serge salat, architect, director urban morphology lab · salat, architect, director urban...

RESILIENTANDEFFICIENTSYNERGYCOMMUNITIESAMORPHOLOGICAL,STRUCTURALANDSYNERGETICAPPROACH

TOENERGYEFFICIENCY

SergeSALAT,Architect,DirectorUrbanMorphologyLab

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WhyUrbanMorphology?

OurresearchhasshownthatanefficienturbanfabricalonecanreduceenergyconsumpMonandcarbonemissionsbyafactorof2‐afactortoolargetoignore.

ThismeansthatUrbanMorphologyhasthepotenMaltohalveacity’senergyandcarbonemissions.ItisanessenMallevertowardsmoresustainableciMesinthefuture

ClimateUrban

Morphology

Buildingphysics

(architecture,materials)

Systems(heaMng/coolingsystems)

Occupants’behaviour

Urban morphological strata

PopulaMon

StreetpaVerns

Plotsubdivisions

Topography

Landuse

Builtenvironment

Flowcycles

Interaction forms/flows

Flowsofpeople

Flowsoftransport

ExchangesNutrientsWaste

InteracMonwithLightSunWind

•  Density•  Mixeduses

•  Compactness•  Passivevolume•  Solaraccess

•  Connectedness•  Complexity•  Fractality

Key concepts

•  Transportenergy

•  Building•  energy

Abouturbancomplexity

Toledo

Paris

Barcelona

Washington LeCorbusier’sRadiantcity

ScaleHierarchy,ExergyMaximiza=on&UrbanEfficiency

SergeSalatUrbanMorphologyLab

CSTB,Paris

About urban complexity

Scalehierarchyandefficiency

TreesandLeaves

Applica4ons:SynergyGrids

LeCorbusiercruciformtowersversusTurinhistoriccentre

Highrisetowersreducedensityandconnectednessaswellassocialinterac=ons.Theyincreaseconges=onastheyaregiantcul‐desacs(squares400mx400m)

40kmoffacadesonstreetsand16kmoffacadesoncourtyardsinTurincenterinheritedfromtheRomangrid(710x770m)


Insightsfromhard‐corethermodynamics

ComplexmulM‐scalestructureshavetofollowPareto

distribuMons(Powerlaws)tobeefficient

A.Bejan

Constructallaw

I.Prigogine

MinimumEntropyProducMonPrinciple

J.J.Kay

Highlyorganizedcomplexsystems

=

Exergymaxima



CSTB,Paris


Scale hierarchy and efficiency

TreesandLeaves


Scalehierarchyandefficiency•  Urbannetworks(energy,water,heat,etc.)•  Energysystems(producMonandconsumpMon)•  Urbanfabric:thermalexchangeswiththeoutside



CSTB,Paris



TreesandLeaves


Parmain1830 FractalSierpinskicarpet


Urbannetworksandnaturalflowstructures



CSTB,Paris



TreesandLeaves


Paretodistributedroadnetwork Fractalstructureofalung

Frequency/sizedistribuMonofcitycomponents(urbanblocks,streets,courtyards,etc.)

Naturalscalinghierarchyandurbanscalinghierarchy:Paretolaw

•  “Thesmallscaleisconnectedtothelargescalethroughahierarchyofintermediatescaleswithscalingfactor”

•  Inverse‐powerlaw:

(therearepunitsofsizex,misthefractaldimension)

MathemaMcallyspeaking,aleafisasemi‐lafce,amuchmorecomplexandsubtlestructurethanatree

Semi‐lafce



CSTB,Paris



Trees and Leaves


Acityisnotatree,C.Alexander

Treestructure

SienaandaquadrainBrasiliaatthesamescale800*800m

Builtdensity(FAR):2,980,38

SixresidenMaltypologies

BestFAR:mediumheightbuildings(«Haussmann»typologies).MuchbeVerthanhighrisebuildings(Corbuseantypologies,Brasiliaforinstance)

Uselesstransportenergy

Passivevolume

6 m

Passivevolume

Builtvolume

PassivevolumecanbenefitfromnaturallighMngendvenMlaMon

EnergyreducMon

Theunobstructedpassivezone,usestwoMmeslessenergythanthenon‐passivezone(Rafandal.)

