Session 3Session 3

Influence of Pavement Influence of Pavement Condition on Project Condition on Project

SelectionSelection

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

1.1. Define pavement Define pavement conditioncondition and and describe typical pavement survey describe typical pavement survey typestypes

2.2. Identify common HMA and PCC Identify common HMA and PCC distress types distress types

Upon completion of this module, you Upon completion of this module, you will be able to:will be able to:

Learning Objectives Learning Objectives (continued)(continued)

3.3. Describe the typical progression of Describe the typical progression of deterioration for HMA and PCC deterioration for HMA and PCC pavementspavements

4.4. Describe the effect of preventive Describe the effect of preventive maintenance on the typical maintenance on the typical progression of pavement progression of pavement deteriorationdeterioration

Learning Objectives Learning Objectives (continued)(continued)

5.5. Describe the importance of Describe the importance of pavement condition survey data in pavement condition survey data in developing preventive maintenance developing preventive maintenance guidelinesguidelines

Determining if a project is Determining if a project is a “good candidate” for PMa “good candidate” for PM No structural failuresNo structural failures

Minimal distress (extent and severity)Minimal distress (extent and severity)

Relatively young in ageRelatively young in age

Few historical problems with similar Few historical problems with similar projectsprojects

Estimate pavement condition Estimate pavement condition andand future performance!future performance!

What pavement characteristics What pavement characteristics indicate pavement indicate pavement conditioncondition??

VisibleVisible performance indicators performance indicators Functional indicatorsFunctional indicators Structural indicatorsStructural indicators

Non-VisibleNon-Visible defects defects Environmental effects on materialsEnvironmental effects on materials Load-related damageLoad-related damage

Estimating Future Estimating Future PerformancePerformancePavement Performance IndicatorsPavement Performance Indicators

Typical Pavement Performance Curve Pavement

Condition(Functional

orStructural)

Time (Years)

Preventive Preventive MaintenanceMaintenance

Good

Poor

How do you determine a How do you determine a pavement’s pavement’s true conditiontrue condition?? Conduct surveysConduct surveys

Type, amount, and severity of Type, amount, and severity of distress/deficienciesdistress/deficiencies

Identify Identify poorpoor PM candidates PM candidates

Additional information / historical Additional information / historical recordsrecords

Engineering judgmentEngineering judgment

What techniques are used to What techniques are used to assess pavement condition?assess pavement condition? Visual distress surveysVisual distress surveys

Roughness surveysRoughness surveys

Friction surveysFriction surveys

Drainage evaluationDrainage evaluation

Shoulder surveysShoulder surveys

Deflection testingDeflection testing

Interpreting Survey Interpreting Survey ResultsResults

Helps identify mechanisms causing Helps identify mechanisms causing distress (i.e., functional vs. structural)distress (i.e., functional vs. structural)

Determines when PM is Determines when PM is notnot an option an option

Speaks of urgencySpeaks of urgency

Identifies which treatments are Identifies which treatments are appropriate and which are notappropriate and which are not

Affects the type of treatment chosenAffects the type of treatment chosen

Additional Information NeedsAdditional Information NeedsDesign/Construction RecordsDesign/Construction Records

Design lifeDesign life StructureStructure MaterialsMaterials TrafficTraffic EnvironmentEnvironment Construction qualityConstruction quality Construction temperaturesConstruction temperatures

Additional Information NeedsAdditional Information Needs(continued)(continued)

Data from field/maintenance Data from field/maintenance personnelpersonnel Maintenance historyMaintenance history Performance of Performance of

similar designs/treatmentssimilar designs/treatments

Data from PMS or planningData from PMS or planning

Common Distress TypesCommon Distress Types

HMHMAA

PCCPCC

Typical HMA Pavement Typical HMA Pavement DistressesDistresses

Fatigue crackingFatigue cracking Block Block crackingcracking Edge Edge crackingcracking Longitudinal Longitudinal

crackingcracking Reflection Reflection crackingcracking PotholesPotholes RuttingRutting

Bleeding/flushing Bleeding/flushing Raveling/weatheringRaveling/weathering Lane-to-shoulder Lane-to-shoulder

drop-offdrop-off RoughnessRoughness Surface friction lossSurface friction loss Moisture damageMoisture damage StrippingStripping ShovingShoving

