serial lumbar and ventricle cerebrospinal fluid lactate

8
Journal o f Neurology, Neurosurgery, a n d Psychiatry 1987;50:313-320 Serial lumbar a n d ventricle cerebrospinal fluid lactate dehydrogenase activities i n patients with leptomeningeal metastases from solid a n d haematological tumours ALBERT TWIJNSTRA,*§ ANTON P VA N ZANTEN,t AUGUSTINUS A M HART,: BRAM W ONGERBOER DE VISSER*It From the Clinical o f t h e Institute (Antoni va n Amsterdam, Department o f Clinical Chemistry, Slotervaartziekenhuis,t Amsterdam, Department o f Neurology,$ Slotervaartziekenhuis, The Netherlands SUMMARY Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were measured i n cerebrospinal fluid i n 3 5 0 patients with various neurological diseases t o establish th e sensitivity a n d specificity o f t h e C SF L D H as a marker f o r the diagnosis o f leptomeningeal metastases. Slight elevations o f C S F LDH were observed i n nonmalignant diseases, while marked elevations were observed i n a considerable number o f patients with bacterial meningitis. A sensitivity o f 79% a n d a specificity o f 8 3% were calculated. I n t e 3 4 patients with leptomeningeal metastases from solid an d haematological tumours, th e L DH i n lumbar a n d ventricular CSF were measured simultaneously. T h e lumbar C SF LDH concentration in patients with leptomeningeal metastases was about five times greater than that i n th e ventricular CSF. N o relationship w a s found between t h e C SF L DH a n d histology o f t h e primary tumour. A good correlation was demonstrated between t h e lumbar C SF LDH and t h e effected area o f the neuraxis. Serial determinations o f C SF LDH showed a relationship between level changes a n d responses t o therapy o r progression. Th e findings o f this study indicate that measurement o f LDH in C SF c a n b e used as a n adjunctive diagnostic test fo r leptomeningeal metastases.and in monitoring t h e efficacy o f Changes o f biochemical markers i n tissues, body fluids a n d serum m ay b e used i n t h e diagnosis of some types o f cancer.' - However, t h e clinical significance of biochemical marker tests i n t he cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) i n t he diagnosis o f central nervous system (CNS) tumours i s still poorly defined.4 Moreover, various C SF biomarkers have been found t o b e elevated i n a substantial number o f n o n malignant disorders. §Present address: Department o f Neurology, Academisch Ziekenhuis Maastricht, T he Netherlands. IIPresent address: Department o f Neurology, Academisch Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam, T he Netherlands. Address f or reprint requests: D r A Twijnstra, Rijksuniversiteit Limburg, P O B o x 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, T he Netherlands. Received 1 7 March 1986. Accepted 2 5 June 1986 I n this paper w e discuss t h e change i n t h e lactate dehydrogenase enzyme (LDH) activity in t h e CSF, found i n patients with metastatic a nd n o n metastatic diseases o f t h e CNS. T h e choice t o study t he CSF L D H enzyme i s related t o t h e fact that LDH belongs t o routine laboratory determinations a n d with mod- e r n equipment, t he catalytic activity o f LDH i n t he C SF c a n b e measured rapidly, precisely a n d eco- nomically. LDH i s an enzyme that catalyses t h e final step i n t h e metabolic chain ofanaerobic glycolysis. I t s molec- ular weight i s 135,000 Daltons a n d i t i s predom- inantly located intracellular. LDH is a normal con- stituent f brain tissue a n d l ow activity can b e measured i n normal CSF. C SF LDH activity may increase i n a number o f conditions. Diagnostic significance h a s been ascribed t o elevations o f C SF LDH activities i n cases o f cerebrovascular eases,5 bacterial mengingitis,- " head injury,6 pri- mary brain tumours,7 1112 a n d C N S metastases from 3 1 3

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8/3/2019 Serial Lumbar and Ventricle Cerebrospinal Fluid Lactate

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J o u r n a l o f N e u r o l o g y , N e u r o s u r g e r y , a n d P s y c h i a t r y 1 9 8 7 ; 5 0 : 3 1 3 - 3 2 0

S e r i a l l u m b a r a n d v e n t r i c l e c e r e b r o s p i n a l f l u i d l a c t a t ed e h y d r o g e n a s e a c t i v i t i e s i n p a t i e n t s w i t h

l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s e s f r o m s o l i d a n dh a e m a t o l o g i c a l tumours

ALBERT TWIJNSTRA,*§ ANTON P VAN ZANTEN,t AUGUSTINUS A M HART,:BRAM W ONGERBOER DE V I S S E R * I t

F r o m t h e C l i n i c a l D i v i s i o n o f t h e C a n c e r I n s t i t u t e ( A n t o n i va n L e e u w e n h o e k h u i s ) , * A m s t e r d a m , D e p a r t m e n t o f

C l i n i c a l C h e m i s t r y , S l o t e r v a a r t z i e k e n h u i s , t A m s t e r d a m , D e p a r t m e n t o f N e u r o l o g y , $ S l o t e r v a a r t z i e k e n h u i s , T h e

N e t h e r l a n d s

SUMMARY L a c t a t e d e h y d r o g e n a s e (LDH) a c t i v i t i e s were m e a s u r e d i n c e r e b r o s p i n a l f l u i d i n 3 5 0p a t i e n t s w i t h v a r i o u s n e u r o l o g i c a l d i s e a s e s t o e s t a b l i s h t h e s e n s i t i v i t y a n d s p e c i f i c i t y o f t h e CSFL D H as a m a r k e r f o r t h e d i a g n o s i s o f l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s e s . S l i g h t e l e v a t i o n s o f CSF LDHwere o b s e r v e d i n n o n m a l i g n a n t d i s e a s e s , w h i l e m a r k e d e l e v a t i o n s were o b s e r v e d i n a c o n s i d e r a b l e

n u m b e r o f p a t i e n t s w i t h b a c t e r i a l m e n i n g i t i s . A s e n s i t i v i t y o f 79% a n d a s p e c i f i c i t y o f 83% were

c a l c u l a t e d . I n t h e 3 4 p a t i e n t s w i t h l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s e s f r o m s o l i d a n d h a e m a t o l o g i c a l

t u m o u r s , t h e LDH i n l u m b a r a n d v e n t r i c u l a r CSF were m e a s u r e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y . T h e l u m b a r CSFLDH c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n p a t i e n t s w i t h l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s e s was a b o u t f i v e t i m e s g r e a t e r t h a n

t h a t i n t h e v e n t r i c u l a r C S F . No r e l a t i o n s h i p was f o u n d b e t w e e n t h e CSF LDH a n d h i s t o l o g y o f t h ep r i m a r y t u m o u r . A g o o d c o r r e l a t i o n was d e m o n s t r a t e d b e t w e e n t h e l u m b a r CSF LDH a n d t h ee f f e c t e d area o f t h e n e u r a x i s . S e r i a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n s o f CSF LDH s h o w e d a r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n

l e v e l c h a n g e s a n d responses t o t h e r a p y or p r o g r e s s i o n . T h e f i n d i n g s o f t h i s s t u d y i n d i c a t e t h a tmeasurement o f LDH i n CSF can b e u s e d as an a d j u n c t i v e d i a g n o s t i c t e s t f o r l e p t o m e n i n g e a l

m e t a s t a s e s . a n d i n m o n i t o r i n g t h e e f f i c a c y o f t r e a t m e n t .

C h a n g e s o f b i o c h e m i c a l m a r k e r s i n t i s s u e s , b o d yf l u i d s a n d s e r u m may b e u s e d i n t h e d i a g n o s i s o f s o m e

t y p e s o f c a n c e r . ' - H o w e v e r , t h e c l i n i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c eo f b i o c h e m i c a l m a r k e r t e s t s i n t h e c e r e b r o s p i n a l f l u i d( C S F ) i n t h e d i a g n o s i s o f c e n t r a l n e r v o u s s y s t e m

( C N S ) t u m o u r s i s s t i l l p o o r l y d e f i n e d . 4 M o r e o v e r ,

v a r i o u s CSF b i o m a r k e r s h a v e b e e n f o u n d t o b e

e l e v a t e d i n a s u b s t a n t i a l n u m b e r o f n o n m a l i g n a n td i s o r d e r s .

§ P r e s e n t a d d r e s s : D e p a r t m e n t o f N e u r o l o g y , A c a d e m i s c h Z i e k e n h u i s

M a a s t r i c h t , T h e N e t h e r l a n d s .

I I P r e s e n t a d d r e s s : D e p a r t m e n t o f N e u r o l o g y , A c a d e m i s c h M e d i s c h

C e n t r u m , A m s t e r d a m , T h e N e t h e r l a n d s .

