iq<s lqjs”k HkV Eg.krkr&

yksd gs lk/kslq/ks dksVîko/kh *loZLo* ek>s

ykoquh [kka|kl [kkank eh iq<s tk.kkj vkgsA

gs dksVîko/kh lk/kslqns yksdp ek>s loZLo vkgsr vkf.k R;kaP;k [kka|kyk [kkank ykowup eh iq<s tk.kkj

vkgs- gk R;kapk vkRefo”okl yksdka”kh] Eg.ktsp fo”okRedrs”kh ukrs lkax.kkjk vkgs-

vk”kkokn %&

Xkkatwu xsysyk ek.kwl osnuk vlá >kY;koj ts vkrZ mn~xkj dk<sy rs R;kyk lqjs”k HkVkaP;k

x>ye/kwu ,sdw ;srkr-

^^okj >syk;kl dsyh eh [kqyh Nkrh tjh

useds ikBhl ekÖ;k pko.kkjs pkoys ¼ikB½**2


Multidisciplinary


Page 53

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



lqjs”k HkVkaph dfork vls nq%[kkps fp=.k dj.kkjh dfork vlyh] vusdnk fujk”kkus rh dkGoaMwu xsysyh

vlyh rjh rh fujk”kkoknh ukgh- vk”kkoknh vkgs- gk vk”kkokn R;kaP;k vusd dforkae/kwu O;Dr >kyk

vkgs- fu/kkZj ;k x>ye/;s rs Eg.krkr&

^^ekf>;k xhrkl }s"kkpk tquk vk/kkj vkgs!

ekf>;k }s"kkl fo”okP;k O;Fksph /kkj vkgs!

tk.krks eh&nsodhP;k rkUgqY;kapk lwM ?;k;k!

d`’.k lkÚ;kapk iqUgk ;k xksdqGh ;s.kkj vkgs!**3

vkt tjh FkksMsls fujk”ksps okrkoj.k vlys rjh m|k lokZauk vkuannk;h vls thou ykHk.kkj vkgs vlk

vk”kkokn lqjs”k HkV O;Dr djrkr-

*;kj gks!* ;k dforsr Hkfo’; ?kMfo.;klkBh yksdkauk vkokgu djrkuk rs Eg.krkr&

^^lw;Z dsOgkp va/kkjyk ;kj gks!

;k] uok lw;Z vk.kw pyk ;kj gks!**4

txkrY;k nq%[kkus doh O;Fkhr >kysyk vlyk rjh rks gjysyk ukgh- gh O;oLFkk cny.;kphp Hkk’kk rks

djrks vkgs- vusdnk vi;”k vkys( ijkHko ipokok ykxyk rjh ;k ijkHkokauhp R;kyk cjsp dkgh f”kdoys

vkgs- vkf.k vkiyk vk”kkokn] Hkfo’;kph LoIus lkaxrkuk doh lqjs”k HkV *e”kky!* ;k dforsr

fodyk tjh dq.khgh va/kkj ek.klkaukA

ek>h e”kky vkrk eh isVowu vkyksA

txkrYkk vaa/kkj nwj dj.;klkBh eh ek>h e”kky isVowu vkyks vkgs vls lqjs”k HkV Eg.krkr- gh R;kaph

Hkk’kk Økarhph vkgs- vk”kkoknkph vkgs- rh fujk”ksph ukgh-

fulxZ laoknkRedrk%&

lqjs”k HkVkauh Lora= v”kk fulxZdfork fyfgY;k ulY;k rjh izhrhph Hkkouk O;Dr djrkuk gk

fulxZ vusdnk ik”oZHkweh Eg.kwu vkysyk vkgs- izselaosnukaps foy{k.k vkd’kZ.k vkf.k R;kps rjy

ikrGhojhy izdVhdj.k gk HkVkaP;k izkjaHkhP;k dforkapk ,d vkd’kZd fo”ks’k vkgs- izseHkkousrhy eqX/krsps

vR;ar dq”ky fp=.k R;kaP;k ifgY;k *:ixa/kk* ;k dkO;laxzgkr fnlrs-

izs;lhps meyrs rk:.;] frP;k thoukrhy olarkps vkxeu] fryk lkn ns.kkjk fulxZ] eqX/k

dGhpk Qqykr >kysyk fodkl R;kauh vxnh gGqokji.ks js[kkVyk vkgs- izs;lhP;k uOgkGhP;k dykapk

vankt ?ksÅu frP;k *yko.;kph xkFkk* R;kauh okpyh vkgs- ;k xkFksyk fulxkZph os/kd ik”oZHkweh lrr

ykHkyh vkgs- LoPN eksdGs vkHkkG] <xkaph rjG.kkjh “kqHkz eqyk;e ekG] fioGs /ked mUg] fdj.kkr Ugkr

vl.kkjh lkoGh lMd] nqrQhZ vl.kkjh >kMh] fgjoh fioGh r:i.kZs] doM”kkr jaxwu xsysyh djoanhph

tkGh R;kaP;k ;k Hkkofo”okpk ,d Hkkx vkgs- ,d nksu vksGhrp vfr”k; uktwdi.ks ,[kkns fulxZn`”; rs

lkdkj djrkr- *ekgsjok”kh.k*] *igkVs igkVs*] *ekyowu Vkd nhi*] *r:.k vkgs jk«k vtquh*] *dsOgk rjh

igkVs*] *lqU;klqU;k eSQyhr*] *:ixa/kk*] *tqbZP;k js Qqyk*] *iqUgk oht pedyh* bR;kfn dforkae/kwu gk

fulxZ vfr”k; gGqokji.ks o eksgdi.ks lqjs”k HkVkauh fprkjyk vkgs-


Multidisciplinary


Page 54

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



^,Yxkj* ;k dkO;laxzgkrgh izsekph uktwd dksoGhd vfr”k; rjyi.ks O;Dr >kyh vkgs- ^cjs

ukgh*] ^vksB*] ^rqÖ;klkBh*] ^vtwu dkgh*] ^gk vlk panz* bR;kfn x>ykr vk/khP;k nksu laxzgkrhy tqU;k

lqjkaps izfr/ouh ,sdw ;sr vlys rjh]

^^ân;kr fo>yk panzek ----- us=h u mjY;k rkjdk!

ugh Eg.kk;yk rq>s gs vkiqysi.k jkfgys!

gksrk u lk/kk ,o<k tks “kCn eh rqtyk fnyk!