HMHMAA

Typical Rigid Pavement Typical Rigid Pavement DistressesDistresses

Blow-upsBlow-ups Transverse crackingTransverse cracking Longitudinal crackingLongitudinal cracking Corner breaksCorner breaks Durability crackingDurability cracking Transverse joint Transverse joint

faultingfaulting Joint spallingJoint spalling

Joint seal damageJoint seal damage Loss of fines Loss of fines

(pumping)(pumping) Friction lossFriction loss Map cracking and Map cracking and

scalingscaling RoughnessRoughness

PCCPCC

HMHMAA

Progression of Progression of Pavement DeteriorationPavement Deterioration

PCCPCC

HMA Pavement DeteriorationHMA Pavement DeteriorationCatalysts of DeteriorationCatalysts of Deterioration

TrafficTraffic

Environment / AgingEnvironment / Aging

Material problemsMaterial problems

Water infiltrationWater infiltration

HMHMAA

Primary HMA DeteriorationPrimary HMA DeteriorationInitial Mechanisms of DeteriorationInitial Mechanisms of Deterioration

Asphalt Asphalt HardeningHardening

Various Various ChangesChanges

Environment /Environment /AgingAging

Material /Material /MixMix

Load / Load / TrafficTraffic

Plastic Plastic DeformationDeformation

Surface wearSurface wearHMHMAA

Primary HMA DeteriorationPrimary HMA DeteriorationLoad-Related DistressesLoad-Related Distresses

LoadLoad

PlasticPlasticDeformationDeformation

RuttingRuttingRuttingRutting

HMHMAA

Fatigue CrackingFatigue CrackingFatigue CrackingFatigue Cracking

Primary HMA DeteriorationPrimary HMA DeteriorationTraffic-Related DistressesTraffic-Related Distresses

TrafficTraffic

Surface Surface WearWear

Friction LossFriction Loss

PolishingPolishingPolishingPolishing

HMHMAA

Primary HMA DeteriorationPrimary HMA DeteriorationEnvironment/Aging-Related DistressesEnvironment/Aging-Related Distresses

Environment/ AgingEnvironment/ Aging

Asphalt Asphalt HardeningHardening

Block CrackingBlock CrackingBlock CrackingBlock Cracking

Raveling/WeatheringRaveling/WeatheringRaveling/WeatheringRaveling/Weathering

HMHMAA

Primary HMA DeteriorationPrimary HMA DeteriorationMaterial/Mix-Related DistressesMaterial/Mix-Related Distresses

Material ProblemsMaterial Problems

Bleeding/FlushingBleeding/FlushingBleeding/FlushingBleeding/Flushing

Friction LossFriction LossHMHMAA

Secondary HMA DeteriorationSecondary HMA DeteriorationInfluence of Moisture InfiltrationInfluence of Moisture Infiltration

Cracks Cracks ++

MoistureMoistureInfiltrationInfiltration

Deteriorated CracksDeteriorated CracksDeteriorated CracksDeteriorated Cracks

Breakdown of Breakdown of Existing CracksExisting Cracks

HMHMAA

Secondary HMA DeteriorationSecondary HMA DeteriorationInfluence of Moisture InfiltrationInfluence of Moisture Infiltration

PotholesPotholesPotholesPotholesCracks Cracks ++

MoistureMoistureInfiltrationInfiltration

Subgrade Subgrade SofteningSoftening

Loss of Fines (Pumping)Loss of Fines (Pumping)Loss of Fines (Pumping)Loss of Fines (Pumping)

Lane-to-Shoulder Drop-offLane-to-Shoulder Drop-offLane-to-Shoulder Drop-offLane-to-Shoulder Drop-off

Edge CrackingEdge CrackingEdge CrackingEdge Cracking

HMHMAA

PCCPCC

PCC Pavement DeteriorationPCC Pavement DeteriorationCatalysts of DeteriorationCatalysts of Deterioration

Load/TrafficLoad/Traffic

Environment and material problemsEnvironment and material problems

Poor construction qualityPoor construction quality

Water infiltrationWater infiltration

Incompressibles in jointsIncompressibles in joints

PCC Pavement DeteriorationPCC Pavement DeteriorationInitial Mechanisms of DeteriorationInitial Mechanisms of Deterioration

