session iii: precursors for the next wave in communications
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SESSION III: PRECURSORS FOR THE NEXT WAVE IN COMMUNICATIONS. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
SESSION III:PRECURSORS FOR THE NEXT WAVE IN
COMMUNICATIONS
Session III Precursors for the Next Wave in Communications
Symposium Keynote: Raouf Y. Halim, Convergence Trends in Communications: Implications for CPCC and Southern California
Ender Ayanoglu, Next Generation Wireless Local Area Networks: How to Achieve 15 dB Improvement Over Today's Standards Proposals
Ahmed Eltawil, Wireless Broadband Systems: From Theory to Silicon
Payam Heydari, Novel Ultra-Broadband Communications Circuits
Syed A. Jafar, Generalized MIMO: Promises and Limitations
Hamid Jafarkhani, Recent Advances in Space-Time Coding and Beamforming
Raouf HalimCEO, Mindspeed Technologies
Convergence Trends in Communications:Implications for CPCC and Southern California
4 Mindspeed Technologies, Inc.
Corporate Highlights
•Public since 06/2003
•Fabless communication semiconductor provider
•Grew revenues 46% to $119 million in fiscal 2004
•>550 Employees Worldwide, >400 Engineers
•Headquartered in Newport Beach, California
•Leading positions in high-growth enterprise and carrier infrastructure markets
•A broad product portfolio designed into top-tier customers worldwide
•Strategic suppliers: TSMC, Jazz, Amkor, ASE
NASDAQ: MSPD
5 Mindspeed Technologies, Inc.
Serving Top-Tier Customers Worldwide
6 Mindspeed Technologies, Inc.
Our Strategic Focus
Enterprise (Private) Networks
Mindspeed Product PortfolioMindspeed Product Portfolio
PSTNPSTNNetworksNetworks
WirelessWirelessNetworksNetworks
Packet Packet NetworksNetworks
Small/Branch OfficeEnvironments
EnterpriseEnvironments
Access/Metro (Public) Networks
Delivering highly optimized, software-rich solutions
Leader in VoIP, FTTx, SONET, . . .
7 Mindspeed Technologies, Inc.
Consumer Convergence Is Real !
Cell phone
Calculator
PDA
Walkman
Portable TV
Quad Play
Game console
VoIP, IP Video, Data, and Mobile = Quad Play
8 Mindspeed Technologies, Inc.
Mixed physical media = Cable, HFC, FTTx, Twisted Pair, and Wireless
VoIP is the single greatest enabler to the communication
convergence phenomenon
End Customer Quad-Play Service Providers(Voice, IP video, Data & Mobile)
Transport
Residential
RBOC
Wireless
IP Core
Carrier Convergence: The Advent of VoIP/Quad Play
MSO
SOHO
Enterprise
Mobile
VoIP is the single greatest enabler to the communication
convergence phenomenonMixed physical media = Cable, HFC,
xPON, FTTx, Twisted Pair, and Wireless
9 Mindspeed Technologies, Inc.
End Customer Quad-Play Service Providers(Voice, IP video, Data & Mobile)
Residential
RBOC
Wireless
Enterprise Convergence: The Advent of VoIP/Quad Play
MSO
SOHO
Enterprise
Mobile
TDM / LAN / WLAN Convergence
10 Mindspeed Technologies, Inc.
End Customer Quad-Play Service Providers(Voice, IP video, Data & Mobile)
Residential
RBOC
Wireless
. . . Creating A Plethora of New Opportunities
MSO
SOHO
Enterprise
Mobile
Voice Gateway
IADs
Converged Switch / PBX
MultilMode
Handsets
IP Phones
SoftIP
Phones
IP Phones
VoDSL
DSL Home
Gateway
C5 Switch / Acces Gateway
POTs Card / Acces Gateway
BSC & Media GW
SOHO/ROBO Gateway
IP TV
Soft IP Phone
Packet Cable
Dual cellular/wifi phone
A new generation of converged SD/HD video systems, wireless/wireline equipment, and consumer devices
