session 1 nils brandt
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Nils Brandt, 14 March 2013
Climate Neutral Urban Districts – approaches for benchmarking and accounting? Nils Brandt, Associates Professor, Industrial Ecology Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm
Nils Brandt, 14 March 2013
Nils Brandt, 14 March 2013
Cities in a leading role! City Climate mitigation – a lot of world wide support initiatives on going !
• ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability; http://www.iclei.org
• Covenant of Mayors ; www.eumayors.eu
• C40; http://www.c40cities.org
• Clinton Climate initiative; http://www.clintonfoundation.org
• UNEP, Campaign on Cities and Climate Change; http://www.unep.org/urban_environment/issues/climate_change.asp
• UN – Habitat , Cities and Climate Change initiative ; http://www.unhabitat.org
• World Mayor council of Climate Change: http://www.worldmayorscouncil.org
• Cities alliance; http://www.citiesalliance.org
• ...............
Nils Brandt, 14 March 2013
Nils Brandt, 14 March 2013
Cities in a leading role! City Climate mitigation programs – a lot of world wide support initiatives on going !
• ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability; http://www.iclei.org
• Covenant of Mayors ; www.eumayors.eu
• C40; http://www.c40cities.org
• Clinton Climate initiative; http://www.clintonfoundation.org
• UNEP, Campaign on Cities and Climate Change; http://www.unep.org/urban_environment/issues/climate_change.asp
• UN – Habitat , Cities and Climate Change initiative ; http://www.unhabitat.org
• World Mayor council of Climate Change: http://www.worldmayorscouncil.org
• Cities alliance; http://www.citiesalliance.org
• ...............
Nils Brandt, 14 March 2013
Cities and climate mitigation actions – needs of methods ?
1. Baseline (inventory, benchmarking)
2. Policy (goals and ambitions, processes, scenarios)
3. Program and actions plans (road mapping and scenarios, processes)
4. Implementation (processes and indicators)
5. Evaluation ( inventory, indicators and benchmarking)
Nils Brandt, 14 March 2013
Energy/CO2 flow analysis on City level : Two approaches
”Bubble”- model (Production) “End-user”-model (Consumption)
Nils Brandt, 14 March 2013
Heating = red Transport= blue Electricity = yellow
CO2/cap in City of Stockholm from a production perspective
Source: Miljöbarometern, City Stockholm
Nils Brandt, 14 March 2013
Total carbon footprint of the average household in Stockholm
Motor vehicle fuel
Fuel Indirect
Vehicle manufacturing
Vehicle maintenance
Public transportation
Air travel
Miscellaneous
Energy Energy Indirect
Electricity
Home constructing
Maintenance
Bread & cereals
Meat
Fish & seafood
Dairy
Oils & fats
Fruits & vegetables
Other food
Eating out
Clothing
Household goods
Entertainment
Reading Medical
Personal care
Entertainment
Info & communication Personal business
Miscellaneous
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Transportation Housing Food Goods Services
Ton
CO
2e
/ y
ear
Average Stockholm household (2 persons): 16,2 ton CO2e/year
Anders Nilsson 2013
Consumption-based Carbon Accounting for Households in Sweden and Stockholm using EIO-LCA Anders Nilsson
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
To
n C
O2
e /
year
Average Stockholm household (2 persons): 16,2 ton CO2e/year
Abroad
emissions(Total: 9,4 ton
CO2e)
Domestic
emissions(Total: 6,8 ton
CO2e)
Comparison of abroad and domestic emissions of an average Stockholm household.
KTH Industriell Ekologi
Consumption perspective.
Nils Brandt, 14 March 2013
Fig. 1. Changes in annual per capita greenhouse gas emissions for the six cities C. Kennedy et al. /
Energy Policy 49 (2012) 774–777
Need of methods for benchmarking and accounting?
Nils Brandt, 14 March 2013
Scope 1—Internal Emissions; Scope 2—Core External Emissions Scope 3—Non-core Emissions.