A d d r e s s f o r r e p r i n t r e q u e s t s : Dr A T w i j n s t r a , R i j k s u n i v e r s i t e i tL i m b u r g , P O B o x 6 1 6 , 6 2 0 0 MD M a a s t r i c h t , T h e N e t h e r l a n d s .

R e c e i v e d 1 7 M a r c h 1 9 8 6 .A c c e p t e d 2 5 J u n e 1 9 8 6

I n t h i s p a p e r w e d i s c u s s t h e c h a n g e i n t h e l a c t a t ed e h y d r o g e n a s e e n z y m e ( L D H ) a c t i v i t y i n t h e C S F ,f o u n d i n p a t i e n t s w i t h m e t a s t a t i c a n d n o n m e t a s t a t i cd i s e a s e s o f t h e C N S . T h e c h o i c e t o s t u d y t h e CSFL D H e n z y m e i s r e l a t e d t o t h e f a c t t h a t LDH b e l o n g st o r o u t i n e l a b o r a t o r y d e t e r m i n a t i o n s a n d w i t h m o d -e r n e q u i p m e n t , t h e c a t a l y t i c a c t i v i t y o f LDH i n t h eCSF c a n b e m e a s u r e d r a p i d l y , p r e c i s e l y a n d e c o -

n o m i c a l l y .LDH i s a n e n z y m e t h a t c a t a l y s e s t h e f i n a l s t e p i n

t h e m e t a b o l i c c h a i n o f a n a e r o b i c g l y c o l y s i s . I t s m o l e c -

u l a r w e i g h t i s 1 3 5 , 0 0 0 D a l t o n s a n d i t i s p r e d o m -i n a n t l y l o c a t e d i n t r a c e l l u l a r . LDH i s a n o r m a l c o n -

s t i t u e n t o f b r a i n t i s s u e a n d l o w a c t i v i t y c a n b e

m e a s u r e d i n n o r m a l C S F . CSF LDH a c t i v i t y mayi n c r e a s e i n a n u m b e r o f c o n d i t i o n s . D i a g n o s t i cs i g n i f i c a n c e h a s b e e n a s c r i b e d t o e l e v a t i o n s o f CSFLDH a c t i v i t i e s i n c a s e s o f c e r e b r o v a s c u l a r d i s -e a s e s , 5 b a c t e r i a l m e n g i n g i t i s , - " h e a d i n j u r y , 6 p r i -m a r y b r a i n t u m o u r s , 7 1 1 1 2 a n d CNS m e t a s t a s e s f r o m

3 1 3

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3 1 4

s o l i d 7 8 1 1 1 2 or h a e m a t o l o g i c a l m a l i g n a n c i e s . 8 " L i t t l ei s k n o w n , h o w e v e r , a b o u t t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e m e a n i n g o f

s u c h e l e v a t i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y r e g a r d i n g t h e u s e f u l n e s s o f

t h i s m a r k e r i n t h e d i a g n o s i s o f l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s -

t a s e s .To o u r k n o w l e d g e t h e s e r i a l m e a s u r e m e n t s o f LDH

i n l u m b a r a n d v e n t r i c u l a r CSF b e f o r e , d u r i n g a n da f t e r t r e a t m e n t , h a v e h i t h e r t o b e e n u n r e p o r t e d . I n t h ep r e s e n t s t u d y we a n a l y s e d t h e r e s u l t s o f CSF LDH

m e a s u r e m e n t s a t d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s o f t h e n e u r a x i s i np a t i e n t s w i t h m e t a s t a t i c a n d no n m e t a s t a t i c n e u -

r o l o g i c a l d i s e a s e s t o d e t e r m i n e : ( 1 ) t h e s e n s i t i v i t y ,s p e c i f i c i t y a n d t h e p r e d i c t i v e v a l u e s o f t h e LDH l e v e li n t h e CSF a s tumour m a r k e r t e s t , ( 2 ) t h e r e l a t i o n s h i pb e t w e e n t h e p r e t r e a t m e n t l e v e l o f LDH i n t h e CSFa n d t h e e x t e n t o f t h e d i s e a s e , a n d b e t w e e n t h a t l e v e la n d t h e h i s t o l o g i c a l t y p e o f t h e p r i m a r y t u m o u r , ( 3 )t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t h e LDH i n l u m b a r CSF r e l a t e dt o v e n t r i c u l a r CSF s i m u l t a n e o u s l y , a n d ( 4 ) t h e cor-

r e l a t i o n o f s e r i a l v e n t r i c u l a r CSF LDH c h a n g e s w i t hc h a n g e s i n t h e c l i n i c a l d i s e a s e s t a t u s .

P a t i e n t s a n d m e t h o d s

CSF was o b t a i n e d b y l u m b a r p u n c t u r e , w h i c h was per-

f o r m e d as a p a r t o f t h e r e g u l a r c l i n i c a l d i a g n o s t i c p r o c e d u r e ,a n d never f o r t h e measurement o f t h e LDH a c t i v i t y o n l y . A l lt h e CSF e x a m i n a t i o n s i n c l u d e d p r o t e i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n a n dg l u c o s e c o n t e n t , b a c t e r i o l o g i c a l c u l t u r e , a n d c y t o l o g i c a ls t u d i e s w i t h t h e c y t o c e n t r i f u g e t e c h n i q u e . T h e 3 5 0 p a t i e n t s( t a b l e 1 ) w i t h an average ag e o f 5 4 - 4 y e a r s , range 1 5 - 9 2y e a r s , were a d m i t t e d t o t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f N e u r o l o g y o f t h eS l o t e r v a a r t M u n i c i p a l H o s p i t a l a n d t o t h e A n t o n i van L e e -u w e n h o e k h u i s , b o t h i n A m s t e r d a m , d u r i n g 1 9 8 1 t o 1 9 8 3 .

T w i j n s t r a , Z a n t e n , H a r t , V i s s e r

T h e r e were 1 9 8 f e m a l e s a n d 1 5 2 m a l e s . T h e CNS m e t a s t a s e s

were d i a g n o s e d b y c o m p u t e d t o m o g r a p h y ( C T ) ,m y e l o g r a p h y a n d t h e presence o f t u m o u r c e l l s i n t h e C S F .T h e d e m o n s t r a t i o n o f m a l i g n a n t c e l l s i n t h e CSF wa s

r e q u i r e d f o r t h e d i a g n o s i s o f l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s i s . I ntwo p a t i e n t s , w i t h c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c l i n i c a l m a n i f e s t a t i o n s o fl e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s e s , r e p e a t e d l u m b a r CSF exam-

i n a t i o n s f a i l e d t o d e m o n s t r a t e m a l i g n a n t c e l l s . T h e d i a g n o s i swa s c o n f i r m e d a t a postmortem e x a m i n a t i o n . I n t w o o t h e rp a t i e n t s CSF c y t o l o g y b e c a m e p o s i t i v e l a t e r o n i n t h e course

o f t h e d i s e a s e . H i s t o p a t h o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s o f t h e b r a i n were

o b t a i n e d a t 1 5 n e c r o p s i e s a n d d i d c o n f i r m t h e c l i n i c a l d i a g -n o s i s o f b r a i n m e t a s t a s e s i n n i n e p a t i e n t s a n d l e p t o -m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s i s i n s i x p a t i e n t s , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

I n 2 3 p a t i e n t s o f t h e s o l i d tumour g r o u p a n d i n e i g h tp a t i e n t s o f t h e h a e m a t o l o g i c a l tumour group, n e i t h e r neuro-

l o g i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n s i n c l u d i n g CSF a n a l y s i s , no r CT b r a i nscans o r m y e l o g r a m s were i n d i c a t i v e o f CNS m e t a s t a s e s . I n2 6 p a t i e n t s w i t h b r a i n m e t a s t a s e s f r o m s o l i d t u m o u r s , t h ed i a g n o s i s wa s c o n f i r m e d b y CT b r a i n s c a n s . I n 1 7 p a t i e n t sw i t h s o l i d t u m o u r s a n d i n two w i t h h a e m a t o l o g i c a l m a l i g -

n a n c i e s , m y e l o g r a p h yc o n f i r m e d

t h e d i a g n o s i so f

s p i n a l c o r dc o m p r e s s i o n b y e p i d u r a l m e t a s t a s i s . I n 3 4 p a t i e n t s w i t h c l i n -i c a l e v i d e n c e o f l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s e s , 2 5 w i t h s o l i d a n dn i n e w i t h h a e m a t o l o g i c a l t u m o u r s , t h i s d i a g n o s i s was

c o n f i r m e d b y p o s i t i v e CSF c y t o l o g y or p o s i t i v e p o s t m o r t e ms t u d i e s . I n n i n e p a t i e n t s b a c t e r i a l m e n i n g i t i s wa s d e m o n -s t r a t e d b y gram s t a i n a n d c u l t u r e . I n t e n p a t i e n t s t h e d i a g n o -s i s o f v i r a l m e n i n g i t i s wa s e s t a b l i s h e d b y u s u a l c l i n i c a l a n dl a b o r a t o r y c r i t e r i a s u c h as m e n i n g e a l i r r i t a t i o n , uncom-

p l i c a t e d c l i n i c a l course, CSF m o n o n u c l e a r p l e y o c y t o s i s ,n e g a t i v e b a c t e r i a l c u l t u r e s , gram s t a i n s a n d n o r m a l CSF g l u -cose a n d CSF t o t a l p r o t e i n l e v e l s . T h e l u m b a r CSF o f seven

p a t i e n t s w i t h m e n i n g i o m a a n d II w i t h m a l i g n a n t p r i m a r yb r a i n t u m o u r s ( g l i o m a g r a d e I I I - I V ) were a l s o s t u d i e d .