,dkp “kCnkyk mHks vk;q’; rkj.k jkfgys!**5

v”kk fu’d’kkZizr ;s.kkjk vareqZ[k fonX/k lwj R;kaP;k dforsr izdVysyk vkgs- rk#.;nsgosyhojP;k gGO;k

dkrj Hkkoukauk bFks LFkku ukgh vls ukgh- i.k ;k lxGîkapkp vafre vFkZ letwu ?ks.;kph izfØ;kgh lq#

>kyh vkgs- v”kkizdkjs lqjs”k HkVkaP;k dforsrhy ^fulxZ* izsekph Hkkouk vf/kd xMn dj.;kps dke djrks-

lektfHkeq[krk %&

izse vkf.k “kaxkj ;kaP;k iyhdMs tkÅu tulkekU;ka”kh laokn lk/k.;kph vks< HkVkaP;k dforsr

izdV >kyh vkgs- *vki.k fpjfoLer thouewY;kaP;k fu%”oklkpk ,d isV vkgksr*] ;k tkf.kosus ,d

la?k’kZlUeq[krk R;kaP;k dforsr vkysyh vkgs- ;k dforsr ,dizdkjpk tksjdli.kk vkgs vkf.k O;Fksph /kkj

vkgs-

lqjs”k HkVkaph lektfHkeq[krk R;kaP;k vusd dforke/kwu O;Dr >kyh vkgs-

*vkrk* dforsr Eg.krkr&

^^ek.kls ukghr ák ns”kkr vkrkA

lkaxrks tks rks Lor%ph tkr vkrkA

dkyP;k naX;kr osMs lR; esys------

U;k; ekxs ykp cktkjkr vkrkA**6

;k “kCnkr rs lektO;oLFksrhy okLro Li’V djrkr- v”kkizdkjs lqjs”k HkV ;kaP;k vusd dforkae/kwu

R;kaph lektfHkeq[krk Li’V gksrs-

iz;ksx”khyrk %&

lqjs”k HkV gs iz;ksx”khy doh vkgsr- ek/ko twfy;u ;kauh ejkBh dkO;kr ykoysY;k x>ysP;k

jksikpk osy T;k dkgh ekstD;k dohP;k fufeRrkus xxukoj xsyk R;kps lokZf/kd Js; lqjs”k HkVkaukp |kos

ykxsy- fof”k’V dkO;izdkj Eg.kwu foLrrizk; gksÅ ikg.kkÚ;k ejkBh x>yspk th.kksZ}kj R;kauh dsyk-

R;kpizek.ks vyhdMP;k dkGkr dsoG nq ;e izrhP;k dohauhp gk izdkj gkrkGko;kpk gk ejkBh

dkO;izkarkrhy Hkze R;kauh nwj dsyk- t.kw ejkBh x>ysph ?kl: ikg.kkjh ir R;kauh lkojyh vkf.k fryk

izfr’Bk izkIr d:u fnyh- x>y fyfg.kkÚ;k uO;k&tqU;k dohapk mRlkg R;keqGs veki ok<yk- uO;k

ejkBh x>ydkjkaoj rj lqjs”k HkVkapk brdk foy{k.k izHkko vkgs dh] R;kaP;k jpukra=kaph vxnh vka/kGh

vuqdj.ks rs d: ykxys vkgsr- ejkBh dkO;kpk loZlk/kkj.k izokg x>ysdMs oGowu R;kyk vkiY;k

“ksdMks vuq;k;kaP;k x>yfufeZrhus fLFkjRo izkIr d:u ns.;kpk “kFkhZpk iz;Ru lqjs”k HkVkauh dsyk vkgs-


Multidisciplinary


Page 55

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



R;kaph ^^dfork dqjk.kkryh vk;r fdaok xhrsryk 'yksd uOgrh dh FksV vkdk'kkrwu mrjk;yk- rks

[kG[kGrk >jk vlyk rjh R;kyk ?kj mn~/oLr u djrk okV |k;ph gksrh-**7

x>ysP;k varHkwr oSf”k’VÓkapk ek/ko twfy;ukauh R;kx dsyk rj HkVkauh rhp oSf”k’VÓs ejkBh

x>yslkBh vko”;d vkgsr gs y{kkr vk.kwu fnys o R;k oSf”k’VÓkapk vkxzg /kjyk- rh loZ oSf”k’VÓs

vkiY;k dforsr ;koh ;kdfjrk R;kauh dlwu iz;Ru dsys- Lokra«;ksRrj dkGkr *x>y* ;k dkO;izdkjkoj

vkiyh iDdh ukeeqnzkp R;kauh Bksdyh-

x>yizek.ks lqjs”k HkVkauh brj dkO;izdkjgh gkrkGys vkgsr- R;kauh fyfgysyh Hkkodforkgh ejkBh

dforsP;k {ks=kr uoh Hkj ?kkywu xsyh vkgs- ;kf”kok; R;kauh Nanksc/n] o`Rrc/n dforkgh jpY;k vkgsr-

R;kaph xhrsgh jfldfiz; >kysyh vkgsr- R;kauh vHkax] HkwikGh] fojk.kh ;k izdkjkrgh ys[ku dsys vkgs-

;krwu R;kaP;k iz;ksx”khyrspk izR;; ;srks-

jk’Vªh;rk

x>y] Hkkoxhrkaizek.ks lqjs”k HkVkauh jk’Vªh; Hkkoususgh dkO;ys[ku dsys vlwu R;krwu R;kapk jk’Vªizse

izdV gksrks- vkiY;k ek;Hkwehps xq.kxk.k xk.kkjh R;kaph *xs ek;Hkw* gh izfl/n dfork vlwu ek;Hkwehps o.kZu

djrkuk lqjs”k HkV Eg.krkr&

xs ek;Hkw rq>s eh

QsMhu ikax lkjs

vk.khu vkjrhyk

gs lw;Z] panz rkjs

eh ik;/kwG ?ksrks

tsOgk rq>h tjk”kh

ek>h yykVjs’kk

curs iz;kx ---- dk”khA

v”kk Hkkousus vksFkacysyh dfork fygwu R;kauh vkiY;k ekr`Hkwehfo’k;h izse O;Dr dsys vkgs-

*uoegkjk’Vªxhr* fygwu ejkBh izns”kkpk] egkjk’Vªkpk vfHkeku O;Dr dsyk vkgs- rj *ek>k oÚgkM* ;k

dforsrwu oÚgkMh izns”kkph oSf”k’VÓs uksanoyh vkgsr- *ek;cksyh* ;k dforsrwu ejkBh Hkk’ksfo’k;hp vfHkeku