LondonToulouseBerlin

Shanghai,Lujiazui(CBD)

RaMo=43%

Guangzhou,Tianhe

RaMo=66%

HongKong,NorthPoint(residenMal)

Shanghai,Hongkou(lilongs)

Paris,19thcentury

RaMo~80%

% de volumes passifs

Fractalsasefficientinterfaces

FractalopMmisaMonofcourtyardsurbantexturesaccordingtolaMtudesandclimates

PARISscalinghierarchy

Basedongraphtheory

StreetNetwork&ConnecMvity

NumberofcyclesEulerFormula1+L‐NAveragedistancebtwintersecMons

IntersecMondensity

51 6 88 83

6.38 1.93 6.5 19.24

Historical Paris Guangzhou,CBDHK,C&WDistrict Kyoto

157 518 153 52

ComparaMveanalysisofStreetNetworksinourvariousstudiedciMeshaveshownanumberofconclusionsthusfarregardingconnecMvity:greatercyclomaMcnumber(average#connecMonsbetween2points);smallerdistancesbetweenintersecMons;andgreaterdensityofintersecMons,generallyindicateamoreconnected,accessiblecityfabric

Paretodistributedtreesareefficient.

Buttheyarenotresilient.

=>Ci4esshouldbeleavesinsteadoftrees!



CSTB,Paris



Trees and Leaves


CiMesfacingclimatechange:

UrbanEfficiency

ClimatechangeMiMgaMon



CSTB,Paris



Trees and Leaves


PowerLaws

UrbanResilience

ClimatechangeAdaptaMon

MulM‐scaleFeedbackLoops

ApplicaMons:SynergyGridsScaleHierarchy,

ExergyMaximiza=on&UrbanEfficiency


CSTB,Paris



TreesandLeaves

Applica:ons: Synergy Grids

Implementfeedbackloopsoneachscaleofurbannetworks,

andbetweennetworks

Structureandsizeurbannetworksusing

efficientParetodistribuMons

SwitchfromEdison’sclassicalelectricityandenergytree‐like

networktoanefficientandresilientleaf‐likesynergygrid

•  ElectricaldistribuMonnetworks;•  EnergygeneraMonsourcesincluding:

–  TradiMonalfossil‐fuelornuclearpowergeneraMngstaMons;–  Largerenewablepowersupplysources(wind,solar,wave)–  Districtorlocalrenewableenergysources(wind,solar,biomassCHP)–  SmallintermiVentpowersupplysourcesto&fromindividualbuildings

TheconceptofSmartGrids

•  NetworksouwareopMmizingpowerdemandandsupply&providingdiagnosisofactualorincipientproblemswithlineorequipment;

•  Powerusecontrollerslinkedtoindividualappliances,shavingpeakpowerdemandsbysignalinglinkedequipmenttoturnitselfoffforaperiodofMme,ortoreduceitspowerrequirements;

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TheconceptofSmartGridsBenefitsforuMliMes

•  Networkresilience:AvoidandminimizeblackoutsanddisrupMons

•  StabilityofconsumpMon•  IdenMfysourcesandcharacterisMcsofdistributedpowersourcesinthegrid

