session 1 recognizing the potential of older people · within two weeks by race and gender black...
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Session 1
Recognizing the potential of older people
Chair:BooJohansson,Universityof Gothenburg,Sweden
What are the potentials of older people?
Integrating an individual and cultural perspective
AndreasKruse,Universityof Heidelberg
1
Integration of vulnerability and potential perspectives
• Increasesinvulnerability• Continuityofageingprocesses• Highintra-individualvariabilityofphysicalandcognitiveperformance,notinfrequentlyalsoofemotionalwell-being• Mostolderpeoplemanagetopsychologicallymasterchallengesandtomaintainapositiveattitudetolife
• Abilitytoadaptdependsoncarestructures,inwhichpeoplenotonlyreceivecare,butcanalsogiveit
2
Integration of vulnerability and potential perspectives
• Ageinggoeshand-in-handwiththedevelopmentofaconsiderableculturalcapital
• Oursocietyshouldusethisculturalcapitaltoamuchgreaterextent
• Oldagepotentialsdependoncarestructures
• Youngpeoplebenefitbothintheworkingworldandincivilsociety
3
Categories of a good life
• Independence
• Self-responsibility
• Consciouslyadopteddependence
• Sharedresponsibility
4
Basic psychological qualities and processes
• Self-actualication
• Self-design
• Designof the world
• Relatedness of people
5
Age-friendly culture
• Involvementinsocietal discourse andprogress
• Intergenerationalperspective• Interestinthepotentialsofage• Respect,sensitivity,andpromotion
• Respectfordignityincasesofseverelosses• Sensitivityforsocialinequalities• Sensitivityforrights,claimsandneedsofallgenerations
Reablement – A precondition forrealizing potentials
ProfessorBentGreve,Universityof Roskilde,Denmark
Lissabon,20thSeptember,2017
1
A few words on context
• Amovement fromaslongaspossible inones own home– toaslongaspossible inone’s own life
• Universality inaccess tothose inneed ofcare (homeandpersonalcare)
• 98municipalities implement – andhavedifferent standards• Municipalities are obliged tomake preventative homevisits(above age75)andalso totry rehabilitation
2
Denmark as high spender –percentages GDP, 2014
3
Developments in short
• Trendsinmarketizationoflong-termcare:Yes,especiallyforpracticalhomehelp
• Roleofcivilsociety:Stillveryimportant
• Austeritymeasures/Changeinfinancing:Limited,butcanvarylocallyaslong-termcareservicesiswithinlimitsdecidedinthemunicipalities
• Rehabilitation/Re-enablement– andotherinvestmentsinthefield:Yes,strongerfocusonrehabilitationanduseofwelfaretechnology
4
Use of welfare technology and rehabilitation
• Increasingly focus onprevention,rehabilitationanduse ofwelfaretechnology
• Evidence that socialinvestment inspecific welfare technologies andrehabilitationcan haveapositiveeconomic outcome
• Itcan also include better working conditions forpeople employedwithin theLTC-sector
• Forusersanoptiontoliveamoreindependentlife
5
Any weak points?
• Riskofloneliness among elderdy
• Still,arisk ofhighpressure oninformal carers
• Privateproviders isless usefull related torehabilitative approaches
However,formostpeople thenewapproaches imply better conditions
6
Conclusion
• Use evaluation tofindthebest socialinvestment• Makesurethat viewpointsfromdifferent stakeholders are taken intoconsiderations• Thismight overallimprove quality andthechallenges ofdemographictransitions
Note: Formoreinformationsee Greve,B.(ed.),Long-TermCarefortheelderly inEurope,RoutledgeandSPRINTProjectwhichhasreceivedfundingfromtheEuropeanUnion'sHorizon2020researchandinnovationprogramme undergrantagreementNo649565,http://sprint-project.eu/
Comment
The potential of olderpeople in Eastern Europe
JolantaPerek-Białas,Jagiellonian UniversityinCracow andWarsaw Schoolof Economics,Poland
1
Positive aspects of potentials of olderpeople
• Inmany spheres and inmany roles
• worker,carer,volunteer,consumer ...