O;Dr dsyk vkgs vkf.k ^^txkrhy dks.kR;kgh Hkk"ksr ejkBh Hkk"ksyk ^^utkdr** ns.;kps lkeF;Z ukgh-

vkiY;kp ek;cksyhps lkeF;Z vkEgkyk BkÅd ulrs- gs vkeps djaVsi.k vkgs-**8 v'kh dSfQ;rgh lqjs'k

HkVkauh ekaMyh vkgs- vkiys jk’Vªh; iq:’k MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ;kaP;kfo’k;hpk vknj *Hkheoanuk* fygwu

O;Dr dsyk vkgs- lqjs”k HkV ;kaP;k jk’Vªh; Hkkousus ;qDr vlysY;k dforkaph la[;k deh vlyh rjh

R;krwu loZlkekU; ek.klkaph ns”kfu’Bk vkf.k lkadsfrdrk O;Dr gksrs-

ekuork%&

lqjs”k HkVkaP;k vusd dforkae/;s R;kaph loZxzkgh ekuo izsekcÌyph O;kid Hkwfedk O;Dr >kyh

vkgs- lkekftd vukjksX;kyk vKku] uSjk”;] nkafHkdrk] ekuokP;k ghu izo`Rrh gs nqxZq.k tls tckcnkj

vkgsr R;kpizek.ks nkfjnzî] nqcZyrk] xkato.kwd ;k ?kVdkapkgh lekos”k gksrks- ;k Hkwfedsrwup lqjs”k HkVkaph


Multidisciplinary


Page 56

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



ekuork O;Dr gksrs- ;k mf.kok nwj >kY;kf”kok; lkaLdfrd iqu#RFkku gks.kkj ukgh vkf.k R;kf”kok;

lkekftd fodkl] lersph ,sD;kph tk.kho fuekZ.k gks.ks “kD; ukgh vls lwrksokp R;kaP;k vusd

dforkae/kwu R;kauh dsys vkgs-

lqjs”k HkV gs [kÚ;k vFkkZus yksddoh vkgsr- R;kaph dfork gh ek.klkalkBhp fyfgyh vlwu rh

[kjh[kqjh ekuorkoknh dfork vkgs- lektkrhy dksVh dksVh ek.kls gsp R;kaps izsj.kkLFkku vkf.k LQwrhZLFkku

vkgs-

*ToyUr eh ,d fu[kkjk* ;k dforsr rs Eg.krkr&

^^doh vgks eh vls jkaxMk

et Bko u “kCnkaph dljr

ek= isVY;kojh fBcdrs

>j.khe/kquh Mk;ukekbV

ekuorsLroj nsr igkjk-

ToyUr eh rj ,d fu[kkjk**9

ekuorsP;k j{k.kklkBhp eh ,d Toyar fu[kkjk cuwu igkjk nsr vkgs v”kh ekuorkoknh Hkkouk rs

O;DRk djrkr-

eh rqD;kP;k ykspukauh

xkatY;kalkBh jMkos

pks[k osOgkjkr ekÖ;k

eh eyk okVwu |kosA*

v”kk “kCnkae/;s larkaP;k d:.ksrwu lqjs”k HkV vkiyk ekuorkoknh n`f’Vdksu O;Dr djrkr- lkÚ;k

txkP;k nq%[kk”kh R;kauh vkiyh ukG tksMwu ?ksryh vkgs- ^fu/kkZj* ;k dforsr rs Eg.krkr&

vksatGhekth tukaph vklos eh lkBforks

vkrZ R;kaP;k osnukapk ,d eh >adkj vkgsA

lkÚ;k tukaP;k vkloka”kh ukrs lkax.kkjh gh dfork [kjh[kqjh ekuorkoknh dfork vkgs-

xksjxjhckaP;k osnukauk okpk QksM.kkjh lqjs”k HkVkaph dfork vkgs- ,dk [kÚ;k[kqÚ;k ek.klkph ek.klkalkBh

fyfgysyh gh dfork vkgs-

lqjs”k HkVkaP;k dforsyk d/kh “ksoV ukgh] d/kh var ukgh] rh d/kh Fkkac.kkj ukgh vlk lkFkZ

fo”okl f”kfj’k iS ;kauh lqjs”k HkVkaP;k fuoMd dforkaps laiknu djrkuk O;Dr dsyk vkgs- rj ^^HkV gs

dsoG Js’B dohp uOgrs rj Lora= laiznk;kps izorZdgh gksrs( ds”kolqr] rkacs] e<sZdj ;k laiznk;izorZd

dohaP;k ekfydsrhy rs ,d Fkksj doh gksrs- R;kaps o R;kaP;klaca/khps tsOg<s lkfgR; mtsMkr ;sbZy rsOg<s rs

ejkBh lkfgR; fo”okyk le) dj.kkjs Bjsy!**10 izfl) leh{kd n- fHk- dqGd.khZ ;kaps gs er dkGkP;k

dlksVhoj uDdhp mrjsy- ;kr “kadk ukgh-

fu’d’kZ &


Multidisciplinary


Page 57

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



1½ lqjs”k HkVkaP;k dforkae/kwu ejkBh Hkk’ksfo’k;hpk vfHkeku] vknj] izseHkko] HkDrhHkko izdV >kysyk fnlwu

;srks-

2½ R;kaP;k dforsr lkekU;tukafo’k;h d#.kk o ekuorkoknh n`f’Vdksu y{kkr ;srks-

3½ vYik{kjh Nankr fyfgysyh lqjs”k HkVkaph dfork lar lkfgR;kph vkBo.k d#u ns.kkjh vkgs-

4½ Hkh’k.k lektokLrokph tk.kho d#u ns.kkjh gh dfork vkgs-

lanHkZ lwph

1½ HkV] lqjs”k] ^#ixa/kk* ¼dforklaxzg½] ¼izLrk-½] lkfgR; izlkj dsanz] ukxiwj] lkroh vko`Ùkh] 2012] i`- 3

2½ HkV] lqjs”k] ^,Yxkj* ¼dforklaxzg½] lkfgR; izlkj dsanz] ukxiwj] vkBoh vko`Ùkh] 2011] i`- 81

3½ m- fu-] ^#ixa/kk*] i`- 45

4½ m- fu-] ^,Yxkj*] i`- 54

5½ r=So] i`- 56

6½ HkV] lqjs”k] ^>a>kokr* ¼dforklaxzg½] lkfgR; izlkj dsanz] ukxiwj] ikpoh vko`Ùkh] 2010] i`- 49

7½ HkV] lqjs”k] ^jloarhpk eqtjk* ¼dforklaxzg½] iznhi fuQkMdj] ¼izLrk-½] lkfgR; izlkj dsanz] ukxiwj]

frljh vko`Ùkh] 2012] i`-11

8½ m- fu-] ^,Yxkj*] i`- 5

9½ m- fu-] ^#ixa/kk*] i`- 38

10½ m- fu-] ^jloarhpk eqtjk*] n- fHk- dqGd.khZ] ¼izLrk-½] i`- 9


Multidisciplinary


Page 58

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



EFFECTIVE LEARNING THROUGH COMPUTER AIDED

INSTRUCTIONAL APPROACH

Mr Mohan Hanumantrao Gitte Research Student

Gondwana University, Gadchilori.