I n 2 4 ( t a b l e 2 ) o f t h e 3 4 p a t i e n t s w i t h l e p t o m e n i n g e a lm e t a s t a s e s f r o m s o l i d a n d h a e m a t o l o g i c a l m a l i g n a n c i e s we

T a b l e I CSF LDH l e v e l s i n g r o u p s o f c o n t r o l s u b j e c t s a n d p a t i e n t s , c o m b i n e d p o s i t i v e t e s t r e s u l t s a c c o r d i n g t o a s s a y f o r CSF L D H

S i g n i f i c a n c e o f N u m b e r o f p o s t i v e t e s t sA c t i v i t y ( U / l ) d i f f e r e n c e w i t h LDH >26 U / l

c o n t r o l g r o u p

G r o u p No x SD R a n g e ( p ) N %

C o n t r o l s u b j e c t s 1 1 0 1 0 - 2 6 - 3 0 - 3 4 3 2 - 7P a t i e n t g r o u p s

S o l i d t u m o u r sw i t h o u t n e r v o u s s y s t e m m e t a s t a s i s 2 3 1 1 0 6 - 7 0 - 2 6 0 0w i t h b r a i n m e t a s t a s i s 2 6 2 2 - 6 2 8 - 4 0 - 1 3 6 <002 6 2 3 - 1w i t h e p i d u r a l m e t a s t a s i s 1 7 1 8 - 8 2 1 2 0 - 9 6 < 0 - 0 2 2 1 1 - 8

w i t h l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s i s 2 5 1 4 7 4 1 7 1 2 6 - 7 1 1 < 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 8 0H a e m a t o l o g i c a l t u m o u r sw i t h o u t n e r v o u s s y s t e m m e t a s t a s i s 8 1 3 0 1 0 7 4 - 3 6 1 1 1 1w i t h e p i d u r a l m e t a s t a s i s 2 2 0 - 0 8 - 5 1 4 - 2 6 0 0w i t h l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s i s 9 1 2 2 - 3 9 8 - 6 6 - 2 9 2 < 0 0 0 1 7 7 7 8

B e n i g n p r i m a r y CNS t u m o u r s( m e n i n g e o m a ) 7 2 0 - 0 1 5 0 8 - 5 2 < 0 0 5 1 1 4 3

M a l i g n a n t p r i m a r y CNS t u m o u r s( g l i o m a g r a d e I l I - T V ) 1 1 3 0 - 8 2 9 - 9 6 - 1 1 5 <0 0 0 1 4 3 6 - 4

V i r a l m e n i n g i t i s 1 0 1 4 6 1 2 - 0 0 - 3 8 1 1 0 0B a c t e r i a l m e n i n g i t i s 9 2 3 6 - 0 9 5 0 3 3 4 - 1 4 3 2 <0 0 0 1 9 1 0 0C e r e b r o v a s c u l a r a c c i d e n t 4 1 3 1 3 3 3 - 7 2 - 1 5 0 < 0 0 0 1 1 3 3 1 7P o l y n e u r o p a t h y 1 0 1 8 6 7 - 8 0 - 3 5 <0 0 1 2 2 0H e a d i n j u r y 4 2 2 3 - 3 2 3 - 8 0 - 1 3 2 <0 0 0 1 1 3 3 1

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S e r i a l l u m b a r a n d v e n t r i c u l a r CSF LDH a c t i v i t i e s i n p a t i e n t s w i t h l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s e s

2 CSF d l a t a f r o m a l l p a t i e n t s w i t h l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s e s J r o m s o l i d a n d h e m a t o l o g i c a l t u m o u r s

3 1 5

P r e t r e a t m e n tCSF

P r o t e i n G l u c o s e e v a l u a t i o n L u m b a r V e n t r i c u l a rN e u r o l o g i t c a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n l e v e l t u m o u r WBCs/ LDH l e v e l LDH l e v e l

S e x A g e H i s t o l o g y e v a l u a t i o n * ( g / l ) ( m m o l l l ) c e l l s cumm ( U / I ) ( U / I )

F 7 1 LymphomaI+ 1 1 + I I I 0 - 5 9 1 2 + 1 8 6 2 0 8M 3 5 Lymphoma 1 0 - 3 3 3 3 + 3 0 0 6 6

F 7 0 L y m p h o m a I + 1 1 2 6 0 2 - 2 + 1 5 3 2 1 5 2 8 0M 4 0 Lymphoma I + 1 1 + I l l 5 3 0 2 - 1 + 1 3 3 2 9 2 4 3M 3 4 Lymphoma I + 1 1 2 3 0 1 - 4 + 2 1 0 1 7 9 3 0M 5 1 Lymphoma I + 1 1 + I l l 4 5 0 04 + 1 5 1 5 2 2 8 4 8M 2 0 Lymphoma I + 1 1 + I I I 0 7 9 4 - 9 + 7 0 0 4 4 1 6M 6 2 Lymphoma I + I f + 1 1 1 0 3 4 3 - 8 + 6 7 5 6 2 4 2M 5 2 Lymphoma 1 2 - 0 0 2 - 0 + 8 0 1 1 8M 3 1 M e l a n o m a I + 1 1 + 1 1 1 4 - 0 0 0 - 2 + / - 6 1 1 8 4M 6 4 S m a l l c e l l l u n g I I l 1 - 0 5 3 - 1 + 4 3 2

c a r c i n o m aF 4 9 M e l a n o m a I + I f 1 8 0 22 + 8 0 4 0 2F 3 3 B r e a s t c a r c i n o m a 1 0 - 7 7 0 - 7 + 4 2 1 1 8 4 6F 6 2 B r e a s t c a r c i n o m a I + I f + 1 1 1 5 . 1 0 09 + 1 0 2 7 6 8 6F 5 3 B r e a s t c a r c i n o m a I + I f + I I I 8 8 0 1 - 7 -* 2 0 5 3 2 -F 4 8 B r e a s t c a r c i n o m a I + 1 1 + I l I l 5 9 0 2 - 5 + 2 2 1 3 8 4F 7 1 B r e a s t c a r c i n o m a 1 0 5 6 3 - 0 + 1 4 2 -F 4 6 B r e a s t c a r c i n o m a 1 0 4 1 3 - 8 + 1 3 2 6 1 6F 6 3 B r e a s t c a r c i n o i n a I + 1 1 + I I I 2 - 1 0 0 - 5 + 7 3 4 6 2F 5 6 B r e a s t c a r c i n o m a I I I 0 7 7 1 - 7 + 3 4 2 -F 5 9 B r e a s t c a r c i n o m a I l I 2 8 0 4 - 2 + 2 4 8 8 1 6F 5 0 B r e a s t c a r c i n o m a I + I f + I l l 1 . 5 0 3 - 3 + 2 7 9 8 1 4F 4 3 B r e a s t c a r c i n o m a I + 1 1 + I I l 44 0 3 - 3 + 3 4 8 2 9 4F 7 2 B r e a s t c a r c i n o m a 1 0 2 0 3 - 5 + 3 2 0 1 2F 6 9 B r e a s t c a r c i n o m a I + 1 1 + I l l 1 . 3 2 1 - 8 + 2 2 1 7 4 1 2F 5 3 N o n - s m a l l c e l l l u n g I + 1 1 + I I I 01 6 4 1 + 3 8 6 -

carcinomaM 5 5 S m a l l c e l l l u n g c a r c i n o m a I + 1 1 + 1 1 1 1 5 8 2 - 3 + 2 0 1 4 2 2 9F 4 7 B r e a s t c a r c i n o m a 1 2 - 1 1 0 - 5 + 1 5 7 0 -M 4 0 M e l a n o m a 1 2 9 1 2 - 7 + 1 2 8 0M 5 2 T e r a t o m a 1 1 1 2 1 9 2 - 6 + / - § 8 7 9 0 8F 5 0 H e a d a n d n e c k c a n c e r I + 1 1 + I l l 4 2 0 0 - 3 -* 5 7 1 1 8F 5 0 B r e a s t c a r c i n o m a 1 1 - 0 5 06 + 1 2 5 5 1 1 2 7 3M 6 0 S m a l l c e l l l u n g c a r c i n o m a 1 0 - 6 3 5 - 6 + - 4 4 -F 4 5 N o n - s m a l l c e l l l u n g 1 0 6 0 2 - 9 6 2 6 2 0

c a r c i n o m a

s t u d i e s r e v e a l e d l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s e s .c y t o l o g y b e c a m e p o s i t i v e l a t e r o n .