• It is beneficial notonly for older persons butfor the whole society
2
How can we measure this potential?The Active Ageing Index
31,1 27,7
11,8 14,133,4
21,1
43,1
67,669,
41,
29.2- 25.7
30.8- 19.5
8.8- 11.3
57.7- 51.8
48.3- 48.5Sources:NationalReport/Evaluationof the MIPAA,Moldova;Zaidietal.,2013,UNECE/EC,2016&project for UNECE– Warsaw Schoolof Economics,2016-2017;https://statswiki.unece.org/display/AAI
3
What’s the problem for a ‘right’ recognition of this potential?
Contribution of people over 70to the economy these days• 73.5%-65.1%say they contribute little
Source:based onESSand see alsoAbuladze,Perek-Białas,forthcoming
4
The objective obstacles for insufficientinclusion of older people• Computer use of 55-74 - less than 30 per cent
Source:UNECEStatisticalDivisionUnit
5
Eastern European context – what to do tomake the potential of older people visible?
• Societyand policy makers
• Tools,data,research and analysis
• Effective policy measures with anevaluation if they could be easilytransferred
1
UNECE Café Discussions
1. What other potentials have you identified inyourresearch?
2. What needs to be done (inyour country)to get thosepotentials recognized?
3. Blindspots of current policies
Please hand over your results (one or two sentences)to RicardoRodrigues.
Session 2
Encouraging longerworking life and abilityto work
Chair:CarlosFarinha Rodrigues,Universityof Lisbon,Portugal
Working longer –A key issue forsustainable pensionsystems
JorgeCabrita,WorkingLifeUnit,Eurofound,Dublin(Ireland)
1
Sustainable pensions systems require sustainable work over the life course
• Currentdemographic,economicandsocialchallengesarecompromisingthesustainabilityofwelfarestatesandsocialprotectionsystems,includingpensions.• Partofthesolutionisexpansionofparticipation:morepeopleinemploymentandforlonger.• “Moreandbetter”jobsareneeded.• Jobqualityisimportantforindividuals’abilitytoenterandstayinemployment• Changingavailabilityforworkoverthelifecoursemustbeconsidered.
2
Sustainable work over the life course: Eurofound’s definition
(…)‘sustainableworkoverthelifecourse’meansthatworkingandlivingconditions aresuchthattheysupportpeopleinengagingandremaininginwork throughoutanextendedworkinglife.Theseconditionsenableafitbetweenwork and thecharacteristicsorcircumstancesoftheindividualthroughout theirchanginglife,andmustbedevelopedthroughpoliciesandpracticesatworkandoutsideofwork.
Eurofound(2015),Sustainableworkoverthelifecourse:Conceptpaper
Job quality and sustainable work
Source:Eurofound(2015)Sustainable work:conceptpaper
Jobquality
Job
Ensurethatworkerscankeeponworkingthroughoutthelifecourse:
- Workersofdifferentages- Healthproblems
- Careresponsibilities
Worker
Policies,Regulations,Practices
PublicPolicies SocialPartners Companies
Goodworkingconditionsandjobqualityareinstrumentaltobeingabletocontinueworkingoverthelifecourse
Takingcareofcircumstancesandsituationsofworkersthroughoutworkinglife
• Adaptworktohealthissues,situationsandcircumstance• Inclusionpolicies• Workplacepracticesallowingforbetterreconciliationbetweenworkandprivatelifethroughoutthelifecourse,leavearrangementsandcareinfrastructure
Job quality and health One in four
workers says work affects their health negatively
6% at risk of mental well-
being problems
One in three report
backache, MSDs, fatigue
Integration of workers with
chronic illness (18%)
Source:EWCS2015
BackacheMuscular
pains Headache Fatigue
Difficulty falling asleep
Waking up during sleep
Waking up exhausted
Skills and discretionSocial environment
Physical environmentWork intensity (reversed)
ProspectsWorking time quality
Earnings
Age, work and sustainable work
• Youngworkersmoreexposedtocertainworkingconditions• Risksspreadoverworkinglife- nightwork,shiftwork,intensity• Olderworkerslessaccesstotraining,careerprospects,learning