ABSTRACT Computer based learning facilitates active and effective learning due to its multi sensory

approach. A well designed computer aided instruction system provides many advantages. When applied

properly it helps learners build more accurate and effective mental models, than conventional way of

teaching and from text alone. Computer has contributed a lot in each and every sector of life.

Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) has emerged as an effective and efficient media of instruction in

the advanced countries of the world. Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) is a set of

programming instructions which are used to develop certain predicted skills among the students.

In fact, CAI is being used in formal and non-formal education at all the levels. In India too,

computer has been introduced in most of the areas such as data processing, decision-making. It has also impact on the working methods of research and development in the field of education.

Keyword: Multimedia, computer and education, Computer Aided Instructions (CAI).

INTRODUCTION

A computer is an electronic devise made up of electronic circuits and wires etc. more

precisely, It is an electronic devise which works under the instructions of stored programs,

automatically accepting the supplied data to analyze, process and produce the information, called

the result of that processing.

All the computer systems, irrespective of their size, are electronic devises. These are used

to store, transmit and manipulate data. All these electronic devices have certain characteristics

like: Speed, Storage, Diligence, Versatility, Accuracy, Common Data use etc. Looking at the

efficiency, accuracy and the productivity of computers, different Commissions have been set up

and have given their reports in the Indian context.

New Educational Policy (1986):

New Educational Policy (1986) emphasized computer literacy. During the 7th

Five Year

Plan. A huge sum of Rs.700 Crores allotted for computer literacy and expansion of Computer

programs at all levels of education."

Ramamurthy Committee Report:

Ramamurthy Committee on school education also gives emphasis on computer education.

The project under the name CLASS (Computer Literacy And Studies in School) was initiated in

India in 1983-84 by the Ministry of Human Resource Development in collaboration with the

Dept. of Electronics. The main objective of the CLASS project was to acquaint the students and

teachers with the Computer Applications and its potential as a learning medium. Computers are

one of the powerful tools to facilitate learning and motivate the students. Apple Computers

established a Computerized Open School in Los Angeles, described the benefits of having

network computing technology accessible to teachers and students. These benefits included

i. The ability of the Computer to store and pass the information from different perspectives

like other media.

ii. To deliver simulations that can portrait and test conflicting theories.

iii. Universal Library, granting access to information and computational resources when they


Multidisciplinary


Page 59

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



exist in the network.

Though modern society is becoming more and more dependant on Information

Technology in general, there is need to develop self-study devices which can supplement the

classroom teaching so that the students can get more and more knowledge. Magger (1983) said

that the challenges and problems faced by the modern educational system can be removed with

the help of Computers. According to Boulay (1980), computers have the potential to improve

teaching skills and performance of the teacher.

Education has been faced by an optimist vision of computer uses in education for more

than twenty years. Computers are rapidly being installed in schools for teaching Computer

Literacy, Computer Aided Instruction and for specific computer programming courses. The

growth of computers in schools is based on a vision of improving pupil's school performance,

preparing young people for changing job demands and altering the way of learning.

Use of Computers by Teachers:

With the capacity of processing data and also creating visuals, Computers can be a very

good aid in transforming knowledge to the students. Unfortunately the vast potential of computers

has not been tapped. There are many reasons for this like lack of facilities, and lack of attitude to

use it.

The Limitations of the Teacher: Most teachers have in-depth knowledge only in their chosen elective in various subjects

that is required to teach fundamental concepts in the discipline, but they are hampered in teaching

other branches which they must teach anyway. Many teachers are not adept at using quick

sketches to explain certain content, or in drawing diagrams in various subjects. Some do not

possess a big enough knowledge-base to link scientific content with day-to-day examples. For

effective teaching of the relevant subject, teachers need to collect ample background information,

for which they may not have the resources, time, or inclination.

Lack of Audio-visual Aids: Teachers often need to carry several charts, equipment, specimens, etc., even for teaching

a single topic effectively. However, often these materials are either unavailable or inaccessible;

moreover, teachers do not have enough time between classes to procure and test it for its

usability. Hence, most classes are limited to uninspiring, and sometimes, incomprehensible verbal

lectures. It is believed that computers can not only help overcome these problems, but the vastly

greater potential of this technology as an effective teaching aid will cause a quantum leap in the

quality of teaching and learning.

However, in the past, new technology in teaching-learning has not always proved

effective. Most teaching material available for use by teachers was not able to accommodate the

individual needs of the teacher. For example, educational films produced abroad did not match

the local curriculum and were hard to understand due to different accents. On the cutting edge of

classroom computer applications, interactive videodisks are making their way into many

classrooms.

Computer Aided Instructions (CAI): Computer has contributed a lot in each and every sector of life. Computer Aided

Instruction (CAI) has emerged as an effective and efficient media of instruction in the advanced

countries of the world. Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) is a set of programming instructions

which are used to develop certain predicted skills among the students.

In fact, CAI is being used in formal and non-formal education at all the levels. In India

too, computer has been introduced in most of the areas such as data processing, decision-making.


Multidisciplinary


Page 60

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



It has also impact on the working methods of research and development in the field of education.

CAI is a natural outgrowth of the applications of the principles of programmed

instructions for learning. The main objective of programmed instructions is to provide

individualized instruction just to fulfill the special needs of the individual pupil. In order to

achieve this objective, some efficient device is required. This device should be flexible and it can

store huge amount of organized information. The device may enable a person to use some of

selected parts of the stored information. A computer fulfills all these requirements. It can store the

organized information; it can process the information suiting to the needs of individual learner. In

short, CAI covers the entire educational system by proving itself a useful tool in teaching various

subjects. Some of the applications of CAI are to display lesson material, provide drill and

practice, reinforce learner, simulate environmental condition and display relevant stimuli and

administer tests. CAI acts like a super teaching machine catering to the needs of a number of

students at the same time.