e v a l u a t i o n := c e r e b r a l s i g n s a n d s y m p t o m s ; I f = c r a n i a l n e r v e s i g n s a n d s y m p t o m s ; 1 1 1 = s p i n a l s i g n s a n d s y m p t o m s .

w e r e a b l e t o m e a s u r e t h e L D H i n l u m b a r a n d v e n t r i c u l a rCSF s u b s e q u e n t l y , i n t h e same s e s s i o n . T h e s e p a t i e n t s w e r e

t r e a t e d w i t h i n t r a v e n t r i c u l a r m e t h o t r e x a t e (MTX) v i a a n

Ommaya r e s e r v o i r . ' 3 T h e CSF w a s w i t h d r a w n f r o m t h el u m b a r a n d v e n t r i c u l a r s p a c e s b e f o r e t r e a t m e n t w a s i n i -t i a t e d .

T h e p a t i e n t s w i t h l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s e s w e r e d i v i d e di n t o t h r e e a n a t o m i c a l c a t e g o r i e s b a s e d o n t h e i r n e u r o l o g i c a l

s i g n s a n d s y m p t o m s ( t a b l e 2 ) : ( 1 ) b r a i n , ( 2 ) c r a n i a l n e r v e s ,a n d ( 3 ) s p i n e . T h e e xt e n d o f t h e tumour g r o w t h was i n d i -c a t e d b y d i f f e r e n t n e u r o l o g i c a l s i g n s a n d s y m p t o m s ,

b e l o n g i n g t o o n e o r more a n a t o m i c a l c a t e g o r y . We h a v e

t r e a t e d t h e p a t i e n t s w i t h l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s e s w i t h

i n t r a v e n t r i c u l a r MTX o r w i t h w h o l e b r a i n r a d i a t i o n f o l -l o w e d b y i n t r a v e n t r i c u l a r M T X . ' 3

T h e c r i t e r i a i m p r o v e d , s t a b l e a n d p r o g r e s s i o n , w e r e u s e d

f o r t u m o u r r e s p o n s e . I m p r o v e d w a s d e f i n e d a s t h e d i s a p -p e a r a n c e o f a l l s i g n s a n d s y m p t o m s : d i s a p p e a r a n c e o f m a l i g -n a n t c e l l s w a s n o t n e c e s s a r y . S t a b l e was d e f i n e d a s no

c h a n g e s i n n e u r o l o g i c a l s i g n s a n d s y m p t o m s d u r i n g t h e r a p y .

P r o g r e s s i o n was d e f i n e d a s an i n c r e a s e o f n e u r o l o g i c a l s i g n sa n d s y m p t o m s o r t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f new l e s i o n s . T h ed u r a t i o n o f t h e r e s p o n s e was d e t e r m i n e d f r o m t h e o n s e t o f

t h e t r e a t m e n t t o r e l a p s e .LDH l e v e l s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d i n CSF u s i n g c o m m e r c i a l l y

a v a i l a b l e t e s t s . ' 4 T h e t e s t m e t h o d o l o g y o f t h e ACA ( D u p o n tC o m p a n y , C l i n i c a l S y s t e m s , W i l m i n g t o n D E , U S A ) i s a

m o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e e n z y m a t i c l a c t a t e t o p y r u v a t e p r o c e d u r em o d i f i e d b y G a y , McComb a n d B o w e r s . ' 5 A s t h e m e t h o dd e s c r i b e d b y t h e D e u t s c h e G e s e l l s c h a f t f u r K l i n i s c h eC h e m i e ' 4 i n o u r l a b o r a t o r y i s c o n s i d e r e d t o b e t h e r e f e r e n c em e t h o d , t h e ACA m e t h o d was c a l i b r a t e d t o g i v e r e s u l t sc o m p a r a b l e w i t h t h i s m e t h o d .

S t a t i s t i c sFrom t h e r e s u l t s o f p r e l i m i n a r y a n a l y s i s , i t was d e c i d e d t o

t r a n s f o r m t h e LDH l o g a r i t h m i c a l l y p r i o r t o t h e f i n a l s t a t i s t i -c a l a n a l y s i s i n o r d e r t o o b t a i n c l o s e r a p p r o x i m a t i o n o f t h ev a r i a t i o n o f o b s e r v e d v a l u e s b y t h e n o r m a l d i s t r i b u t i o n i n a l l

g r o u p s . O r d i n a r y l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s wa s u s e d t o

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3 1 6

d e t e r m i n e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e l o g LDH l e v e l a n d

sex a n d a g e . To t e s t t h e s t a t i s t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f v a l u e s i o r

n o r m a l i t y , t h e S h a p i r o a n d W i l k t e s t wa s u s e d . S t a n d a r d

m e t h o d s o f s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s e s were u s e d t o e v a l u a t e t h e

r e s u l t s , i n c l u d i n g S t u d e n t ' s t t e s t a n d a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e

a n d c o v a r i a n c e . T h e s e n s i t i v i t y a n d s p e c i f i c i t y were c a l c u -l a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o G r i n e r e t a l . ' 6 N o r m a l v a l u e s were e s t i -

m a t e d f r o m p a t i e n t d a t a u s i n g a B h a t t a c h a r y a p l o t a s

d e s c r i b e d b y N a u s e t a l . " 7

R e s u l t s

T h e d a t a o b t a i n e d f r o m c o n t r o l s a n d p a t i e n t s ar e

s u m m a r i z e d i n t a b l e s I a n d 2 . R e f e r e n c e v a l u e s f o rl u m b a r CSF L D H were c a l c u l a t e d f r o m r e s u l t so b t a i n e d i n r o u t i n e CSF a n a l y s e s d u r i n g a p e r i o d o f

3 4 m o n t h s . B a s e d u p o n 1 9 4 9 p a t i e n t s we f o u n d a r e f -

erence range f r o m 0 - 2 6 U / 1 . 8 T h e mean CSF LDH

l e v e l s o f t h e c o n t r o l s u b j e c t s were 1 0 - 2 U / l w i t h a s t a n -

d a r d d e v i a t i o no f 0 6 3 u n i t s . I n t h i s group s t a t i s t i c a l

a n a l y s e s were c a r r i e d o u t t o d e t e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p sb e t w e e n CSF LDH a c t i v i t i e s a n d age or s e x . From

o r d i n a r y l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s e s we f o u n d a no n

l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n CSF l o g LDH a n d age ( pq u a d r a t i c 0 - 0 3 6 ) . I n s p e c t i o n o f t h e s e f i g u r e s s u g g e s t s

a d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n CSF LDH a n d t h e age groups o f

u n d e r a n d over 7 0 y e a r s . I n s u b j e c t s a g e d 7 0 y e a r s a n d

o l d e r we m e a s u r e d no CSF LDH l e s s t h a n 5 U / 1 . T h i s

e s t i m a t e d d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e two age groups was

n o t r e l a t e d t o sex ( p = 0 9 4 ) . We f o u n d no

r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n f e m a l e s a n d m a l e s a n d CSF l o gLDH l e v e l s ( p =0 0 6 7 ) , a n d we c a l c u l a t e d a d e v i -

a t i o n f r o m n o r m a l i n t h e c o n t r o l s u b j e c t s a t a l e v e l o fp < 0 0 1 . T h e upper n o r n a l l i m i t f o r CSF LDH a c t i v -

i t y was e s t a b l i s h e d as 2 6 U / 1 . I n t h e c o n t r o l s t h e CSF

L D H was e l e v a t e d i n t h r e e c a s e s . T a b l e 1 l i s t s t h e

T w t i n s t r a , Z a n t e n , H a r t , V i s s e r

p o s i t i v e r e s u l t s i n p a t i e n t s w i t h m e t a s t a s e s a n d p r i -mary CNS tumours a n d non m a l i g n a n t n e u r o l o g i c a ld i s e a s e s a c c o r d i n g t o assay f o r CSF LDH. T h e c a t a -

l y t i c a l a c t i v i t y o f t o t a l L D H was e l e v a t e d i n 2 7 o f t h e3 4 p a t i e n t s w i t h l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s e s f r o m s o l i da n d h a e m a t o l o g i c a l t u m o u r s , b u t a l s o i n 5 5 o f t h e 3 1 7

p a t i e n t s w i t h o u t l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s e s . On t h e

b a s i s o f t h e s e d a t a , t h e s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e t e s t f o r l e p t o -m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s e s was 7 9 % , a n d t h e s p e c i f i c i t y8 3 % . T h e p r e d i c t i v e v a l u e s o f p o s i t i v e a n d n e g a t i v eL D H t e s t s were 33% a n d 9 7 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ( t a b l e 3 ) .We s i m u l t a n e o u s l y m e a s u r e d t h e LDH a c t i v i t i e s i n

l u m b a r a n d v e n t r i c u l a r CSF ( t a b l e 2 ) a n d f o u n d a

mean c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f L D H i n t h e l u m b a r CSF o f

1 7 7 8 8 U / 1 a n d i n t h e v e n t r i c u l a r CSF o f 3 8 1 3 U / 1 .T h e c a l c u l a t e d mean l u m b a r LDH a c t i v i t y was

a p p r o x i m a t e l y f i v e t i m e s g r e a t e r t h a n t h e v e n t r i c u l a rCSF L D H a c t i v i t y .