Higherquality

• Moreefficientusew.respecttosourcesandpeakperiods

•  ReducMonofpeakloadsLowerGHGemissions

•  FrauddetecMonandprevenMon Lowercosts0% 100%

TheconceptofSmartGridsBenefitsforoperatorsandowners•  Real‐Mmeloadandsupplyadjustment•  Real‐MmeinformaMononthesourceofelectricpower•  Performancedatafromthegrid,thatcanformthe

basisofemissionstrading•  Abilitytoexportpower•  HigherlevelofpowerqualityforcriMcalITsystems•  Smallersizedbuildingtechnicalfacilieites(savingsin

investmentandoperaMoncost)•  DelayingandpredicMvesystems(cooling,heaMng)•  UseofenergystoragecapabiliMesinbuildings

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TowardsSynergyGrids

OpMmizaMonofsupplyanddemandforneighborhood‐scalesystems

•  Buildingswithadeficitorsurplusof:–  thermalenergy;–  domesMchotwater;–  greywater;–  DCpower;–  parkingspaces;

•  OwnersofprivateelectricvehicleswithadeficitorsurplusofDCpower

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TowardsSynergyGrids

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1.  SpaceheaMngandcooling,thermalgeneraMonandthermalstorage

2.  Rainwatercapture,neighborhood‐scalegrey‐waterandredistribuMonsystems

3.  Solidwastestorageandrecycling4.  Localtransportsystem

TowardsSynergyGrids

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5.  DCpowerasaparallelsystem(CHP,wind,bio‐mass,otherrenewablesourcesonsite)

6.  Vehiclere‐charging7.  StorageofDCpower8.  DCpowersystemsincommercialbuildings

TowardsSynergyGrids

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StructuringandSizingGrids

ForSmartandSynergyGridstobeefficient,structureandsizearecrucial:

«ScaleFreeComplexity»concept UrbanMorphologyLab

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«ScaleFreeComplexity»concept

Eachlevelofthegridhastodisplaythesamelevelofcomplexity,nomaVerthescaleconsidered

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Insightsfromhard‐corethermodynamics:


HausmannianParis

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Powerlaws

ScalefreecomplexityEnergy

Efficiency

Mostofthenaturalnetworksdisplayscalefreecomplexity,toopMmiseenergyefficiency


TreesNeuronalnetworks Bloodsystems

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Flowshavetoberecycledandreusedoneveryscale:low exergy approach.


AdaptedfromDobbelsteenetal,2011

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Water,energy,heat,waste,greywaterarerecycledonthebuildingscale




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Water,energy,heat,waste,greywaterarerecycledontheneighboorhoodscale




FromSmartGridstoSynergyGridsbyLarsson,Hovorka,Salat&BourdicWorldSustainableBuildingConference,SB11Helsinki0% 100%

Water,energy,heat,waste,greywaterarerecycledonthedistrictscale




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Water,energy,heat,waste,greywaterarerecycledonthecityscale

SmartGrids:upto18%

GHGemissionreducMonpotenMal

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Mechanism

Reductions in Electricity Sector CO2 Emissions

Direct (%) Indirect (%)Conservation Effect of Consumer Information and Feedback Systems 3 -Joint Marketing of Energy Efficiency and Demand Response Programs

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Deployment of Diagnostics in Residential and Small/Medium Commercial Buildings

3 -

Measurement & Verification for Energy Efficiency Programs 1 0.5Shifting Load to More Efficient Generation <0.1 -Support Additional Electric Vehicles and Plug-In Electric Vehicles 3 -Conservation Voltage Reduction and Advanced Voltage Control 2 -Support Penetration of Renewable Wind and Solar Generation <0.1 5Total Reduction 12 6

AdaptedfromPraVetal2010

•  SynergyGrids:upto44%energyconsumpMonreducMonforheaMngandcooling(RoVerdamHartvanZuidCaseStudy)

•  REAPmethod:appropriatemixofbuildings,ofheaMng/coolingrequirements,ofheat/coldstorage

•  KnoXngtheflowsoneveryscale

GHGemissionreducMonpotenMal

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AdaptedfromTillieetal,2009

[email protected]

www.urbanmorphologylab.com

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serge salat, architect, director urban morphology lab · salat, architect, director urban...

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