Characteristics of CAI

• Physiological based learning takes place through CAI.

• Active involvement of the learner increase critical thinking power among the students.

• Helps to develop cognitive domain among the students.

• Self pacing in an essential feature of CAI. Student can learn at his own pace.

• Individual differences are considered.

• There is no chance of human biasness.

• There is no favoritism.

Advantages of CAI:

• The novelty of working with a computer raises the learners motivation.

• It can facilitate various instructional modes such as tutorial mode, drill and practice,

discovery mode, simulation mode, gaming mode.

• CAI is adaptable for distance learning.

• CAI provides regular and timely interaction with the instructor and current feedback.

• CAI can be used with greater number of students than a traditional classroom would hold.

The capability of doing research on teaching under controlled conditions.

Under conditions with individualized instructions in a particular way. On various modes

of teaching.

Ability to collect detailed records of students' performance.

• Permits evaluation of effectiveness of the teaching procedures as well as teaching

materials.

• The capability of developing ways of assisting teachers and authors in the development of

instructional materials.

• The capability of evaluating alternative media used to implement and support instruction.

Disadvantages of CAI:

1. The computer fails to appreciate the emotions of students.

2. CAI programs do not in themselves solve psychological or educational problems.

Computer programs of conventional type do not work like human beings at all.

3. CAI fails to develop essential features of language competency where the ability to

generate or construct meaningful sentences is essential.

4. It was pointed out that some students got more tired than conventional study or felt like

quitting the study.

5. CAI cannot appreciate the students' artistic endeavor and can't strengthen his friendship

and deepens his perception of those around him.


Multidisciplinary


Page 61

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



6. The peripheral equipment puts constraints in the ways on which a student can interact

with the computer.

7. Lack of computer skills of many students creates problem.

8. Prohibitive cost of educational software.

9. Lack of human interaction in the learning process.

To sum up the computer aided instructions is useful for testing the skill and knowledge of

the student. By using instructions through computer the student is taught, guided and tested until

a desired of proficiency is achieved. This system is directed to individual system. The optimal

path of progress is based on student’s response to the instructions. Computer Aided Instruction

system can be seen from the following diagram.

The developed CAI is user friendly. The learner starts the computer, and opens the

program. The student follows the instructions and proceeds on his own. All the related

instructions are displayed as per the actions of the learner. For any wrong response of the learner

instructions for corrective actions are displayed and the learner is guided towards correct

response through information related to the topic.

The learner has option to select any topic, go back to same topic, and change the unit by

pressing back button or going directly to main menu or exiting the package. This gives flexibility

to the learner to decide about his time and interest. However the user cannot come out unless all

questions in testing frame are answered correctly. Computer based learning facilitates active and

effective learning due to its multi sensory approach. A well designed computer aided instruction

system provided many effective advantages to the learner.

References:

1. Adhikari, R. “Development of Computer Aided Instructional material on cell and cell

reproduction for Class IX”, M.Ed., dissertation, unpublished, D.A.V.V. Indore, 1992.

2. Ausuble, D. “Educational Psychology : A Cognitive View”, Holt, Rinehart & Winston,

New York, 1968.

3. Bailey, Zan Tamar, “CAI and interactive video enhance students’ score on the college

level academic skills test. (Computer-assisted instruction)”. The Journal

(Technological Horizons in Education) September 1, 1990.

4. Bengu, G., Swart. “A computer-aided total quality approach to manufacturing

education in engineering”. Education, IEEE Transactions volume 39: Issue: 3, Page (s)

415-422, Aug 1996.

5. Boucher, Brenda; Hunter, Diana; Henry, Jason, “The effectiveness of computer assisted

instruction in teaching biomechanics of the temporomandibular joint”. Journal of

Physical Therapy Education October 1, 1999.

6. Brantmayer, M.J. “The effects of Computer Aided Instruction on prospective

Industrial Hygiene and Safety Professionals achievement on safety training program”, Dissertation abstract International, Vol. 55, No. 6, 1994.

7. Brophy, K.A. “Is computer assisted instruction effective in science classroom?”

Master Abstract International, 37 (5), 1302, (UMI No. 1393859), 1999.

8. Caskey Micki M., “The Influence of Computer-Assisted Instruction on Eighth Grade

Mathematics Achievement.” RMLE Online – 2008 Volume 32. Number 3, ISSN 1940-

4476.

9. Chauhan, S.S. “A textbook of programmed instruction”, Sterling Publisher’s House

Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 1978.

10. Chauhan, S.S. “Advanced Educational Psychology”, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

New Delhi, 1996.


Multidisciplinary


Page 62

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



4G Technology : A Review and Analysis

Er. Rekha Vyankatrao Phad (Gitte)

ABSTRACT

Fourth generation wireless system is a packet switched wireless system with wide area

coverage and high throughput. It is designed to be cost effective and provide high spectral

efficiency. The 4g wireless uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Ultra

Wide Radio Band (UWB), and Millimeter wireless. Data rate of 20 mbps is employed. Mobile

speed will be up to 200 km/hr. The high performance is achieved by the use of long term channel

prediction, in both time and frequency, scheduling among users and smart antennas combined with

adaptive modulation and power control. Frequency band is 2-8 GHz. it gives the ability for

worldwide roaming to access cell anywhere.

KEYWORDS OFDM, UWB, GSM, TDMA, PDC, CDMA, WLL, FWA, WLAN, PAN.

INTRODUCTION

Wireless mobile‐communications systems are introduced in the early 1980s;

first‐generation (1G) systems were marked by analog‐frequency modulation and used primarily

for voice communications. Second ‐ generation (2G) wireless‐ communications systems, which

made their appearance in the late 1980s, were also used mainly for voice transmission and

reception. The wireless system in widespread use today goes by the name of 2.5Gan in‐between

service that serves as a stepping stone to 3G. Whereby 2G communications is generally

associated with Global System for Mobile (GSM) service, 2.5G is usually identified as being

fueled by General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) along with GSM. In 3G systems, making their

appearance in late 2002 and in 2003, are designed for voice and paging services, as well as

interactive‐media use such as teleconferencing, Internet access, and other services.

