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Page 1: Session 1 Materials 22 July 2020 · from Rome to Byzantium, which he then renamed Constantinople (today Istanbul in Turkey). At the end of the century Judea too, now known as Palestine,

Session 1 Materials

22 July 2020

Page 2: Session 1 Materials 22 July 2020 · from Rome to Byzantium, which he then renamed Constantinople (today Istanbul in Turkey). At the end of the century Judea too, now known as Palestine,

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LittleState–BigStorySession1:EarlyTimes(1000BCE–1900CE)CE)

TIMELINE OF ISRAEL 1: 1000BCE – 1900CE

KingDavid1000BCE

DavidrulesJudea,firstunitedkingdominthearea,fromJerusalem.

KingSolomondies,kingdomdividedintoJudea(south)

andIsrael(north).

DividedKingdom931BCE

Assyrians722BCE

TheAssyriansinvadeanddestroythenorthernKingdomofIsrael.

TheBabyloniansconquerJerusalem,destroythefirsttempleandexileinfluential

JewstoBabylon.

Babylonians586BCE

Persians538BCE

ThePersiansdefeattheBabylonians,allowJewstoreturntoJerusalem.

AlexandertheGreatdestroysthePersian

Empire,conquersJudea.

Greeks332BCE

Maccabees142BCE

TheMaccabeesrevoltagainsttheGreeks,JudeaonceagainindependentJewishstate.

TheRomansconquerGreekEmpireincluding

Judea,Jewsgrantedsomemeasureofautonomy.

Romans63BCE

HerodtheGreat37BCE

HerodTheGreatadministerstheRomanprovinceofJudea.

TitusquashesyetanotherJewishrebellion,Jerusalem

reducedtorubble.

DestructionofJerusalem70AD

BarKochvaRevolt135

BarKochvaRevolt,manyJewsdeportedorkilledbyRomans,Judearenamedto"Palaestina".

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LittleState–BigStorySession1:EarlyTimes(1000BCE–1900CE)CE)

ByzantineEra,RomanEmperorConstantinemakesChristianityofficialreligion

ofentireempire.

ByzantineEra313

PersiansReturn629

PersiansretakeJerusalem,ByzantineemperordefeatsPersians,killsJews,burnssynagogues.

ArabCaliphOmarinvadesJerusalem,buildsAl-Aqsa

mosqueonruinsofJewishtemple.

ArabRule638

Fatimids969

JerusalemconqueredbyCairo-basedFatimiddynasty.

Fatimidsejectedbythe

SeljukTurks,endofArabdominance.

SeljukTurks1071

Crusaders1099

TheCrusadersconquerJerusalem,massacremanyJewsandMuslims.

KurdishgeneralSaladin,rulerofEgyptandSyria,

capturesJerusalem.

Saladin1187

Mamelukes1291

MamelukestakeoverEgypt,ejectlastCrusa-dersfromtheHolyLand.

OttomanTurkstakeCairo,ruleentireMiddleEastfromConstantinople(Istanbul)

for400years.

OttomanEmpire1517-1917

TimelineSource: http://history-of-israel.org/history/time_line.php

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LittleState–BigStorySession1:EarlyTimes(1000BCE–1900CE)CE)

CHRONOLOGY OF ISRAEL 1: 1000BCE – 1900CE Ca.1000(BCE)-TheJewishKingdomsKingDavidruledwithJerusalemashiscapitaloverJudea,thefirstunitedkingdominanarea,whichroughlycorrespondstotoday'sIsraelincludingtheWestBank.AfterthedeathofDavid'sson,Solomon,in931BCEthekingdomwasdividedintoasouthernpart,Judea,andIsraelinthenorth.

722(BCE)-TheAssyriansTheAssyrians,apowerfulpeoplefromnorthernMesopotamia(todaynorthernIraq),invadedthenorthernKingdomofIsraelanddeportedtheJewstootherpartsoftheAssyrianEmpire.TheKingdomofIsraelperished.

586(BCE)-TheBabyloniansAfterthefalloftheAssyrianEmpiretheBabylonianking,NebuchadnezzarII,conqueredJerusalem.ThemostinfluentialJewsofJudeaweredeportedtoBabylon(insouthernMesopotamia,todayIraq).ThefirstJewishtempleinJerusalemwasdestroyed.