I n t a b l e 4 we s h o w t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n l u m b a r

a n d v e n t r i c u l a r CSF L D H a n d t h e d i f f e r e n t area o f

t h e n e u r a x i s i n v o l v e d i n t h e l e p t o m e n i n g e a l d i s e a s e .G r e a t e r tumour s i z e ( i n c l u d i n g t h e a n a t o m i c a l areas I

+ 2 + 3 ) c o r r e l a t e d w i t h h i g h e r l e v e l s o f t h e CSFL D H a t t h e l u m b a r space. T h e r e was no a s s o c i a t i o n

w i t h t h e v e n t r i c u l a r CSF l e v e l . When o n l y t h e area o f

t h e s p i n e i s c l i n i c a l l y i n v o l v e d ( 3 ) , t h e l u m b a r CSFLDH c o n c e n t r a t i o n was g r e a t e r t h a n t h e v e n t r i c u l a rCSF L D H c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( p < 0 0 3 ) . I n c l i n i c a li n v o l v e m e n t o f t h e l e p t o m e i n g e s o f t h e b r a i n a n d cra-

n i a l nerves ( I + 2 ) t h e v e n t r i c u l a r CSF LDH l e v e l

was h i g h e r t h a n t h e v e n t r i c u l a r C S F , t a k e n f r o m

p a t i e n t s w i t h s p i n a l l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s e s ( a r e a

3 ) . T h e CSF L D H a c t i v i t i e s i n s e v e r a l t y p e s o f p r i m a r y

tumours ar e s u m m a r i s e d i n t a b l e 5 . T h e r e was no

r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e CSF LDH l e v e l a n d t h e h i s -

T a b l e 3 S e n s i t i v i t y , s p e c i f i c i t y a n d p r e d i c t i v e v a l u e e x a m i n a t i o n f o r l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s e s

D i s e a s e

P r e s e n t A b s e n t P r e d i c t i v e v a l u e

P o s i t i v e 2 7 5 5 8 2 P o s i t i v e t e s t 2 7 33%

T e s t

N e g a t i v e 7 2 1 2 6 N e g a t i v e t e s t = M =723 4 3 1 6 3RNeaiv1ts

S e n s i t i v i t y = 2 = 79% S p e c i f i c i t y = 2 6 1 8 3 %

T a b l e 4 R e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e l u m b a r a n d v e n t r i c u l a r CSF LDH a n d t h e a n a t o m i c a l s i t e o f t h e l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s e s

N e u r o a n a t o m i c a l s i t e N u m b e r o f Mean LDH Mean LDHn e u r o l o g i c a l e v a l u a t i o n p a t i e n t s l u m b a r CSF v e n t r i c u l a r LDH

I I 1 4 1 0 2 - 2 9 4 8 - 51 ± + 2 3 f3 4 6 3 0 0 1 2 01+ 2 + 3 1 6 2 3 3 4 4 2 6 - 9 2

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S e r i a l l u m b a r a n d v e n t r i c u l a r CSF LDH a c t i v i t i e s i n p a t i e n t s w i t h l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s e s

T a b l e 5 R e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e l u m b a r CSF LDH l e v e l a n d t h e h i s t o l o g i c a l t y p e o f t h e p r i m a r y t u m o u r i n p a t i e n t s w i t hl e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s e s

LDH

P r i m a r Y t u m o u r No e l e v a t e d mean r a n g e

B r e a s t 1 5 1 2 / 1 5 80 % 1 9 2 - 8 7 2 0 - 5 8 2

N o n - H o d g k i n ' s l y m p h o m a 9 7 / 9 78% 1 2 2 3 3 6 - 2 9 2L u n g 5 3 / 5 60% 5 0 0 0 6 - 1 4 2M e l a n o m a 3 3 / 3 1 0 0 % 1 0 1 0 0 4 0 - 1 8 4

V a r i o u s 2 2 / 2 1 0 0 % 4 0 5 5 0 9 0 - 7 1 1

R e f e r e n c e r a n g eMean + SD 0 - 2 6 U / I

t o l o g y o f t h e p r i m a r y t u m o u r s .

T a b l e 6 g i v e s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f s e r i a l LDH l e v e l si n t h e v e n t r i c u l a r CSF t o t h e p r e t r e a t m e n t v a l u e a n d

c l i n i c a l response t o t h e r a p y . A g o o d c o r r e l a t i o nb e t w e e n d e c r e a s i n g L D H l e v e l s a n d response t o

c h e m o t h e r a p y was s u g g e s t e d . CSF LDH l e v e l s

r e t u r n e d t o n o r m a l v a l u e s i n 1 1 ( 6 9 % ) . I n f i v ep a t i e n t s w i t h d e c r e a s e d CSF LDH l e v e l s we f o u n d a

p r o g r e s s i o n o f t h e c l i n i c a l s i g n s a n d symptoms. T h eCSF L D H i n c r e a s e d i n t h r e e o f t h e II non-

r e s p o n d e r s . I n f i v e u n c h a n g e d CSF LDH l e v e l s t h e r ewas a p r o g r e s s i o n o f t h e n e u r o l o g i c a l d i s e a s e i n t h r e ec a s e s .

D i s c u s s i o n

L e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s i s h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d w i t h an

i n c r e a s i n g f r e q u e n c y , e s p e c i a l l y i n b r e a s t a n d l u n g

cancer a n d l y m p h o m a , I I 9 - 2 3 p r o b a b l y b e c a u s e o f b e t -t e r c o n t r o l or e a r l y s y s t e m i c d i s e a s e a n d accom-

p a n y i n g p r o l o n g a t i o n o f s u r v i v a l b y c o m b i n a t i o n

c h e m o t h e r a p y . 2 4

T h e d i a g n o s i s o f l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s i s i sb a s e d u p o n t h e d e m o n s t r a t i o n o f m a l i g n a n t c e l l s i nt h e C S F . H o w e v e r , t h e i n c i d e n c e o f p o s i t i v e CSFc y t o l o g y f i n d i n g s i n t h e f i r s t s a m p l e may o n l y b e

4 0 } 6 0 % 2 5 a n d i n a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4-5% o f p a t i e n t seven r e p e a t e d l u m b a r CSF e x a m i n a t i o n s f a i l s t o d e m -

o n s t r a t e m a l i g n a n t c e l l s . B e c a u s e o f n e g a t i v e c y t o -

l o g i c a l f i n d i n g s , t h e d i a g n o s i s may b e d e l a y e d . E a r l y

d i a g n o s i s , h o w e v e r , i s p a r t i c u l a r l y i m p o r t a n t s i n c e

t h e r e i s e v i d e n c e t h a t e a r l y t r e a t m e n t may i m p r o v e

r e s u l t s o f t r e a t m e n t . ' 1 3

T h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f tumour m a r k e r s h a s b e e n d i s -c u s s e d f o r t h e d i a g n o s i s l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a -

s i s . 4 2 6 - 2 8 We h a v e p r e v i o u s l y r e p o r t e d o n t h e u s e -

f u l n e s s o f t h e b i o c h e m i c a l CSF m a r k e r s

f l - g l u c u r o n i d a s e , f 2 - m i c r o g l o b u l i n a n d c a r c i n o -e m b r y o n i c a n t i g e n 2 9 - 3 1 i n t h e d e t e c t i o n o f l e p t o -m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s i s . R e p o r t s c o n c e r n i n g t h e p r e s -

ence o f L D H i n t h e CSF o f v a r i o u s n e u r o l o g i c a ld i s e a s e s , i n c l u d i n g p r i m a r y a n d m e t a s t a t i c CNSt u m o u r s , h a v e b e e n p u b l i s h e d s i n c e 1 9 5 6 . 6 9 1 1 3 3