Differencesinworkingconditionsofworkersby
age
• Menmorethanwomen• 1in5wantstowork‘aslongaspossible’
73%ofworkersreportbeingabletodothesamejobuntil60
• Alljobqualityindices• (Exceptearnings)
Sustainableworkassociatedwith
Skills and discretion
Social environment
Physical environment
Work intensity (reversed)
Prospects
Working time quality
Earnings
Source:EWCS2015
Some points for reflection
6
• Individualcircumstancesmustbetakenintoaccounttoensureworkerscanengageinworkoverthelifecourse
• No‘onefitsall’solutionforallworkersandsituations
• Transitions overthelifecourseareimportant
• Allactorshavearoletoplay:governments,socialpartners,companies/organisations
• Jobqualityaskeyforsustainabilityofwork
Eurofound’s ongoing and future work
7
• Workingconditionsofworkersofdifferentages
• Measuringsustainablework– feasibilitystudy
• Workingconditionsandworkers’healthandwellbeing
• Work-lifebalanceandreconciliationchallengesformenandwomenintheEuropeanUnion(EWCS+EQLSsurveysanalysis)
Further references
• 2015- FoundationFocus- Sustainablework:Towardbetterandlongerworkinglives
• 2015- Sustainableworkoverthelifecourse:Conceptpaper
• 2016- Sustainableworkthroughoutthelifecourse:Nationalpoliciesandstrategies
• 2017- Towardsage-friendlyworkinEurope:alife-courseperspectiveonworkandageingfromEUAgencies
• Posture-related • Ambient• Biological and chemical
Physical environment
• Quantitative demands incl. emotional • Pace determinants and interdependency
Work intensity
• Duration• Atypical working time• Working time arrangements• Flexibility
Working time quality
• Adverse social behaviour• Social support• Management quality
Social environment
• Cognitive dimension inc.computer use• Decision latitude• Organisational participation• Training
Skills and discretion
• Career prospects• Employment status• Job security• Downsizing
Prospects
Earnings
Source: Eurofound (2012), Trends in job quality in Europe, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
Job quality
Cumulative inequality in later life
Tetyana P.Shippee,UniversityofMinnesota,USA
1
Cumulative Inequality Theory
• Whydoesinequalityincreasewithage?Howdoesitinfluencelongerworkinglifeandabilitytowork?
• Cumulativeinequalitytheory(CIT):v Drawsfromlifecourseperspective(Elder1998),cumulativedisadvantage
(Dannefer 2003),andstress-process(Pearlin etal.2005)theories
v Aimstoexplaincoreprocessesofhowinequalityaccumulatesoverthelifecourse
v Thetheoryisspecifiedformallyin5axiomsand19propositions
2
Disadvantage Accumulates
Axiom3.Life-coursetrajectoriesareshapedbytheaccumulationofrisk,availableresources,andhumanagency
Cyclicalrelationshipbetweendisadvantage andriskexposure.
Ø Racial/ethnicminoritiesintheUSandtheirstatusinthelaborforce;
Ø Intergenerationaltransferoffinancesandhealth.
Spillover acrossdifferentdomains.
Ø Agediscriminationatwork-leavingthelaborforce-financialhardship-worsehealth.
Cumulative nature of age discrimination at work and depressionGrowth Curve models, NLS of Mature women, 1967-2003
Note:NLSofMatureWomen.Predictedprobabilityofdepressionbynumberofreportsofagediscrimination.Predictedvaluesfromfullmodels,controllingforallcovariates.Source:Shippee etal.(2017). JournalofGerontology:SocialSciences(Inpress).
Ø Socialcomparisonsandsubjectiveevaluationsarecentraltoidentity,lifesatisfaction,andmentalwell-being
Ø Favorableevaluationsoflifecircumstances-morepositiveoutcomes
Ø Negativeassessmentsofone’splaceintheworld-canbestressors,discourageagenticaction,andcompromisehealth.
Trajectory Awareness
4
ü Ourwork:Womenwhoperceivedthattheirworkhadprogressedinthelasttenyearshadan18%lowerhazardofprematuremortalitycomparedtothosewhofeltthattheirworkwasstaticorhadregressed.