TheKingdomofSolomon,thedividedkingdomandJudeaatthetimeoftheMaccabees(theexactbordersaresubjecttosomeuncertainty).TheredlinedescribesIsrael'scurrentbordersincl.Gaza,theWestBankandtheGolanHeights.

538(BCE)-ThePersiansKingCyrusofPersia(todayIran)conqueredtheentireBabylonianEmpire,allowedtheexiledJewstoreturnfromBabylon,andacceptedaformofJewishhomeruleinJerusalem.TheJewishtemplewasrebuilt.

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LittleState–BigStorySession1:EarlyTimes(1000BCE–1900CE)CE)

332(BCE)-TheGreeksTheGreek-MacedonianrulerAlexandertheGreatdestroyedthePersianEmpire,therebygainingcontroloverJudea.AfterthedeathofAlexanderhisHellenistic(Greek)Empirewasdividedintothreeparts,andtheJewsgotsqueezedbetweenthecompetingGreekrulers.

164(BCE)-TheMaccabeesAJewishtribe,the"Maccabees",revoltedagainsttheHellenisticoccupiers,andfrom142BCEandthefollowing80yearsJudeaonceagainwasanindependent,Jewishstate.

63(BCE)-TheRomanConquestTheRomansinvadedGreeceandalsoconqueredtheHellenisticSeleucidEmpireintheMiddleEast.ThoughtheJewsweregrantedsomemeasureofautonomyinJerusalem,JudeawasinrealityruledfromRome.

AmodelofJerusalematthetimeoftheSecondTemple.

37(BCE)-HerodTheGreatFollowingafailedJewishrebellion,theRomansturnedJudeaintoaregularRomanprovince,andinstalledtheJewishKingHerodtheGreatasadministrator.Afterhisdeathin4BCEtheprovincewasdividedbetweenHerod'ssons.Oneofthem,HerodAntipas,whoisbestknownforhisroleintheNewTestament,administeredGalileeinthenorthandPereatotheeast(theeastbankoftheJordanRiver,todaypartoftheKingdomofJordan).

70-TheDestructionofJerusalemTheRomanEmperorTitusquashedyetanotherJewishrebellion.TheJewishtempleandtherestofJerusalemwerereducedtorubble.AgroupofespeciallypersistentJewssoughtrefugeonthemountainofMasadainthedesertneartheDeadSea,butwerethreeyearslaterdefeatedbytheRomans.

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LittleState–BigStorySession1:EarlyTimes(1000BCE–1900CE)CE)

135-JudeaRenamedPalestineDuringafinalJewishuprisingagainsttheRomans(theBarKochvaRevolt)Jerusalemwasonceagain,forashort,three-yearperiod,underJewishcontrol.AftertheRomans'inevitable,crushingvictorymanyhundredsofthousandsofJewswereeitherdeported,soldasslavesorkilled.TheRomanEmperorHadrianlevelledJerusalemtotheground,andbarredJewsfromenteringthecity.

InanattemptatdefinitivelyeliminatingtheJewishconnectiontotheland,theRomansrenamedJudeato"Palaestina",awordbelievedtobederivedfromthe"Philistines",apeoplefromCrete,whichathousandyearsearlierroamedtheMediterraneancoastofJudea.Jewsstilllivedinthearea,though,andlessthan100yearslatertheywereonceagainallowedaccesstoJerusalem.

ThedestructionoftheSecondTemple,70AD(byFrancescoHayez,1867).

313-TheByzantineEraTheRomanEmperorConstantinedecreedthatChristianitywouldhenceforthbetheofficialreligionoftheRomanEmpire,andin331ADhemoveditscapitalfromRometoByzantium,whichhethenrenamedConstantinople(todayIstanbulinTurkey).AttheendofthecenturyJudeatoo,nowknownasPalestine,wasamainlyChristianarea.ChurchesandmonasterieswerebeingbuiltintheholyplacesinJerusalem,BethlehemandGalilee,andJewsagainweredeniedaccesstoJerusalem.

614-ThePersiansReturnThePersians(fromtoday'sIran)brieflygainedcontroloverJerusalem.ButwhentheByzantineemperor,Heraclius,repulsedthePersianinvasion,andin629reconqueredthecity,heorderedallJewskilledandallsynagoguesburned.ManyJewssoughtrefugeinEgyptorotherpartsoftheempire.