H o w e v e r , t h o s e s t u d i e s ar e n o t u n i f o r m . M e t h -

o d o l o g i e s o f measurements d o n o t a l w a y s meet w i t h

t h e o p t i m a l r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s o f t o - d a y . 3 4 3 5More r e c e n t s t u d i e s 3 6 3 7 h a v e o n l y d e a l t w i t h CSF

LDH a c t i v i t i e s o f a f f e c t e d p a t i e n t s a n d d i d n o t i n c o r -p o r a t e an a d e q u a t e c o n t r o l group. F o r a proper d i a g -n o s t i c t e s t c o n t r o l s u b j e c t s s h o u l d r e f l e c t t h e group o f

p a t i e n t s w i t h a h i g h p r o b a b i l i t y o f h a v i n g t h e d i s e a s e

i n q u e s t i o n . I n p a t i e n t s w i t h l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a -

s e s t h e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n must b e made f r o m c e r e b r a lm e t a s t a s e s 3 8 4 0 a n d s e v e r a l t y p e s o f i n f e c t i o u s men-

i n g i t i s . I n p a t i e n t s w i t h s p i n a l symptoms c a u s e d b y

l e p t o m e n i n g e a l i n v o l v e m e n t f r o m m a l i g n a n c i e s t h e

d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n must b e made f r o m b o n e a n d e p i d u r a lm e t a s t a s e s a n d non m a l i g n a n t c o n d i t i o n s s u c h as

p o l y n e u r o p a t h y , r o o t l e s i o n s c a u s e d b y h e r n i a t e d

i n t e r v e r t e b r a l d i s c a n d G u i l l a i n B a r r e s y n d r o m e .

G a l e n a n d G a m b i n o 4 5 h a v e p u b l i s h e d c r i t e r i a f o rt h e e v a l u a t i o n o f c l i n i c a l l a b o r a t o r y t e s t s u s e d f o r

T a b l e 6 R e l a t i o n o f s e r i a l v e n t r i c u l a r CSF l a c t a t e d e h y d r o g e n a s e ( L D H ) c h a n g e w i t h c r i t e r i a o f r e s p o n s e t o t h e r a p y i n

p a t i e n t s w i t h l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s e s

C o r r e l a t i o n w i t h c l i n i c a l d i s e a s e s t a t u sR e l a t i o i n s 1 ' i t h N u m b e r o fp r e t r e a t m e n t LDH p a t i e n t s I m p r o v e d S t a b l e P r o g r e s s i o n

V e n t r i c u l a r L D H l e v e lD e c r e a s e d 1 6 1 1 0 5U n c h a n g e d 5 1 1 3

I n c r e a s e d 3 0 0 32 4 1 2 1 1 1

3 1 7

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3 1 8

d i a g n o s t i c p u r p o s e s . T h i s m o d e l may o n l y b e a p p l i e dw h e n s u f f i c i e n t d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n so f s e n s i t i v i t y , s p e c i f i c i t y a n d p r e d i c t i v e v a l u e o f t h et e s t .

I n t h e p r e v i o u s r e p o r t s , t h e r e f e r e n c e p o p u l a t i o n su s e d t o c a l c u l a t e t h e l i m i t s w e r e n o t a l w a y s f r e e o fd i s e a s e . M o r e o v e r , f e w a u t h o r s a d j u s t e d t h e n o r m a lr a n g e f o r t h e f a c t o r s t h a t m i g h t i n f l u e n c e t h e t e s tr e s u l t s o t h e r t h a n d i s e a s e . N o r m a l v a l u e s o f manyv a r i a b l e s a r e a f f e c t e d b y t h e a g e o f t h e s u b j e c t s .A l t h o u g h t h e e a r l i e s t s t u d i e s o f CSF LDH d i d n o t

s e p a r a t e n o r m a l v a l u e s b y a g e , 6 4 2 l a t e r s t u d i e s 4 3 4 5

s h o w e d t h a t n o r m a l v a l u e s w e r e a g e r e l a t e d . H a i ne t a l 4 4 r e p o r t e d a l i n e a r i n c r e a s e o f L D H w i t h a g e .T h i s i n c r e a s e w a s l i n e a r t o t h e a g e o f 7 0 y e a r s a n dt h e n i t r e m a i n e d c o n s t a n t t i l l t h e a g e o f 9 0 y e a r s .S p o l t e r e t a l p u b l i s h e d a s t u d y o f a g e r e l a t e d L D Ha c t i v i t i e s a n d f o u n d a CSF L D H i n c r e a s e w i t hi n c r e a s i n g a g e o f p a t i e n t s . We f o u n d , h o w e v e r , a n o n

l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n CSF L D H a c t i v i t i e s a n da g e . T h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p w a s b a s e d u p o n t h e a b s e n c e o fCSF LDH a c t i v i t i e s <5 U / I i n t h e p a t i e n t s a g e d 7 0y e a r s a n d o l d e r . I n t h e p a t i e n t s a g e d 7 0 y e a r s a n do l d e r t h e CSF LDH i n c r e a s e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y ( p =0 0 0 2 ) . B e c a u s e o u r g r o u p c o n t a i n e d o n l y t h r e ep a t i e n t s o v e r 7 0 y e a r s o f a g e o n l y , we d i d n o t s t a n -d a r d i s e f o r a g e .We f o u n d e l e v a t e d CSF LDH l e v e l s i n l e p t o -

m e n i n g e a l d i s e a s e f r o m s o l i d a n d h a e m a t o l o g i c a lm a l i g n a n c i e s a n d i n m a l i g n a n t p r i m a r y b r a i nt u m o u r s . T h e n u m b e r o f p a t i e n t s w i t h l e p t o -m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s e s , w h o h a d n e g a t i v e c y t o l o g i c

r e s u l t s , h a v e b e e n e v a l u a t e d . We f o u n d t w o p a t i e n t sw i t h p e r s i s t e n t l y n e g a t i v e c y t o l o g y b u t h i g h l ye l e v a t e d L D H a c t i v i t i e s . T h e d i a g n o s i s l e p t o -m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s i s w a s c o n f i r m e d a t n e c r o p s y . I nn o n m a l i g n a n t c o n d i t i o n s t h e CSF L D H w a s e l e v a t e di n c e r e b r o v a s c u l a r a c c i d e n t s , i n h e a d i n j u r i e s a n d i nb a c t e r i a l m e n i n g i t i s . E x c e p t t h e p a t i e n t s w i t h b a c t e -r i a l m e n i n g i t i s , t h e d e g r e e o f e l e v a t i o n o f CSF LDH

a c t i v i t y i n l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s e s w a s u s u a l l ym o r e t h a n f i v e t i m e s t h e n o n m a l i g n a n t c o n d i t i o n s .T h e s e d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t a n e l e v a t e d CSF LDH l e v e lo f a p p r o x i m a t e l y f i v e t i m e s t h e mean a c t i v i t y o f t h ec o n t r o l g r o u p i s h i g h l y r e l a t e d t o t h e d i a g n o s i s l e p t o -

m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s i s .T h e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s i s

a n d b a c t e r i a l m e n i n g i t i s m i g h t b e m a d e b y t h e CSFw h i t e b l o o d c e l l c o u n t s a n d c u l t u r e . T h e CSF w h i t eb l o o d c e l l c o u n t s i n l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s e s f r o ms o l i d t u m o u r s a r e u s u a l l y l e s s t h a n 1 0 0 / m m 3 , w h i l e i nb a c t e r i a l m e n i n g i t i s t h e y a r e g r e a t e r t h a n 1 0 0 , u s u a l l yi n t h e r a n g e o f 1 0 0 0 t o 1 0 0 0 0 / m m 3 . 4 6We f o u n d t h a t t h e l u m b a r CSF LDH c o n c e n -

t r a t i o n w a s a b o u t f i v e t i m e s g r e a t e r t h a n v e n t r i c u l a rCSF LDH c o n c e n t r a t i o n . T h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s i n l u m b a r

T w i j n s t r a , Z a n t e n , H a r t , V i s s e r

a n d v e n t r i c u l a r CSF L D H a t t h e s e d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s o fn e u r a x i s h a v e n o t p r e v i o u s l y b e e n d e s c r i b e d . A p o s s i -b l e e x p l a n a t i o n m i g h t b e a h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n o fL D H i n t h e CSF i n p r o x i m i t y t o t h e l e p t o m e n i n g e a ls i t e o f i n v o l v e m e n t .

V i r t u a l l y no d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e r e g a r d i n g c h a n g e s i nCSF L D H

a c t i v i t ya s a

f u n c t i o no f

c l i n i c a l s t a t u so r

t r e a t m e n t i n p a t i e n t s w i t h l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s e s .