Source:Shippee etal.2012.JournalofGerontology:SocialSciences,67(5):585-594.
A4.Perceptionsoflifetrajectoriesinfluencesubsequenttrajectories
Proportional Odds Growth Curve Model for Life Satisfaction (ORs), 1989-2003FixedEffectsFromRandomInterceptModels Model1 Model2
Age 1.013*** 1.009**
Education 1.055*** 1.032
Occupationalprestige 1.010*** 1.000
Locusofcontrol 1.434*** 1.326***
Personalincome,1989-2003(TVC) ns ns
Perceivedfinancialstrainrelativetoothers 0.528***
Note:NLSofMatureWomen.Oddsratiosfromfullmodels,controllingforallcovariates,includingworksatisfactionanddiscriminationatwork.Source:Shippee etal.2017. JournalofGerontology:SocialSciences(Inpress).
6
CI and Mortality
A5.CImayleadtoprematuremortality;therefore,non-randomselectionmaygivetheappearanceofdecreasinginequalityinlaterlife
Ø Workforcechangesshapeovertime
Ø Targetedemploymenteffortsforminoritygroups
Ø Partofwhole-personapproachtosustainingactivity,engagement,life
Figure 3. Transition Probabilities from Hospital to Death Within Two Weeks by Race and Gender
Black Men
Black Women
White Men
White Women
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Age at Hospitalization
Pro
babi
lity
Fatal Hospital Exits
Source:Ferraro,K.F.,Shippee,T.P. 2008.“BlackandWhiteChainsofRiskforHospitalizationOver20years.”JournalofHealthandSocialBehavior49:193-207.
7
Discussion
• CITaslifecourseframeworkforwell-beinginlaterlife
• Cohortdifferencesandstructuralarrangementskeytoinequality• Earlydisadvantageincreasesexposuretorisk;accumulationofdisadvantageoverthelifecourse• Importanceofperceivedworktrajectories,subjectivecomparisonsforsustainedemployment
• Selectionchangestheshapeofthepopulation andagedworkforce• Targetedworkforceeffortstohelpreduce inequality
Comment
Working longer in Eastern Europe
VictorGîlca,20September2017
1
Working longer in Eastern Europe
• EasternEuropeancountriesareseverelyaffectedbypopulationageing
• Theproportionofthepopulation65+inthetotalpopulationincreasedfromanaverageof11%in1990to15%in2005to18%in2016
• HighestrateinBulgaria(20,4%),lowestinSlovakia(14,4%)
10,0
12,0
14,0
16,0
18,0
20,0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016
Proportionofpopulationaged65+
Bulgaria
Latvia
EU(28countries)
Croatia
Estonia
Lithuania
Slovenia
CzechRepublic
Hungary
Romania
Moldova
Poland
Cyprus
Slovakia
2
Rising old age dependency ratio
• Asaneffectofincreasingolderpopulation,theoldagedependencyratio(65+to15-64)hasalsoincreasedathighpace,nearly10%inthelast2decades.
• Likewisetopopulationageing,Bulgariahasthehighestindicator–31,1,whileSlovakiaisatthebottomendamongselectedcountries– 20,6. 15,0
17,0
19,0
21,0
23,0
25,0
27,0
29,0
31,0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016
Olddependencyratio(population65+to15-64)
Bulgaria
Latvia
EU(28countries)
Estonia
Croatia
Lithuania
CzechRepublic
Slovenia
Hungary
Romania
Poland
Cyprus
Slovakia
Moldova
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2016
Employmentof55-64years,as%ofpopulation
Estonia
Lithuania
Latvia
CzechRepublic
EU(28countries)
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Slovakia
Hungary
Poland
Romania
Moldova
Croatia
Slovenia
3
Increasing employment rates in Eastern Europe
• Theemploymentrateof55-64yearsshowsanincreaseinallselectedcountries,averaginga21%increasefrom2000to2016.
• ThisincreaseisfurtherpositiveasseveralcountriesactuallyachievedemploymentratesaboveEU28average.
• Itshouldbenotedthatthisagegroup(55-64)correspondstothelastofthebabyboomgeneration.