The problem with 3G wireless systems is bandwidth these systems provide only WAN

coverage ranging from 144 kbps (for vehicle mobility applications) to 2 Mbps (for indoor static

applications). Segue to 4G, the next dimension of wireless communication. The 4g wireless uses

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Ultra Wide Radio Band (UWB), and

Millimeter wireless and smart antenna. Data rate of 20mbps is employed. Mobile speed will be

up to 200km/hr. Frequency band is 2‐8 GHz. it gives the ability for world wide roaming to access

cell anywhere.

HISTORY

The history and evolution of mobile service from the 1G (first generation) to fourth

generation are as follows.


Multidisciplinary


Page 63

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



The process began with the designs in the 1970s that have become known as 1G. The

earliest systems were implemented based on analog technology and the basic cellular structure of

mobile communication. Many fundamental problems were solved by these early systems.

Numerous incompatible analog systems were placed in service around the world during the

1980s. The 2G (second generation) systems designed in the 1980s were still used mainly for

voice applications but were based on digital technology, including digital signal processing

techniques. These 2G systems provided circuit‐switched data communication services at a low

speed. The competitive rush to design and implement digital systems led again to a variety of

different and incompatible standards such as GSM (global system mobile), TDMA (time division

multiple access); PDC (personal digital cellular) and CDMA (code division multiple

access).These systems operate nationwide or internationally and are today’s mainstream systems,

although the data rate for users in these system is very limited.

The 2.5G it is basically an enhancement of the two major 2G technologies to provide

increased capacity on the 2G RF (radio frequency) channels and to introduce higher throughput

for data service, up to 384 kbps. A very important aspect of 2.5G is that the data channels are

optimized for packet data, which introduces access to the Internet from mobile devices, whether

telephone, PDA (personal digital assistant), or laptop.

During the 1990’s the next, or 3G, mobile system which would eliminate previous

incompatibilities and become a truly global system. The 3G system would have higher quality

voice channels, as well as broadband data capabilities, up to 2 Mbps. An interim step is being

taken between 2G and 3G.

ABOUT 4G

Accessing information anywhere, anytime, with a seamless connection to a wide range of

information and services, and receiving a large volume of information, data, pictures, video, and

so on, are the keys of the 4G infrastructures. The future 4G infrastructures will consist of a set of

various networks using IP (Internet protocol) as a common protocol so that users are in control

because they will be able to choose every application and environment. Based on the developing

trends of mobile communication, 4G will have broader bandwidth, higher data rate, and smoother

and quicker handoff and will focus on ensuring seamless service across a multitude of wireless

systems and networks.

Application adaptability and being highly dynamic are the main features of 4G services of

interest to users. These features mean services can be delivered and be available to the personal

preference of different users and support the users traffic, air interfaces, radio environment, and

quality of service. Connection with the network applications can be transferred into various

forms and levels correctly and efficiently. The dominant methods of access to this pool of

information will be the mobile telephone, PDA, and laptop to seamlessly access the voice

communication, high‐speed information services, and entertainment broadcast services. The

fourth generation will encompass all systems from various networks, public to private;

operator‐driven broadband networks to personal areas; and ad hoc networks.


Multidisciplinary


Page 64

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



The 4G systems will interoperate with 2G and 3G systems, as well as with digital

(broadband) broadcasting systems. In addition, 4G systems will be fully IP‐based wireless

Internet. This all‐encompassing integrated perspective shows the broad range of systems that the

fourth generation intends to integrate, from satellite broadband to high altitude platform to

cellular 3G and 3G systems to WLL (wireless local loop) and FWA (fixed wireless access) to

WLAN (wireless local area network) and PAN (personal area network),all with IP as the

integrating mechanism. With 4G, a range of new services and models will be available. These

services and models need to be further examined for their interface with the design of 4G

systems.

SPECIICATIONS

• Support for interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, Internet, and other Broad band

services

• IP based mobile system

• High speed, high capacity, and low cost‐per‐bit

• Global access, service portability, and scalable mobile services

• Seamless switching, and a variety of Quality of Service‐driven services

• Better scheduling and call‐admission‐control techniques

• Ad‐hoc and multi‐hop networks (the strict delay requirements of voice

Make multi‐hop network service a difficult problem)

• Better spectral efficiency

• Seamless network of multiple protocols and air interfaces (since 4G will be all‐IP, look for 4G

systems to be compatible with all common networks. Technologies including 802.11, WCDMA,

Bluetooth, and Hyper LAN).

• An infrastructure to handle pre‐existing 3G systems along with other wireless Technologies,

some of which are currently under development

�Support for multimedia services like teleconferencing and wireless internet.

� Wider bandwidths and higher bitrates.

� Entirely packet-switched network.

� Global mobility and service portability.

�Support for previous wireless technologies.

�High internet speed.

�Tight network security.

REFERENCES

1) Communication Systems

2) www.comsoc.org

3) www.techonline.com

4) www.ieee.org


Multidisciplinary


Page 65

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



gfjr cWad O;olk; izk- f’kry ujflax iqjh

izLrkouk %& O;olk;kP;k vkfFkZd o/nhlkBh cWadk foRriqjoBk djrkr- ;keqGs cWafdax {ks= i;kZoj.kkP;k n`”Vhus

‘kk’or vkf.k lkekftdn`”V~;k tckcnkj xqaro.kwd dj.;kr egRokph Hkwfedk ctkors cWadk Lor% iznw”k.k djr ukghr i.k iznw”k.k dj.kkÚ;k mn~;ksxkauk foRriqjoBk djrkr Eg.kwu R;kapk mn~;ksxka’kh laca/k ;srks-

cWadkapk Ik;kZoj.kh; ifj.kke gk HkkSfrdn`”V~;k cWafdax O;ogkjk’kh lacaf/kr ulrks rj xzkgkdkaP;k O;ogkjk’kh fuxfMr vlrks- cWad O;oLkk;krhy Ik;kZoj.k O;oLFkkiu gs tks[khy O;oLFkkiu gks;- ;kaP;keqGs midze ewY; ok<rs vkf.k gkfu xq.kksRrj deh gksrs-

Ik;kZoj.kiwjd xqaro.kwd vkf.k nwjn’kh dtZiqjoB+;kyk mRrstu ns.ks gh ckW afdax {ks=k’kh egRRokph tckcnkjh Bjrs- R;kpizek.ks ts mn~;ksx vk/khiklwup Ik;kZoj.kiwjd /kksj.k jkcfor vkgsr vkf.k ts mn~;ksx vls /kksj.k jkco.;kpk Ikz;Ru djrkr v’kk mn~;ksxkauk dtZiqjoBk djrkauk cWadkauh mPp vxzdze fnyk ikfgts- vFkZ o O;k[;k %&

