September 11, 2013September 11, 2013

What are some things that living What are some things that living things depend on that are not living?things depend on that are not living?

AnnouncementsAnnouncements

Today’s ObjectiveToday’s Objective

Identify macromolecules essential to Identify macromolecules essential to lifelife

Identify the properties of what that Identify the properties of what that make it so important to lifemake it so important to life

MacromoleculesMacromolecules

Large molecules made up of smaller Large molecules made up of smaller subunits called monomerssubunits called monomers

There are four major bio-moleculesThere are four major bio-molecules CarbohydratesCarbohydrates ProteinsProteins LipidsLipids Nucleic acidsNucleic acids

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Supplies energy to cellsSupplies energy to cells

Monomers = sugar (glucose)Monomers = sugar (glucose) Polymers = starchPolymers = starch

Plant StarchPlant Starch CelluloseCellulose

Tough fibers that Tough fibers that

give plants give plants structurestructure

Wood/paperWood/paper

Chitin: form of celluloseChitin: form of cellulose Hard exoskeleton of insects and Hard exoskeleton of insects and

crustaceanscrustaceans

Animal StarchAnimal Starch GlycogenGlycogen

Stored sugarStored sugar released from your liver when the glucose in released from your liver when the glucose in

your blood runs low your blood runs low Supplies your muscles with energy for Supplies your muscles with energy for

contraction/movementcontraction/movement

LipidsLipids

Store energyStore energy Insulate/protectInsulate/protect

Saturated fat and fatty acid

Unsaturated fat and fatty aciddouble bond

causes bending

Less Hydrogen

Filled with Hydrogen

PhospholipidsPhospholipids Make up the cell membraneMake up the cell membrane

Allows molecules in and out of cellAllows molecules in and out of cell

Hydrophilichead

WATER

WATER

Hydrophobictail

Figure 5.14

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids DNA and RNADNA and RNA

Store vital Store vital information in information in each cell for each cell for making proteinsmaking proteins

Made of Made of nucleotidesnucleotides

ProteinsProteins Wide variety: combo of amino acids Wide variety: combo of amino acids

(20)(20) Carry out chemical reactionsCarry out chemical reactions Transport moleculesTransport molecules Fight diseasesFight diseases

Protein Structure…Protein Structure…Determines FunctionDetermines Function

EnzymesEnzymes

What monomers are bonded What monomers are bonded together to form proteins?together to form proteins?

NucleotidesNucleotides Amino acidsAmino acids Fatty acidsFatty acids GlucoseGlucose

This macromolecule is the main This macromolecule is the main source of energy for living things.source of energy for living things.

LipidsLipids ProteinProtein CarbohydrateCarbohydrate Nucleic AcidNucleic Acid

What macromolecule is DNA an What macromolecule is DNA an example of?example of?

This macromolecule controls the rate This macromolecule controls the rate of reactions and regulate cell of reactions and regulate cell processesprocesses

What macromolecule would you What macromolecule would you typically find in this food?typically find in this food?

How about this food?How about this food?

And this?And this?

2-2 2-2 Properties of WaterProperties of Water

Polarity– unequal sharing of electrons Polarity– unequal sharing of electrons between. creates a slight chargebetween. creates a slight charge Hydrogen end = positiveHydrogen end = positive Oxygen end = negativeOxygen end = negative

CohesionCohesion Attraction between molecules of the Attraction between molecules of the

same substancesame substance Water molecules produce Surface Water molecules produce Surface

TensionTension May support light objectsMay support light objects

Watery ExamplesWatery Examples

AdhesionAdhesion

Attraction between molecules of Attraction between molecules of different substancesdifferent substances

Capillary ActionCapillary Action Causes water to riseCauses water to rise

in a narrow tube againstin a narrow tube against

gravitygravity

Capillary ExampleCapillary Example

Helps pull water up through the Helps pull water up through the microscopic vessels of plantsmicroscopic vessels of plants

Water conducting cells

100 µmFigure 3.3

Mixtures Involving WaterMixtures Involving Water

Solutions: all components are evenly Solutions: all components are evenly distributeddistributed

Solute—substance dissolvedSolute—substance dissolved Solvent—substance which dissolves solutesSolvent—substance which dissolves solutes

SuspensionsSuspensions

Mixtures of water and nondissolved Mixtures of water and nondissolved materialmaterial

Small pieces that do not settle outSmall pieces that do not settle out

Acids, Bases, and pHAcids, Bases, and pH

AcidsAcids: compounds that contain : compounds that contain higher concentrations of Hhigher concentrations of H++ ions than ions than pure waterpure water

pH values below 7pH values below 7

BasesBases: compounds that contain low : compounds that contain low concentrations of Hconcentrations of H++ and high and high amounts of OHamounts of OH-- ions ions

pH values above 7pH values above 7

pH Scale (potential of Hydrogen)pH Scale (potential of Hydrogen)