Joint Joint ProblemsProblems

Joint and Joint and Surface Surface

ProblemsProblems

Slab FatigueSlab Fatigue Surface WearSurface Wear

PCCPCC

Environment /Environment /MaterialsMaterials

ConstructionConstructionQualityQuality

Load /Load /TrafficTraffic

PCC Pavement PCC Pavement DeteriorationDeterioration

Load-Related DistressesLoad-Related Distresses

LoadsLoads

Slab FatigueSlab Fatigue

Transverse CrackingTransverse CrackingTransverse CrackingTransverse Cracking

PCCPCC

PCC Pavement PCC Pavement DeteriorationDeterioration

Traffic-Related DistressesTraffic-Related Distresses

TrafficTraffic

Surface Surface WearWear

Friction LossFriction Loss

PolishingPolishingPolishingPolishing

PCCPCC

PCC Pavement DeteriorationPCC Pavement DeteriorationEnv./Material-Related DistressesEnv./Material-Related Distresses

Environment/ MaterialsEnvironment/ Materials

Joint Joint ProblemsProblems

Durability (“D”) CrackingDurability (“D”) CrackingDurability (“D”) CrackingDurability (“D”) Cracking

PCCPCC

Joint Seal DamageJoint Seal DamageJoint Seal DamageJoint Seal Damage

PCC Pavement DeteriorationPCC Pavement DeteriorationConstruction-Related DistressesConstruction-Related Distresses

Poor Construction QualityPoor Construction Quality

Joint and Joint and Surface Surface

ProblemsProblems

Longitudinal CrackingLongitudinal CrackingLongitudinal CrackingLongitudinal Cracking

Map CrackingMap CrackingMap CrackingMap Cracking

ScalingScalingScalingScaling

PCCPCC

PCC Pavement DeteriorationPCC Pavement DeteriorationInfluence of Moisture InfiltrationInfluence of Moisture Infiltration

Cracks Cracks ++

MoistureMoistureInfiltrationInfiltration

Breakdown of Breakdown of Existing CracksExisting Cracks

PCCPCC

Deteriorated CracksDeteriorated CracksDeteriorated CracksDeteriorated Cracks

PCC Pavement PCC Pavement DeteriorationDeterioration

Influence of Moisture InfiltrationInfluence of Moisture Infiltration

Cracks/Joints Cracks/Joints ++

MoistureMoistureInfiltrationInfiltration

Subgrade Subgrade SofteningSoftening

Loss of Fines (Pumping)Loss of Fines (Pumping)Loss of Fines (Pumping)Loss of Fines (Pumping)

Corner BreaksCorner BreaksCorner BreaksCorner Breaks

Transverse Joint FaultingTransverse Joint FaultingTransverse Joint FaultingTransverse Joint Faulting

PCCPCC

PCC Pavement PCC Pavement DeteriorationDeterioration

Influence of IncompressiblesInfluence of Incompressibles

Cracks/Joints Cracks/Joints ++

Incompressible Incompressible MaterialMaterial

Joint SpallingJoint SpallingJoint SpallingJoint Spalling

Blow-UpsBlow-UpsBlow-UpsBlow-Ups

PCCPCC

Impact of Preventive Impact of Preventive Maintenance on Maintenance on Pavement Deterioration Pavement Deterioration ProgressionProgression

How can the application How can the application of preventive of preventive maintenance maintenance treatments influence treatments influence the typical pavement the typical pavement deterioration deterioration progression?progression?

What are the overall What are the overall objectives of effective objectives of effective

preventive maintenance?preventive maintenance?1.1. Preserve investmentPreserve investment

(Structural considerations)

2. Maintain high level of service (LOS)(Functional considerations)

Other objectives?

How is PM used to How is PM used to preserve the investment?preserve the investment?

1.1. Keep water out!Keep water out! Reduce infiltrationReduce infiltration Maintain drainageMaintain drainage

2. Reduce debris infiltration into joints or cracks

3. Slow aging effects of bituminous pavements

4. Minimize dynamic loads

How is PM used to How is PM used to maintain an acceptable maintain an acceptable LOS for the pavement LOS for the pavement

surface?surface?