Ik;kZoj.kiwjd mn~;ksxkauk fdaok izdYikauk cWadkadMwu gks.kkjk foRriqjoBk Eg.kts gfjr cWafdax gks;- gfjr cWafdax Eg.kts v’kh O;oLFkk dh] T;k}kjs mn~;ksxkauk gfjr gks.;klkBh enr dsyh tkrs vkf.k uSlfxZd Ik;kZoj.kkph izfdz;k dk;e jk[kyh tkrs- xzhu cWafdax ph ladYiuk cWadk mn~;ksx vkf.k laiw.kZ vFkZO;oLFkk ;kaP;k ijLijfgrkph vkgs-

The OECD Defines, “ a green Bank as a public, quasi-Public or non-profit erdity established

specifically to facilitate private investment into domestic low- carbon, climate-resilient infrastructure”.

A green Bank is dedicated public or non profit finance entity designed to drive private capital

market gaps.

gfjr cWafdaxps egRRo %& 1- Ik;kZoj.kkpk fopkj 2- Ik;kZoj.k ekudkaps ikyd 3- Ik;kZoj.kkps j{k.k 4- Lkekftd uhrhP;k n`”Vhus egRRo

1- Ik;kZoj.kkpk fopkj %& mn~;ksxkauk Ik;kZoj.kk’kh vl.kkjk laca/k cWadkaP;k n`”Vhusgh tks[khe fuekZ.k d: ‘kdrks] gs

ekU; >kys vkgs- gfjr cWfdaxeqGs Ik;kZoj.kkpk vf/kd xkafHk;kZus fopkj gksr vkgs- 2- Ik;kZoj.k ekudkaps ikyu %&

Ik;kZoj.kh; f’kLrhP;k ikyuklkBh l{ke vf/kdkÚ;kadMwu mn~;ksxO;oLk;kaP;k lanHkkZr fof’k”V ekuds fu/kkZfjr d: ‘kdrkr- ;kps ikyu u dj.kkÚ;k mn~;ksxkaoj dkjokbZph rjrwn dsY;kl Ik;kZoj.k gkuh Fkkac.;kl enr gksrs-

3- Ik;kZoj.kkps j{k.k %&


Multidisciplinary


Page 66

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



Ik;kZoj.kkph gkuh dj.kkÚ;k mn~;ksxkauk cWadkauh dtZiqjoBk dsY;kl gks.kkÚ;k Ik;kZoj.k iznw”k.kkl cWadkauk tckcnkj /kjys tkrs- mnk%& vesfjdsr loZlekos’kd Ik;kZoj.k izfrfdz;k] uqdlku HkjikbZ vkf.k nkf;Ro dk;nk 1980 e/;s dj.;kr vkyk-

4- Lkkekftd uhrhP;k n`”Vhus egRRo %& gfjr cWafMaXkyk lkekftd uhrhP;k n`”Vhus Qkj egRo vkgs- cWadkaps Hkkx/kkjd] Bsohnkj o brj

xzkgdkauk Ik;kZoj.k j{k.kkpk ykHk gksrks- lkekftd ckaf/kydhP;k Hkwfedsrwu cWdkauh vkiY;k loZ xzkgdkaP;k O;kid fgrj{k.kkpk fopkj d:u Ik;kZoj.kiwjd mn~;ksxkauk dtZiwjoBk dsyk ikfgts- Hkkjrkrhy gfjr cWafdax %& Ik;kZoj.kkoj gks.kkjs ifj.kke jks[k.;kps eksBs vkOgku Hkkjrh; mn~;ksxkaukleksj vkgs- tjh ljdkjus Ik;kZoj.kfo”k;d dk;ns dsys vlys vkf.k mn~;ksxkauk Ik;kZoj.kiwjd ra=Kkukyk LohdkjklkBh mRrstu fnys vlys rjh mn~;ksxkadMwu Ik;kZoj.kph eksBh gkuh gksrs- v’kh gkuh jks[k.;kP;k n`”Vhus gfjr cWafdaxyk egRRo vkgs- gfjrx`g ok;w mRiRrhpk fopkj djrk Hkkjr txkrhy lgkok eksBk vkf.k osxoku o/nh lk/k.kkjk nqlÚ;k dzekadkpk ns’k vkgs- fnYyh] eqacbZ vkf.k psUubZ gh txkrhy lokZf/kd iznqf”kr 10 ‘kgjkaiSdh ‘kgjs vkgsr. Iznq”k.k dj.kkjs Hkkjrkrhy izeq[k mn~;ksx Eg.kts

1- f>ad] dkWij] iksykn ;klkj[ks mn~;ksx 2- dkxn vkf.k yxnk 3- dhVduk’kds 4- [krfufeZrh 5- Lkk[kj 6- VsDlVkbZYl 7- jlk;us]vkS”k/kfufeZrh bR;knh

cWadkauh ;k mn~;ksxkauk dtZiqjoBk djrkuk ;kpk fopkj dsyk ikfgts dh gs mn~;ksx iznw”k.k ikrGh deh jk[kr vkgsr dk;- rlsp Ik;kZoj.k O;oLFkkiuklkBh ;ksX; mik;;kstuk djr vkgsr dk;- ;k lanHkZkr cWadkaph Hkwfedk EkgRRokph Bjrs-

l/;k ts mn~;ksx iznw”k.k fu;a=.kkP;k n`”Vhus Qjls l{ke ukghr rs Hkfo”;krhy laHkkO; iznw”kd Bjrhy- ;keqGs izHkkoh dk;ns d:u iznq”k.k dj.kkjs mn~;ksx can dj.ks vifjgk;Z Bjsy- vkxzk vkf.k fnYyh ifjljkr toGikl 150 y?kqmn~;ksxkauk Ik;kZoj.k ekudkaps ikyu u dsY;kcn~ny mn~;ksx can dj.;kl Hkkx ikM.;kr vkys- xzhu cWafdaxph mn~nh”Vs %&

1- cWad deZpkjh] cWads’kh lacaf/kr yksd vkf.k lkekU; turk ;kaP;krhy xzhu cWafdaxfo”k;hph tk.khotkxrh rikl.ks-