E f f i c a c y o f t r e a t m e n t c a n b e e v a l u a t e d b y c l i n i c a lp a r a m e t e r s a n d f o l l o w i n g t h e p r e s c n c e o f tumour c e l l si n t h e C S F . F r e q u e n t l y t h e c l i n i c a l e v a l u a t i o n may b e

d i f f i c u l t e s p e c i a l l y i f n e u r o l o g i c a l i m p r o v e m e n t c a n -

n o t b e e x p e c t e d t o o c c u r d u e t o i r r e v e r s i b l e d a m a g e t o

t h e n e r v o u s t i s s u e . I n t h e s e p a t i e n t s t u m o u r r e s p o n s ew i l l b e a s s e s s e d b y f o l l o w i n g CSF p a r a m e t e r s i n c l u d -i n g t u m o u r c e l l s . H o w e v e r , CSF l e v e l s o f p r o t e i n , g l u -c o s e a n d m a l i g n a n t c e l l s c a n d i f f e r a t d i f f e r e n t a n a t -

o m i c a l l e v e l s o f t h e n e u r a x i s i n p a t i e n t s w i t hl e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s e s . T h i s m e a n s t h a t v e n t r i c u -

l a r CSF may b e n e g a t i v e w h i l e a t t h e s a m e t i m e l u m -b a r CSF c o n t a i n s t u m o u r c e l l s . We t h e r e f o r e a n a l -y s e d t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e s e r i a l v e n t r i c u l a rCSF L D H i n p a t i e n t s w i t h l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s e s

a n d t h e r e s u l t s o f t r e a t m e n t . O u r a n a l y s i s s h o w s a

m o d e r a t e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n s e r i a l v e n t r i c u l a r CSFL D H l e v e l c h a n g e s a n d p o s i t i v e r e s p o n s e t o t h e r a p yo r p r o g r e s s i o n o f d i s e a s e

T h i s s t u d y i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e L D H a s s a y o f c e r e -b r o s p i n a l f l u i d c a n b e u s e d a s a n a d j u n c t i v e d i a g n o s -t i c t e s t f o r l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s e s i f t h e c l i n i c a lc o n d i t i o n i s c a r e f u l l y e v a l u a t e d a n d a p p r o p r i a t e c a u -

t i o n i s e x e r c i s e d i n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . F u r t h e r m o r e , s e r i a l

v e n t r i c u l a r CSF L D H m e a s u r e m e n t s may b e u s e f u lf o r m o n i t o r i n g t h e r e s p o n s e t o t h e r a p y .

M o r e s t u d i e s a r e n e e d e d t o e v a l u a t e t h e u s e o fm u l t i p l e s e q u e n t i a l t u m o u r m a r k e r s i n t h e C S F , i nm o n o t o r i n g p a t i e n t s w i t h l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s e sf r o m s o l i d a n d h a e m a t o l o g i c a l t u m o u r s .

R e f e r e n c e s

I S c h o l d S C , W a s s e r s t r o m WR, F l e i s h e r M, S c h w a r t zM K, P o s n e r J B . C e r e b r o s p i n a l f l u i d b i o c h e m i c a lm a r k e r s o f c e n t r a l n e r v o u s s y s t e m m e t a s t a s e s . A n nN e u r o l 1 9 8 0 ; 8 : 5 9 7 - 6 0 4 .

2 P e r s i j n J P , K o r s t e n C B , B a t t e r m a n J J . C h e m i c a ls i g n i f i c a n c e o f u r i n a r y CEA e s t i m a t i o n s d u r i n g t h ef o l l o w - u p o f p a t i e n t s w i t h b l a d d e r c a r c i n o m a o r p r e -v i o u s b l a d d e r c a r c i n o m a . J C l i n B i o c h e m1 9 7 6 ; 1 4 : 3 9 5 - 9 .

3 L o e w e n s t e i n M S , R i t t g e r s R A , F e i n e r m a n A E . CEAa s s a y o f a s c i t e s a n d d e t e c t i o n o f m a l i g n a n c y . A n n I nM ed 1 9 7 8 ; 8 8 : 6 3 5 - 8 .

4 W a s s e r s t r o m WR, S c h w a r t z M K, F l e i s h e r M , P o s n e rJ B . C e r e b r o s p i n a l f l u i d b i o c h e m i c a l m a r k e r s i n c e n t r a ln e r v o u s s y s t e m t u m o u r s : a r e v i e w . A n n C l i n L a b S c i1 9 8 1 ; 1 1 , N o 3 .

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S e r i a l l u m b a r a n d v e n t r i c u l a r CSF LDH a c t i v i t i e s i n p a t i e n t s w i t h l e p t o m e n i n g e a l m e t a s t a s e s

5 J a k o b y RK, J a k o b y WB . L a c t i c d e h y d r o g e n a s e o f c e r e -b r o s p i n a l f l u i d i n t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l d i a g n o s i s o f c e r e -b r o v a s c u l a r d i s e a s e a n d b r a i n t u m o u r . J N e u r o s u r g

1 9 5 8 ; 1 5 : 4 5 - 5 1 .

6 F l e i s h e r GA, W a k i n KG, G o l d s t e i n N P . G l u t a m i c -o x a l a c e t i c t r a n s a m i n a s e a n d l a c t i c d e h y d r o g e n a s e i ns e r u m a n d c e r e b r o s p i n a l f l u i d o f p a t i e n t s w i t h n e u -

r o l o g i c a l d i s o r d e r s . Mayo C l i n P r o c 1 9 5 7 ; 3 2 : 1 8 8 - 9 7 .7 G r e e n J B , O l d e w u r t e l HA, O ' D o h e r t y D S , F o r s t e r FM .

C e r e b r o s p i n a l f l u i d t r a n s a m i n a s e a n d l a c t i c d e h y -

d r o g e n a s e a c t i v i t i e s i n n e u r o l o g i c d i s e a s e . A r c h N e u r o l

P s y c h i a i r 1 9 5 8 ; 8 0 : 1 4 8 - 5 6 .

8 W r o b l e w s k i F , D e c k e r B , W r o b l e w s k i R . T h e c l i n i c a li m p l i c a t i o n s o f s p i n a l f l u i d l a c t i c d e h y d r o g e n a s e a c t i v -i t y . N E n g i J M ed 1 9 5 8 ; 2 5 8 : 6 3 5 - 9 .

9 N e l s o n P V , C a r e y WF, P o l l a r d A C . D i a g n o s t i c

s i g n i f i c a n c e a n d s o u r c e o f l a c t a t e d e h y d r o g e n a s e a n di t s i s o e n z y m e s i n c e r e b r o s p i n a l f l u i d o f c h i l d r e n w i t h a

v a r i e t y o f n e u r o l o g i c a l d i s o r d e r s . J C l i n P a t h o l

1 9 7 5 ; 2 8 : 8 2 8 - 3 3 .1 0 B e a t y HN, O p p e n h e i m e r S . C e r e b r o s p i n a l f l u i d l a c t i c

d e h y d r o g e n a s e a n d i t s i s o e n z y m e s i n i n f e c t i o n s o f t h ec e n t r a l n e r v o u s s y s t e m . N E n g i J M ed1 9 6 8 ; 2 7 9 : 1 1 9 7 - 2 0 2 .

1 1 D a v i e s - J o n e s GAB. L a c t a t e d e h y d r o g e n a s e a n d g l u -t a m i c o x a l a c e t i c t r a n s a m i n a s e o f c e r e b r o s p i n a l f l u i d i nt u m o u r s o f t h e c e n t r a l n e r v o u s s y s t e m . J N e u r o l N e u -

r o s u r g P s y c h i a t r y 1 9 6 9 ; 3 2 : 3 2 4 - 7 .1 2 D h a r k e r S R , D h a r k e r R S , C h a u r a s i a B D . L a c t a t e d e h y -

d r o g e n a s e a n d a s p a r a t e t r a n s a m i n a s e o f t h e c e r e -b r o s p i n a l f l u i d i n p a t i e n t s w i t h b r a i n t u m o u r s , c o n -

g e n i t a l h y d r o c e p h a l u s a n d b r a i n a b s c e s s . J N e u r o l

N e u r o s u r g P s y c h i a t r y 1 9 7 6 ; 3 9 : 1 0 8 1 - 5 .1 3 O n g e r b o e r d e V i s s e r BW, S o m e r s R , N o o y e n WH , H e e -

r d e P v a n , H a r t AAM, M c V i e J G . I n t r a v e n t r i c u l a rm e t h o t r e x a t e t h e r a p y o f l e p t o m e n i n g e a l

m e t a s t a s i sf r o m b r e a s t c a r c i n o m a . N e u r o l o g y 1 9 8 3 ; 3 3 : 1 5 6 5 - 7 2 .