4
Lower unemploymentof older workersin Eastern Europe
Theunemploymentrateforolderworkersislowerthantheunemploymentrateofagegroup25-64,yetfollowingsimilargeneraltrends.
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
2000 2005 2010 2015 2016
Unemploymentratesofages55-64
Croatia
Latvia
Slovakia
Estonia
Lithuania
Bulgaria
EU(28countries)
Slovenia
Hungary
Poland
Moldova
CzechRepublic
Romania3,0
5,0
7,0
9,0
11,0
13,0
15,0
17,0
19,0
21,0
23,0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2016
Unemploymentratesofages25-54
Moldova
Croatia
Latvia
Slovakia
EU(28countries)
Slovenia
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Estonia
Romania
Hungary
CzechRepublic
5
Older unemployed in Eastern Europe:They seldom come back!
• Onceolderworkersbecomeunemployed,itislikelythattheyremainunemployedforalongertime,ortheyneverreturntothelabormarket.• TheselectedEasternEuropeancountriesofferearlyretirementoptions andarequitegenerousinassessingdisability• Thedisabilitypensionisseenasaviablealternativeforpersonsfailingtomeeteligibilitycriteriaforearlyornormalretirement• Earlyretirementisoftenperceivedasameanstoofferjobopportunitiesfortheyoungunemployed
6
Prolonged periods in pension in Eastern Europe
• Theprimaryfunctionofold-agepensionsistoprovideincomesecurityforthosewhoareincapableofworkingduetooldage.
• Sincepensionsarepaidforone’swholelifeafterretirement,ifthepensionableageisfixed,pensionerswillonaveragereceivepensionsforlongerperiodsasthelifeexpectancyextends.
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Lifeexpectancyatage65
EU(28countries)
Slovenia
Cyprus
Estonia
Poland
CzechRepublic
Slovakia
Croatia
Lithuania
Latvia
Hungary
Bulgaria
Moldova
7
A new balance is needed in Eastern Europe
• Thechallengeistofindanewwork-retirementbalanceinthefaceofchanginglifecycles• prolongedlifeexpectancyandlateentriesinthelabour marketduetolongereducation
• Effectivecoordinationandconcertedactionbetweenpensionpolicyandemploymentpolicyareneededtocreatelabormarketsandpensionsystemswhich:• encouragepeopletostayactivelonger,and
• allowforaflexibletransitionfromworkinglifetoretirement inviewofthewideindividualdifferencesinthehealthstatusandabilitytoworkofolderworkers
8
Measures to enable working longer in Eastern Europe
• Improvethelabormarket’scapacitytoabsorbandbetterutilizethehumanresourceofolderworkers!• introductionofflexibleworkingtimearrangements
• adaptationofjobstothecapacitiesandskillsofolderworkers
• provisionofadequatevocationaltrainingandlifelonglearningprogramstomaintainolderworkers’employability
• removalofvariouslabormarketbarriers(suchasageismorthediscriminationofolderworkers,andsenioritywagesystemswhichmakeitcostlytohireolderworkers)
9
Measures to enable working longer in Eastern Europe
Pensionsystemsshouldadjusttheirdesignby:• constrainingearlyexitsfromthelabour marketthroughincreasingthepensionableageorrestrictingearlyretirementoptions,
• reducelabour marketdistortionand• increaseincentivesforinsuredpersonstoprolongtheirworkinglivesandtherebyachievehighereffectiveretirementages.
• Nevertheless,workerswhoareengagedinhazardousandphysicallystrenuousjobsshouldbegivenappropriateoptionstosupplementtheirincomeduringearlyretirement.
Thank you!
VictorGîlca,20September2017
1
UNECE Café Discussions
1. What other issues need to be addressed atthe interfaces from education towork,from work to leisure and between work and care?
2. What needs to be done (inyour country)to get these issues onthe politicalagenda?
3. Blindspots of current policies
Please hand over your results (one or two sentences)to AgnieszkaChłoń-Domińczak.