S. Kennedy, S. Sgouridis / Energy Policy 39 (2011) 5259–5268
Climate change and cities – what´s in and what´s out? How to define emissions? What type of city ?
CONSUMPTION CITY – PRODUCTION CITY
Nils Brandt, 14 March 2013
Nils Brandt, 14 March 2013
International frameworks for GHG emissions inventory on City level
• The GHG Protocol: A Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard by the World Resources Institute and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development(WRI/WBCSD 2004)
• Greenhouse Gases ISO 14064:2006. Specification with Guidance at the Organization Level for Quantification and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removals developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 2006)
• ICLEI. 2009. International local government GHG emissions analysis protocol. Global reporting standard in the international local government GHG emissions analysis protocol (IEAP) Version 1.0 (ICLEI 2009)
• Covenant of Mayors. 2009. (EC-CoM),Baseline emissions inventory guidelines. European commission, Part II In: How to develop a sustainable energy action plan (SEAP) baseline emissions inventory, (BEI).
• UNEP, International Standard for Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Cities and Regions by UNEP, UN-HABITAT and the World Bank (2010)
• Greenhouse Gas Regional Inventory Protocol (GRIP) developed by Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Manchester and UK Environmental Agency (GRIP 2008),
• Bilan Carbone – Methodological Guide for Companies and Local Authorities developed by the Age`nce de l’Environnement et de la Maıˆtrise de l’Energie (ADEME 2007),
• ICLEI, 2011. Community- Scale GHG Emissions Accounting and Reporting Protocol.
Nils Brandt, 14 March 2013
Latest developed framework
• GLOBAL PROTOCOL FOR COMMUNITY-SCALE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GPC) Pilot Version 1.0 – May 2012
(http://www.ghgprotocol.org/about-ghgp)
Nils Brandt, 14 March 2013
N. Ibrahim et al. Local Environment Vol. 17, No. 2, February 2012, 223–241
Nils Brandt, 14 March 2013
City/cities Included activities
Copenhagen, Stockholm Energy (heating, cooling, electricity),
Transports
Oslo Energy (heating, cooling, electricity),
Transports, Waste
Hamburg, Münster Household emissions (heating, cooling, electricity, gas),
Small & medium businesses (heating, cooling, electricity, gas), Industry, Transportation
Malmö Energy, Industry, Transportation, Work machines
Freiburg Heating, Electricity, Transportation, Food
Kramers, A. et al 2012 submitted Energy policy
The activities included in cities’ GHG emission inventories
Nils Brandt, 14 March 2013
Climate neutral cities? – no generic definitions?
1. Strictly Zero Carbon: No carbon is emitted within Scopes1 and 2; it follows that neither balancing nor offsets are allowed.
2. Net Zero Carbon: All carbon emissions with in emissions Scope 1 are eliminated, and emissions within scope 2 are balanced through export of low or zero carbon goods, internal or external sequestration, or import substitution (purchase offsets)
3. Carbon Neutral: Any and all emissions for which the city is responsible under Scopes 1 and 2 can be managed through the purchase of offsets from third parties that lie outside the city’s boundaries:
(S. Kennedy, S. Sgouridis / Energy Policy 39 (2011) 5259–5268)
Nils Brandt, 14 March 2013
Urban district for Climate neutrality – possibilities or problems?
- Strong holistic vision – sustain?
- System borders; activity contra geographical
- Responsibility for rest of the city emissions (hospitals, traffic, traffic etc
+ local stakeholder processes - local innovations and actions
+ Processes - Who is carrying the vision in the next step?
+ Credits driving force? Green Washing ?
+ Data quality for benchmarking/indicators/evaluation– real-time data ?
? scale – scope 1,2, 3 ?
? - Relation to Sustainability
City
Climate
Neutral
Urban
district
Nils Brandt, 14 March 2013
The Climate Positive (neutral)urban districts process, action driven approach CCI – framework:
Thank you !