1 4 E m p f e h l u n g e n d e r D e u t s c h e n G e s e l l s c h a f t f u r K l i n i s c h eC h e m i e . S t a n d a r d i s i e r u n g v o n M e t o d e n z u r B e s t i n -n u n g v o n E n z y m a k t i v i t a t e n i n b i o l o g i s c h e n F l u s -s i g k e i t e n . E x p e r i m e n t e l l e B e g r u n d u n g d e r o p t i m i e r t e nS t a n d a r d b e d i n g u n g e n . J C l i n Chem C l i n B i o c h e m

1 9 7 2 ; 1 0 : 1 8 2 - 9 .1 5 G a y R J , McComb R G , B o w e r s GN, J r . O p t i m u m r e a c -

t i o n c o n d i t i o n s f o r human l a c t a t e d e h y d r o g e n a s e

e n z y m e s a s t h e y a f f e c t l a c t a t e d e h y d r o g e n a s e a c t i v i t y .C l i n Chem 1 9 6 8 ; 1 4 : 7 4 0 - 5 3 .

1 6 G r i n e r P F , M a y e w s k i R J , M u s h l i n A l , G r e e n l a n d P .S e l e c t i o n a n d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f d i a g n o s t i c t e s t s a n d

p r o c e d u r e s . Ann I n t M ed 1 9 8 1 ; 9 4 : 5 5 3 - 9 2 .1 7 N a u s A J , B o r s t A , K u p p e n s P S . T h e u s e o f p a t i e n t d a t a

f o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f r e f e r e n c e v a l u e s f o r s o m e h e m a -

t o l o g i c a l p a r a m e t e r s . J C l i n C h e m C l i n B i o c h e m

1 9 8 0 ; 1 8 : 6 2 1 - 5 .1 8 Z a n t e n v a n A P , T w i j n s t r a A , H a r t AAM, O n g e r b o e r d e

V i s s e r BW. C e r e b r o s p i n a l f l u i d l a c t a t e d e h y d r o g e n a s e

a c t i v i t i e s i n p a t i e n t s w i t h c e n t r a l n e r v o u s s y s t e mm e t a s t a s e s . C l i n C h i m A c t a ( i n p r e s s ) .

1 9 B i s c h o f f A . E r f a h r u n g e n m i t d e r T u m o r z e l l d i a g n o s t i k i m

L i q u o r c e r e b r o s p i n a l i s . A c t a N e u r o c h i r 1 9 6 1 ; 9 : 5 1 0 - 2 4 .2 0 S a y k J , O l i s c h e r RM . F o r t s c h r i t t e d e r L i q u o r z y t o l o g i e

b e i d e r D i a g n o s t i k b 6 s a r t i g e r H i r n g e s c h w u l s t e ( 3 .

M i t t e i l u n g ) . P s y c h i a t r N e u r o l M ed P s y c h o l ( L e i p z i g )1 9 6 7 ; 1 9 : 8 8 - 9 .

2 1 H i r s c h F R , P a u l s o n O B , H a n s e n HH, V r a a - J e n s e n J .I n t r a c r a n i a l m e t a s t a s e s i n s m a l l c e l l c a r c i n o m a o f t h el u n g . C a n c e r 1 9 8 2 ; 5 0 : 2 4 3 3 - 7 .

2 2 B r e r e t o n HD, O ' D o n n e l l J F , K e n t CH, M a t t h e w s M,D u n n i c k NR, J o h n s o n R E . S p i n a l m e n i n g e a l c a r c i n o -

m a t o s i s i n s m a l l c e l l c a r c i n o m a o f t h e l u n g . Ann I n tMed 1 9 7 8 ; 8 8 : 5 1 7 - 9 .

2 3 N u g e n t J L , B u n n e P A , J r , M a t t h e w s M J , I h d e D C ,C o h e n M H, G a z d a r A , M i n n a J D . CNS m e t a s t a s e s i ns m a l l b r o n c h o g e n i c c a r c i n o m a . I n c r e a s i n g f r e q u e n c ya n d c h a n g i n g p a t t e r n w i t h l e n g t h e n i n g s u r v i v a l . C a n -

c e r 1 9 7 9 ; 4 4 : 1 8 8 5 - 9 3 .2 4 O l s o n ME, C h e r n i k N L , P o s n e r J B . I n f i l t r a t i o n o f t h e

l e p t o m e n i n g e s b y s y s t e m i c c a n c e r : a c l i n i c a l a n d

p a t h o l o g i c s t u d y . A r c h N e u r o l 1 9 7 4 ; 3 0 : 1 2 2 - 3 7 .2 5 G l a s s J P , M e l a m e d M , C h e r n i k N L , P o s n e r J B . M a l i g -

n a n t c e l l s i n c e r e b r o s p i n a l f l u i d ( C S F ) : t h e m e a n i n g o f

a p o s i t i v e CSF c y t o l o g y . N e u r o l o g y 1 9 7 9 ; 2 9 : 1 3 6 9 - 7 5 .2 6 D e a r n a l e y D P , P a t e l S , P o w e l T J , C o o m b e s R C . C a r -

c i n o e m b r y o n i c a n t i g e n e s t i m a t i o n i n c e r e b r o s p i n a lf l u i d i n p a t i e n t s w i t h m e t a s t a t i c b r e a s t c a n c e r . O n c o -

d e v e l B i o l Med 1 9 8 1 ; 2 : 3 0 5 - 1 1 .2 7 S h u t t l e w o r t h E C , A l l e n N . C S F - B - g l u c u r o n i d a s e a s s a y

i n t h e d i a g n o s i s o f n e o p l a s t i c m e n i n g i t i s . A r c h N e u r o l

1 9 8 0 ; 3 7 : 6 8 4 - 8 7 .2 8 K o c h T h R , L i c h t e n f e l d KM , W i e r n i k P H . D e t e c t i o n o f

c e n t r a l n e r v o u s s y s t e m m e t a s t a s e s w i t h c e r e b r o s p i n a lf l u i d B 2 - m i c r o g l o b u l i n . C a n c e r 1 9 8 3 ; 5 2 : 1 0 1 - 4 .

2 9 Z a n t e n v a n A P , T w i j n s t r a A , B e n t h e m v a n V , H a r t

AAM, O n g e r b o e r d e V i s s e r BW. C e r e b r o s p i n a l f l u i dB - g l u c u r o n i d a s e a c t i v i t i e s i n p a t i e n t s w i t h c e n t r a l n e r -v o u s s y s t e m m e t a s t a s e s . C l i n C h i m A c t a

1 9 8 5 ; 1 4 7 : 1 2 7 - 3 4 .3 0 T w i j n s t r a A , N o o y e n W J , Z a n t e n v a n A P , H a r t AAM,

O n g e r b o e r d e V i s s e r BW. C e r e b r o s p i n a l f l u i d b e t a - 2 -m i c r o g l o b u l i n : a s t u d y i n c o n t r o l s a n d p a t i e n t s w i t h

m e t a s t a t i c a n d n o n m e t a s t a s t i c n e u r o l o g i c a l d i s e a s e s .E u r J C a n c e r C l i n O n c o l 1 9 8 6 ( i n p r e s s ) .

3 1 T w i j n s t r a A , N o o y e n W J , Z a n t e n v a n A P , O n g e r b o e r d e

V i s s e r BW, H a r t AAM. C e r e b r o s p i n a l f l u i d c a r c i n o -m e m b r y o n i c a n t i g e n i n p a t i e n t s w i t h m e t a s t a t i c a n dn o n m e t a s t a t i c n e u r o l o g i c a l d i s e a s e s . A r c h N e u r o l ( i np r e s s ) .

3 2 M a r t o n L J , H e b y 0 , W i l s o n CG . I n c r e a s e d p o l y a m i n e s

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1 9 6 4 ; 2 4 : 3 8 9 - 9 9 .3 4 B u h l S N , J a c k s o n KY . O p t i m a l r e a c t i o n c o n d i t i o n s a n d

c o m p a r i s o n o f l a c t a t e d e h y d r o g e n a s e c a t a l y s i s o f t h el a c t a t e - t o - p y r u v a t e a n d p y r u v a t e - t o - l a c t a t e r e a c t i o n sa t 2 5 , 3 0 a n d 3 7 ° C . C l i n Chem 1 9 7 8 ; 2 4 : 8 2 8 - 3 1 .

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3 6 F l e i s h e r M , W a s s e r s t r o m WR, S c h o l d S , S c h w a r t z M K,P o s n e r J B . L a c t a t e d e h y d r o g e n a s e i s o e n z y m e s i n t h ec e r e b r o s p i n a l f l u i d o f p a t i e n t s w i t h s y s t e m i c c a n c e r .

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4 6 M o r g e n r o t h J , D e i s s e r o t h A , W i n o k u r S , S c h e i n P h .D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f c a r c i n o m a t o u s a n d b a c t e r i a l men-

i n g i t i s . N e u r o l o g y 1 9 7 2 ; 2 2 : 1 2 4 0 - 2 .