1.1. Maintain good rideabilityMaintain good rideability

2.2. Maintain good surface frictionMaintain good surface friction

3.3. Minimize additional dangerous Minimize additional dangerous surface characteristicssurface characteristics

Edge drop-offEdge drop-off Rutting (hydroplaning)Rutting (hydroplaning)

Specific Results of Preventive Specific Results of Preventive Maintenance Treatment Maintenance Treatment

ApplicationsApplications

Prevent or slowPrevent or slow some distresses some distresses from occurringfrom occurring

CorrectCorrect some (mostly minor) surface some (mostly minor) surface deteriorationdeterioration

Pavement Problems Pavement Problems Prevented Prevented or Slowedor Slowed with PM Treatments with PM Treatments

HMA ProblemsHMA Problems PCC ProblemsPCC Problems Loss of fines Loss of fines

(pumping)(pumping) Crack deteriorationCrack deterioration Block crackingBlock cracking Edge crackingEdge cracking PotholesPotholes Weathering/ravelingWeathering/raveling RoughnessRoughness

Loss of fines Loss of fines (pumping)(pumping)

Crack deteriorationCrack deterioration Corner breaksCorner breaks Blow-upsBlow-ups Joint spallingJoint spalling Joint faultingJoint faulting RoughnessRoughness

Common Pavement Problems Common Pavement Problems CorrectedCorrected with PM Treatments with PM Treatments

HMA ProblemsHMA Problems PCC ProblemsPCC Problems Non subgrade Non subgrade

softening ruttingsoftening rutting RavelingRaveling Bleeding/flushingBleeding/flushing Surface friction lossSurface friction loss RoughnessRoughness

Joint seal damageJoint seal damage Map cracking and Map cracking and

scalingscaling Surface friction lossSurface friction loss RoughnessRoughness

Importance of Distress Importance of Distress when Selecting PM when Selecting PM Candidates and Candidates and Appropriate PM Appropriate PM TreatmentsTreatments

Significance of DistressSignificance of Distress Feasibility of PM treatmentsFeasibility of PM treatments

Selecting “good candidates” for PMSelecting “good candidates” for PM

Selecting appropriate PM treatmentsSelecting appropriate PM treatments

What you don’t see may be as What you don’t see may be as important as what you do see!important as what you do see!

PavementCondition

(Functionalor

Structural)

Time (Years)

Preventive Preventive MaintenanceMaintenance

DeferAction

Reconstruction

Good

Poor

When should preventive When should preventive maintenance be applied?maintenance be applied?

Rehabilitation

PavementCondition

(Functionalor

Structural)

Time (Years)

Preventive Maintenance

Good

Poor

When should preventive When should preventive maintenance be applied?maintenance be applied?

When is it too late for When is it too late for preventive maintenance?preventive maintenance?

HMA ProblemsHMA Problems PCC ProblemsPCC Problems PotholesPotholes Severely Severely

deteriorated cracksdeteriorated cracks DelaminationDelamination Unstable ruttingUnstable rutting Others?Others?

Blow-upsBlow-ups Corner breaksCorner breaks Severely Severely

deteriorated cracksdeteriorated cracks Others?Others?

Maximum Allowable Distresses Maximum Allowable Distresses HMA PavementsHMA Pavements

Fatigue Cracking

Linear & Block Cracking

“Stable” Rutting

Raveling

Flushing/Bleeding

Roughness

Friction Loss

Moisture Damage

Shoving

Extent of ProblemMinor MajorDistress Type

Maximum Allowable Distresses Maximum Allowable Distresses PCC PavementsPCC Pavements

Linear Cracking

Corner Breaks

Trans. Joint Faulting

Joint Spalling

D-Cracking

Pumping

Roughness

Friction Loss

Surface Distress

Distress TypeExtent of Problem

Minor Major

Review of Learning Review of Learning ObjectivesObjectives

1.1. Define pavement Define pavement conditioncondition and and describe typical pavement survey describe typical pavement survey typestypes

2.2. Identify common HMA and PCC Identify common HMA and PCC distress typesdistress types

Review of Learning Review of Learning Objectives (continued)Objectives (continued)

3.3. Describe the typical progression of Describe the typical progression of deterioration for HMA and PCC deterioration for HMA and PCC pavementspavements

4.4. Describe the effect of preventive Describe the effect of preventive maintenance on the typical maintenance on the typical progression of pavement progression of pavement deteriorationdeterioration

Review of Learning Review of Learning Objectives (continued)Objectives (continued)

5.5. Describe the importance of Describe the importance of pavement condition survey data in pavement condition survey data in developing preventive maintenance developing preventive maintenance guidelinesguidelines