Urban TourismSession 3

Different Types of Urban Tourism DestinationsRDI Management Learning

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To conceptualise the urban tourism product

To identify different types of tourist cities

To look at “ideal types” of tourist cities

To investigate how the supply of tourist and leisure products often overlap in cities

Tourist City Types Objectives:

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Ways different types of cities have been named in the literature: Resort Cities, Converted Cities, World Cities, Asian Cities (Judd and

Fainstein 1999) Tourist Urbanisations (Mullins 1991) Fantasy Cities (Hannigan 1998) Tourist-Historic Cities (Ashworth and Tunbridge 1990) Declining Cities, Cultural Capitals (Biancini 1993) Difficult Areas (Buckley and Witt 1985 & 1989) Major Cities, Provincial Cities (Law 1993) Inner City Tourism (Jansen-Verbeke 1985 & 1986) Hinterland Cities (Blank 1996) Industrial Towns (Barke and Harrop 1994)

And many more….

Conceptualising Urban Tourism

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Primary ElementsActivity Place Cultural facilities Sports facilities Amusement Facilities

Jansen-Verbeke (1986)

Leisure Setting Physical

characteristics Socio-Cultural

Features

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Secondary and Additional Elements

Secondary Elements Hotels and Catering Markets Shopping

Jansen-Verbeke (1986)

Additional Elements Accessibility Tourist Infrastructures

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The Resort City

Entertainment at a premium Popular culture Leisure pursuits (Post) modern Inauthentic?

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The Tourist-Historic City

Historicity Pre-Industrial Heritage Intellectual Stimulation Authentic?

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Cities of “High” Culture

Rare artefacts Place of learning Culture as high art No McDonalds

here!?

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The Post-Industrial City

New to the tourist market Industrial heritage Entertainment Image problems Making the most of what

you’ve got!

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The World City

Incorporating all of the previous types of tourist city

Political and administrative functions

Transport hub Image rich

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The Resort City – Las Vegas

City grew around the tourist Industry

Massive capacity Market adaptation The changing city

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The Tourist-Historic City - York

Preservation of heritage Style of new buildings

closely controlled Staged history/culture The city as spectacle

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The City of “High” Culture – Venice/Florence

Art Galleries / Architecture / Carnival

Classical Music / Opera Keep the popular out! Concerns over visitor

management

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The Post Industrial City - Glasgow

Suffering from manufacturing and industrial decline by late 1970s

Suffering from poor image and out migration.

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The Post Industrial City - Glasgow

Place marketing efforts Glasgow’s Miles Better (1983)

Development of Infrastructure Sandblasting (1980s) Museums, Festivals, Art (80s & 90s)

Prestigious Awards: Garden festival (1988) European City of Culture(1990) UK City of Architecture (1999)

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The World City - London Wealth of attractions Multi-functionality Appeals to many tourists

with different motivations

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Cities are often jigsaws Many cities contain components of each type Many cities try to diversify their resource by

including different attractions Cities are often modular in terms of containing

different aspects of the other types of cities for example we can see that Newcastle may be

dominated by the fact that it is a post industrial city, and has tried to re-interpret much of its heritage and architecture

It turns itself into a cultural city and nightlife city but it also has an aspect in common with York in terms of possessing some limited pre industrial buildings Castle Keep.

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Colliding Cities

Las Vegas – city of culture? York – themed shopping mall? Jorvik – theme park or museum? London / Newcastle – Las Vegas

on Thames / Tyne? Las Vegas – family fun in sin city?

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Buckley, P. J. & Witt, S. F. (1985). Tourism in Difficult Areas: Case Studies of Bradford, Bristol, Glasgow and Hamm. Tourism Management. September. pp 205-213.

Buckley, P. J. & Witt, S. F. (1989). Tourism in Difficult Areas II: Case Studies of Calderdale, Leeds, Manchester and Scunthorpe. Tourism Management. June. pp 139-152.

Burgers J. (1995). Public Space in the Post – Industrial City. In Jansen-Verbeke M, & van de Weil, E. in Ashworth G.J. & Dietvorst A.G.D. (Eds). Tourism and Spatial Transformations. CAB International:Wallingford.

Chatterton, P. & Hollands, R. (2001). Changing our ‘Toon’ – Youth, Nightlife and Urban Change in Newcastle. Newcastle: University of Newcastle upon Tyne.

Gomez, M, V. (1998). Reflective Images: The case of Urban Regeneration in Glasgow and Bilbao. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. Vol 22 (1). pp 106 – 22.

Hannigan, J. (1998). Fantasy City: Pleasure and Profit in the Postmodern Metropolis. Routledge: London. Harcup, T. (2000). Re-imaging a Post-Industrial City: The Leeds St. Valentine’s Fair as a Civic Spectacle. City. Vol 4

(2). pp 215-231. Jansen–Verbeke, M. (1986). Inner City Tourism: Resources, Tourists and Promoters. Annals of Tourism Research.

13 (1): 79 –100. Judd, D. R., & Fainstein S. S.(Eds). (1999). The Tourist City. Yale University Press: London. Mullins, P. (1991). Tourism Urbanization. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. Vol 15. No 3. Tyler et al.(1998). Managing Tourism in Cities. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Miles, M. (1995). Art and Urban Regeneration. Urban History. Vol. 22 (2). pp 238-251.

Further Reading on City Types

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