Session 3
Ensuring ageing withdignity
Chair:SarahHarper,Universityof Oxford,UnitedKingdom
The need for a rights-based approach toageing with dignity
MarijkeDePauw,FundamentalRights &ConstitutionalismResearchGroup,FreeUniversityof Brussels,Belgium
1
Ageing and older persons in international human rights law
• DevelopmentofaninternationalHR’sapproachthroughsoftlaw(MIPAA,UNPrinciplesforOlderPersons,…)
• Lackofreferencestoolderpersonsinbindingtreatiesandnoclearprohibitionofagediscrimination
• TowardsanewUNConventionontheRightsofOlderPersons?Open-EndedWorkingGrouponAgeingandIndependentExpert
2
Ageing and older persons’ rights at the regional level
• ECHR,Art.23EuropeanSocialCharter,Arts.21&25EUCharterofFundamentalRights
• CoE CommitteeofMinistersRecommendationCM/Rec(2014)2
• PACERecommendation2104(2017)- HRsofOlderPersonsandtheircomprehensivecare=>Callforconsiderationofbindinginstrument• Inter-AmericanConvention&AfricanProtocolontheRightsofOlderPersons
3
Older persons’ rights before human rights monitoring bodies
• Persistenceofageiststereotypesinagediscriminationcases
• ContinuedfocusoneconomicconsiderationstolimitStates’obligations
• Lackofconsiderationofolderpersons’specificneeds
• Positivetrends:cross-referencing(e.g.CRPD)andolderpersonsasavulnerablegroup
4
Benefits of a binding treaty on the rights of older persons
• Identificationofolderpersonsasagroupwithspecificneeds• Clearinternationalprohibitionofagediscrimination• ClarificationofStateobligations– includingpositiveobligations• Awareness-raisingtool• Monitoringmechanismthatcanfurtherclarifythescope• Referenceforhumanrightscourtsandnationaljudges
5
Challenges and the way forward
• Defining“olderpersons”?
• Promotehumanrightslanguageinrelationtoageing
• Dueregardforageiststereotypesinnormativetextsandcaselaw
• Awarenessraisingandstandardsettingatthenationallevel(bottom-upapproach)
• Promotefurtherresearchonhumanrightsinoldage
The role of the state in countering the mistreatment of older adults
MarieBeaulieu,Universityof Sherbrooke,Canada
1
3 issues
• Theimportanceofpublicpolicyinaddressingmistreatmentofolderadults
• Theimportanceofintersectoral revisionmechanismswhichfacilitateaparticipatoryprocesswhenevaluatingtheimplementationandresultingeffectsofpublicpolicy
• Theroleofspecificlawswhichsupportpublicpolicies
2
Preliminary comment - 2002, a pivotal year!
WHOdefinition
• “Elderabuseisasingleorrepeatedact,orlackofappropriateaction,occurringwithinanyrelationshipwherethereisanexpectationoftrustwhichcausesharmordistresstoanolderperson.
• Itcanbeofvariousforms:physical,psychological/emotional,sexual,financialorsimplyreflectintentionalorunintentionalneglect…“• Abuse,neglect,violence,mistreatment• Exclusion,discrimination,self-neglect
MIPAArecognition• “toeliminateneglect,abuse,and
violencetowardolderpeople”• Statestheimportanceof
governmentinvolvement(110c)inactionstocounterneglect,abuseandviolenceviapolicies,services,etc.
Anonbindinginstrument
3
The importance of public policy in addressing the mistreatment of older adults
• Impactsonthequalityoflifeofolderadults(Philipson,2013).
• Impossibletocounteranon-addressedsocialproblem.
• Invisibilityofgroupsthatarenotnamed.
• Oftenthecaseinrelationtothemistreatmentofolderadults,i.e.olderwomenandoldermen.
• 5keyselements• Proactive• Specifictoelderabuse• Participatory• Genderspecific• Implementedandevaluated
4
2 strategies
Theimportanceofintersectoral revisionmechanismswhichfacilitateaparticipatoryprocesswhenevaluatingtheimplementationandresultingeffectsofpublicpolicy!
• Creating/implementingnewspecificpoliciesAND/OR• Improvingexistingpolicies:qualityofcareandservicesincertainsettings,civilrights,housing,etc.• knowledge,comprehensionandtheextenttowhichtheyaddressmistreatmentofolderadults
5
3 recommendations
• Ministriesandgovernmentagenciesshouldadoptacollaborativeapproach:seniorsaffairs,healthandsocialservices,justice,publicsecurity,women’saffairs,civilright’scommission,etc.