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LittleState–BigStorySession1:EarlyTimes(1000BCE–1900CE)CE)

637-ArabRuleInthe630'sanewreligion,Islam,beganspreadingfromtheArabianpeninsula,andwithinonlyafewyearsboththePersianandByzantineempiresweredefeated.In638JerusalemfelltotheArabcaliphOmarandbecamepartoftheMuslimempire,whichwasruledfromthecaliphateinthecityofMedina(intoday'sSaudi-Arabia).OmarfoundedthefirstmosqueatthesiteinJerusalem,wheretheJewishtemplehadpreviouslybeenlocated.

ThefollowingcenturieswerecharacterizedbyinternalstrifeintheMuslimworld.ChangingcaliphsruledovermostoftheMiddleEastfromDamascus(from661)andBaghdad(from750).JewsandChristiansweretolerated,butsubjecttospecialrestrictions,whichledmanytoeitheremigrateorconverttoIslam.In969JerusalemwasconqueredbytheFatimiddynasty,therivallingcaliphateinCairo,andin1071theArabdominanceended,whentheFatimidwereejectedbytheSeljukTurks.

Jerusalem(paintedbyDavidRoberts,1842).

1099-TheCrusadersPopeUrbanIIcalledforacrusadeagainsttheMuslimsinordertoreclaimtheHolyLandfortheChristians,andin1099thefirstcrusadersconqueredJerusalem,whilemassacringalargenumberofJewsandMuslims.DuringthefollowingtwocenturiestheEuropeancrusadersfoughtvariousMuslimrulersforcontrolofthearea.In1187Saladin,aKurdishgeneralwhoruledoverbothEgyptandSyria,succeededinrecapturingJerusalemfortheMuslims.

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LittleState–BigStorySession1:EarlyTimes(1000BCE–1900CE)CE)

1291-TheMamelukesIn1250theMamelukes(originallyanarmyofslavesmainlyfromTurkeyandnorthernCaucasia)seizedpowerinEgyptfromSaladin'sAyyubiddynasty.TheCrusaders'lastbastionintheHolyLand,theportcityofAcre,felltotheMamelukesin1291.Inthenext200years,withPalestinebeingruledfromDamascus,theprovinceceasedtofunctionasacentrefortradefromtheFarEast,andthepopulation,includingthefewthousandJewishfamiliesthatwereleft,livedinextremepoverty.Severaltownslayinruins,andevenJerusalemwasalmostdeserted.In1351Palestinewasstruckbytheplague,andaround1500thearea'spopulationnumberedamere200.000souls.TheMamelukesruledtheareafromEgypttoSyriauntiltheyweredefeatedbytheOttomanTurks.

1517-1917-TheOttomanEmpireIn1517KairofelltotheOttomanTurks,whothenruledtheentireMiddleEastfromConstantinople(nowIstanbul)forthenext400years.TheareaknownasJudeaorPalestinewasnolongerconsideredapoliticalentityofitsown,butbecamepartoftheOttomanEmpire'sSyrianprovincewithDamascusasitslocaladministrativecapital.Theregionremainedneglectedandunderdeveloped,andlargelyisolatedfromtheoutsideworld.

ChronologySource: http://history-of israel.org/history/chronological.php

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LittleState–BigStorySession1:EarlyTimes(1000BCE–1900CE)CE)

MapSources:https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/Maps/Pages/Israel%20in%20Maps.aspx

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LittleState–BigStorySession1:EarlyTimes(1000BCE–1900CE)CE)

MapSources:https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/Maps/Pages/Israel%20in%20Maps.aspx

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LittleState–BigStorySession1:EarlyTimes(1000BCE–1900CE)CE)

MapSources:https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/Maps/Pages/Israel%20in%20Maps.aspx

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LittleState–BigStorySession1:EarlyTimes(1000BCE–1900CE)CE)

MapSources:https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/Maps/Pages/Israel%20in%20Maps.aspx

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LittleState–BigStorySession1:EarlyTimes(1000BCE–1900CE)CE)

MapSources:https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/Maps/Pages/Israel%20in%20Maps.aspx

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LittleState–BigStorySession1:EarlyTimes(1000BCE–1900CE)CE)

MapSources:https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/Maps/Pages/Israel%20in%20Maps.aspx


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