2- loZlkekU; turk] xzkgd vkf.k cWaad deZpkjh ;kaP;kr xzhu cWafdaxckcr tk.kho&tkxrh fuekZ.k dj.ks-


Multidisciplinary


Page 67

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



3- cWadsP;k ‘kk[kkaekQZr gfjrx`g ok;w deh dj.ks] oht mi;ksx fu;af=r dj.ks] dkxn] ‘kkbZ] cWVjht] bR;knhapk iquokZikj dj.ks gfjr mRiknukaP;k okijkl pkyuk ns.ks bR;knh-

4- ckg~; O;kikjh O;ogkjkus Ik;kZoj.kkoj gks.kkÚ;k ifj.kkekaps ewY;ekiu dj.ks vkf.k rs ifj.kke deh dj.;klkBh laHkkO; cWafdax mRiknukckcr la’kks/ku dj.ks-

5- xzhu cWWafdax mRiknukph jpuk dj.ks o rh lknj dj.ks- R;k}kjs Ik;kZoj.kh ;kn`”V~;k tckcnkj dtZ vkf.k xqaro.kwd O;oogkjkl mRrstu ns.ks-

xzhu cWafdaxP;k Ik;kZoj.kh; fopkj %& Ik;kZoj.k Lusgh cWadkckcr iq<hy dkgh iz’u mifLFkr dsys tkrkr-

1- dtkZlkBh cWad lkekftd n`”V~;k tckcnkj vlrs dk 2- cWadkaph dtsZ ‘kk’or mRiknu vkf.k forj.kkl lkgk¸; djrkr dk;- 3- Ik;kZoj.kh; tkf.kosckcr cWadk vtZnkjkaph rikl.kh d’kk izdkjs djrkr- 4- cWadkadMhr dtZnkj Eg.kts Ik;kZoj.kh; leL;sojhy mik;kapk Hkkx vkgsr dk;- gokeku cnykP;k

leL;syk rs tckcnkj vkgsr dk;- gokeku cnykP;k leL;syk rs tckcnkj vkgsr dk;‘ Ik;kZoj.kLusgh cWadk Ik;kZoj.kLusgh mn~;ksxkauk dtZiqjoBk djrkr- mnk- ÅtkZ LFkkfud] d`”kh &

O;olk;] LFkkfud eklsekjh O;olk; vkf.k LFkkfud O;kikjh bR;knhauk fu/kh iqjforkr- cWafdax] mRiknus fdaok lsok fodwu Ik;kZoj.kLusgh cWadk gfjr lgHkkouk izdV djrkr- mn- vkWuykbZu cWafdaxeqGs dkxnkpk [kpZ ?kVrks- ‘kk[kk lalk/kukojhy [kpZgh okprks- ;ksX; Ik;kZoj.kiwjd /kksj.kkapk Lohdkj d:u dkgh cWadkauh xzhu cWafdaxps O;ogkj o rRRos vaxhdr dsys vkgsr- v’kk izdkjps O;ogkj dj.kkÚ;k loksZRre 10 cWadkph ukos iq<s fnyh vkgsr-

1- vk;-,u-th- Mk;jsDV 2- U;w fjlkslZ cWad 3- xzhu pkWbl cWaM 4- ou iWflfQd dksLV cWaM 5- iekWdYpj dzsfMV ;qfu;u 6- jkscks cWad 7- flfV>Ul cWad 8- ih-,u-lh- 9- ,p-,l-ch-lh- 10- Vh-fM-cWad

5- xzhu cWaafdax & xzkgdkalkBh egRRokP;k ckch %& vusd fodflr vkf.k fodlu’khy ns’k dkcZu mRltZu izek.k ?kVfo.;klkBh Ik;kZoj.kiwjd cWfdax

iz.kkyhdMs oGr vkgsr- ‘kk[kk cWafdax vkf.k isij cWafdaxf’kok; xzhu cWadk lkekftd tckcnkjhyk vf/kd egRRo nsr vkgsr- xzkgdkauk egRRokP;k lsok %&


Multidisciplinary


Page 68

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Online Journal



1- gfjr Bsoh 2- gfjr rkj.k vkf.k dtsZ 3- gfjr dzsfMV dkMZl~ 4- gfjr c{khl rikl.kh [kkrs

xzhu cWfdaxps egRRo %& 1- tks[khe O;oLFkkiu 2- iriqjoB~;krhy tks[khe 3- dk;ns’khj tks[khe 4- ukoykSfdd fo”k;d tks[khe

fu”d”kZ %& 1- Hkkjrh; gfjr cWad iz.kkyhpk vH;klkl vls vk<Gwu vkys dh] gfjr cWad iz.kkyh gh loZ cWadkae/;s

jkcoyhtkr vkgs- 2- gfjr cWad iz.kkyhr xzkgdkauk gfjr Bsoh] gfjr rkj.k vkf.k dtsZ] gfjr dszfMV dkMZl~ ;klkj[ks lsok

cWadk iqjorkr 3- Hkkjrkr ljdkjh o [kktxh nksUgh {ks=kr gfjr cWad iz.kkyhpk fodkl gksr vkgs- 4- cWad deZpkjh] cWads’kh laca/khr yksd vkf.k lkekU; turk ;kaP;krhy xzhu cWafdax fo”k;hph tk.kh

tkxrh gksr vkgs- 5- gfjr cWad iz.kkyhyk vkSn~;ksfxd laLFksps o brj lkekftd laLFksps lgdk;Z ykHkr vkgs- 6- xzhu cWafdax mRiknukph jpuk dj.ks o rh lknj] R;k}kjs Ik;kZoj.kh; n`”V~;k tckcnkj dtZ vkf.k

xqaro.kqd O;ogkjkl mRrstu nsrs- 7- ckg~; O;kikjh O;ogkjkus Ik;kZoj.kkoj gks.kkÚ;k ifj.kkekaps ewY;ekiu dj.ks vkf.k rs ifj.kke deh

dj.;klkBh laHkkO; cWafdax mRiknukckcr la’kks/ku djr vkgs- lanHkZ xzaFk %&

1- vk/kqfud cWafdax & MkW-ch-,p-nketh & fon~;k cqDl ifCy’klZ] vkSjaxiqjk] vkSjaxkckn- 2. http://coalitionforgreencapital.com

3. http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_bank

4. www.greengrowthknowledge.org resource/green-banking-

going-green.

5. https://greenbanketwork.org/what-is-a-green-bank-2/-

sept – 2015 issue – i volume – ivgurukul international multidisciplinary research journal...

Documents