• Allexistingmechanismsshouldberevisedtoincludespecificindicatorsofelderabuse(accreditation,incidentsandaccidentsreports,etc.)
• Existingpoliciesshouldberevisedtobeinconcordancewithnewones.(examples:IPV,sexualabuse,2015)
6
The role of specific laws which support public policies
• Lawsandregulationsarepowerfulinstrumentstoenforcepoliciesandgovernmentactionplans(ex:reporting)• Shouldbederivedfromexperienceinordertobetterservetheolderadultpopulationandnotpractitioners!• Shouldreportingbemandatoryornot?
Should we consider shifting from addressing mistreatment with dignity to emphasising social recognition?
Comment:What does dignity forolder people mean in Eastern Europe?
OlgaMikhailova,St.PetersburgInstituteof BioregulationandGerontology,Russia
1
Ageing with dignity
Ageingwithdignityisimportantasadeterminingfactorofthequalityoflifeofolderpeopleandthesustainabilityofpublic
welfaresystems
Source:WorldPopulationAgeing2015,UnitedNations,NewYork,2015
Proportion of people aged 60+ in former USSR countries andranking within 201 countries, 2015
Gender disproportion(males per 100 females) at ages 60+ and 80+, 2015
Source:UnitedNations.(2015a).WorldPopulationProspects:The2015Revision,customdataacquiredviawebsite:http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/
RUS:2431womenper1000men
Elements of Ageing with Dignity
Ageingwithdignity
Elementsofageingwithdignity
Employment Independentliving
Socialparticipation
• Healthcare• Accessibletransport• Age-friendly
environment• Life-longlearning• Pensionbenefits• Caringforchildren
Low employment rates
• ThemajorreasonofloweremploymentratesamongRussiansaged55-64islowretirementage(55yearsforwomenand60yearsformen).• Besides,poorhealth,whichiscorrelatedwitheducationandsocialstatus,pushesless-educatedpeoplefrommanualemploymentintoretirement.• Itshouldalsobenotedthatgiventhesmalllevelofpensionbenefitsmanypensionerskeeptheiremploymentinvoluntarytoavoidpovertyorasharpreductioninlivingstandardafterretirement.
7
9
National and state policies on ageing in the CIS+ countries
ArmeniaTheStrategyonAgeingIssuesandSocialProtectionofOlderPersons(combatagediscriminationandprovidemorefavorableconditionsfortheolderemployees)BelarusFocuson“young”(55-60)retireestrainingprogrammesandsupporttojobseekers
AzerbaijanStateprogramme toincreasesocialprotectionofoldercitizens
10
National and state policies on ageing in the CIS+ countries
Armenia
Belarus
Russia
Governmentaland
non-governmentalprogrammes
11
National and state policies on ageing in the CIS+ countries
Armenia
Moldova
Georgia
RoadMapforMainstreaming
Ageing(withsupportoftheUNofficeinGeneva)
Russian Federation: Public Policy on Ageing realizedintheframeworkofstrategicdocumentsadoptedatthe
federallevel:
TheConceptofDemographicPolicyoftheRussianFederationto2025
TheConceptofSocio-EconomicDevelopmentoftheRussianFederationto2020
Regionalstrategies
Regionalprogrammes aimedattheimprovementofqualityoflifeofolderpeoplewereadoptedin83regionsoftheRussianFederation
13
Strategy of action in the interests of older people up to the year 2025, Russian Federation
• Adoptedin2016
• Stipulatesgoals,principles,tasksandprioritiesaimingatasteadyincreaseinlongevityandlifequalityofolderpeople
• Followingthemeetingwithrepresentativesofnon-profitwelfareorganizationsandvolunteerson15.06.2017VladimirPutinaddressedtheVice-chairmenoftheGovernmentofRussiaOlgaGolodets withinstructionsondevelopmentofpalliativecareservices
• Theinstructionsaretobeexecutedby01.12.2017
14
Living with Dignity
Livingwithdignitymeansimprovedaccesstolifelonglearning,includingInternet,andsportfacilities;increasedemployabilityofseniorsaged55-64;betterconditionsforindependentlivingduetoimprovedhousingavailability;involvementofseniorsinvoluntaryactivitiesandsupportingtheirinvolvementinsocialcontacts;andimprovingaccesstohealthcareanditsquality.
SeniorGenerationForum
Opportunities for Ageing with Dignity§ protectingtherights oftheelderly,
§ improvingaccesstolifelonglearning,includingInternet,andsportfacilities;
§ increasingemployability ofseniorsaged55-64;
§ creatingconditionsforindependentlivingbyimprovinghousingavailability;
§ involvingseniorsinvoluntaryactivitiesandsupportingtheirinvolvementinsocialcontacts;
§ improvingaccesstohealthcareanditsquality;
§ stimulatingtheproductionofspecificgoodsandservices;
§ ensuringtheavailabilityofservicesfortheelderlyinruralandremote areas
15
THANKYOUFORYOURATTENTION!
1
UNECE Café Discussions
1. What other issues need to be addressed to ensure ageing with dignity?
2. What needs to be done (inyour country)to get these issues onthe politicalagenda?
3. Blindspots of current policies
Please hand over your results (one or two sentences)to AlexandreSidorenko.
Session 4
Ageing societies and theresearch agenda
Chair:KaiLeichsenring,EuropeanCentre for Social WelfarePolicy and Research
Source:WorldBank(2015:124)
EmploymentratesamongsecondaryschoolgraduatesinCentralandWesternEurope,2002-2012
1
Declining differences in labor market participation of older workers …
2
... but not everyone is fit enough towork longer ...
UK:Oldercohortsinthepoorestgroups(intheUK)showamuchsteeperincreaseinfrailtyovertimethantherichestwealthgroups
Source:Marshalletal.(2015);ELSAdata,UK(reproducedwithpermissionfromNazroo,2016:18)
Frailtytrajectoriesbycohortsandwealth
3
... and longer lives are not for all
Peoplewithhighestlevelofeducationcanexpecttolivesixyearslongerthanpeoplewithlowestlevelofeducation
Source:OECD,SocietyataGlance (2016)
Gapinlifeexpectancyatage30– tertiaryandbelowuppersecondaryeducation,bysex
4
The continuous disintegration of ‘traditional’ life-course patterns (age differentiation)
Education• BUT• Extendededucation• Extendedtransitiontowork
Work• BUT• Unemployedperiods• Careperiods• Otherleavesfromemployment
• Re-training• Unpaidwork• Earlyretirement
Leisure/Pension• BUT• Risinglife-expectancy• Staggeringhealthylife-expectancy
• Informalcare• Careneed• Volunteering
Source:inspired by Riley&Riley(2000:267)
life-long learning
paid work
unpaid work
Socialisa
tion
Education
CareW
ork
(Re-)Training
(Re-)Training
GuaranteedIncome(‘life-coursetransitionpayments’)
(Re-)Training
CareW
ork
‘Second,third… chances’
Ageing 4.0: Integrated life-course perspectives in a solidaristic society
6
Ageing 4.0: Economic and socialdimensions
• Employmentatallagesandlife-longlearningfacilitated
• Productivitygains•Moreappropriatelyskilledworkforce
• Fosteringmoreequallife-chances•Gender• Socio-economicstatus
Sources:www.weforum.org;Komp (2014)
7
Ageing 4.0: Economic and socialdimensions
• Addressingthe‘newsocialrisksintransitionsoverthelife-course’:• Solidaristicriskdistribution,ratherthanindividualised riskinequality• Reductionofgenderedlife-courseperspectives:acknowledgement ofunpaidreproductionwork
• Adaptationtotechnology-inducedchallenges• Skillsdevelopmentand increasedproductivity
• Equalizationofdemandandsupplypatterns(consumerandlabour markets)
• Adaptationofwelfaresystemstonewrisksoverthelife-course• Facilitatingtransitions(schooltowork,caretowork,worktotraining)• Facilitatinganew‘generationalcontract’
8
More information
http://www.unece.org/population/wga.htmlwww.euro.centre.org