Trunking Gateway
Trunking Gateway
11 Mindspeed Technologies, Inc.
Implications for Semiconductor Platforms
The Rise of Multi-Core Computing
1 2 3
4 5 6
TDMUTOPIAEthernet
MII/GMII/RGMIIPCIDDRUSB
Flexible Interfaces:6x VLIW / 64bit DSP2x 32bit RISC CPU
EMACMulti Mb SRAM
UARTUSB Host
IPSEC
Embedded Cores:
1
2
3rd generation Mindspeed VoIP SOC - over 300M transistors in 90nm
12 Mindspeed Technologies, Inc.
Challenges for 90 nm SOCs
• Economics– Escalating mask costs: >$500K for 0.15 m; >$750K for 0.13 m; and > $1M for 0.09 m
– Longer development time: 9-18 months from feasibility to first sample
– Increasing total development cost: ~$10M -> $20M
• Design– Power delivery: 2 amps to the core at less that 25 mV drop!
– Yield, leakage, redundancy, and Soft Error Rate
– 1.0V and below pose major analog design and power delivery challenges
• Packaging– Signal integrity aware routing reaching practical limits
– Almost 3 orders of magnitude difference in minimum spacing on the die and the substrate of the package
– Finer pitch peripheral pad arrangement increasing wire bond inductance and resistance
13 Mindspeed Technologies, Inc.
Block Diagram for VoIP / Data Routing SoC Software Stack
Over 2 million lines of code
MSP Supplied Software CSP Supplied Software CSP Customer Software
PC
I D
river
Virtual Ethernet driver (control, data)
Host Kernel (Linux) including packet filtering, crypto API
T.38FOIP
V.27, V.29, V.17
Networking and Routing Stacks (IP,TCP,UDP, PPP, HTTP,ICMP,IPSec etc)
Shared Memory Interface driver
Open Source Router Code (e.g.Linksys)
RTP/RTCP or CPS
Enet Driver WAN ATM
Driver(WAN Utopia)
Du
al P
ort
Seri
al D
river
US
B D
river
Hard
ware
Cry
pto
Mod
ule
s
TDM Driver
Voice Packet classifier & switching/bridging
MPoA
G.168 Echo Cancel
G.711,729a/b/eG.726,723a
MPoFR
AAL5 FRF.12
SP
I D
river
Enet Driver
LAN
Caller
ID G
en
& D
et
DTM
F
Gen
& D
et
TDMSignaling
POTSSignaling
Packet Signaling(eg SIP, H.323)
Comcerto Device Driver
Comcerto Channel Module
PBXSwitching
Asterisk Open Source PBX
HDLC Driver (WAN HSSI)
Eth, PPP Framing, IP, UDP Framing
14 Mindspeed Technologies, Inc.
Implications for Southern California & CPCC
• Unique with rich communications expertise
– Built primarily from defense legacy
• Unique with deep semiconductor and software expertise
• Unique with five world leading universities (e.g. UCI, Caltech, UCLA, UCSD, and USC)
• However, we need :
- Tighter coupling between universities and industry- An ecosystem for entrepreneurial culture
Convergence Brings a Plethora of Exciting New Opportunities to SoCAL & CPCC
CPCC: Center for Pervasive Communications and Computing
www.cpcc.uci.edu
Ender Ayanoglu, Next Generation Wireless Local Area Networks: How to Achieve 15 dB Improvement Over Today's Standards Proposals
Ahmed Eltawil, Wireless Broadband Systems: From Theory to Silicon
Payam Heydari, Novel Ultra-Broadband Communications Circuits
Syed A. Jafar, Generalized MIMO: Promises and Limitations
Hamid Jafarkhani, Recent Advances in Space-Time Coding and Beamforming
Next Generation Wireless Local Area Networks: How to Achieve 15 dB Improvement Over Today's
Standards Proposals
Ender Ayanoglu
UC IrvineThe Henry Samueli School of Engineering
Research Symposium 2005May 23, 2005
25 30 35 40 4510
-7
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
Original High Complexity DecodingModified low complexity bit metrics using CSI FactorLow complexity bit metrics without CSI factor
BICM-OFDM• BICM-OFDM can achieve the full
frequency diversity order of L over L-tap frequency selective channels
• It has a simple Viterbi decoder with modified metrics
• If an equalizer is used, then the channel state information should be included at the bit metric level
• Modified bit metrics are given as2 2min | | | |
: Channel gain
: Equalized signal
: Constellation point
xy x
y
x
> 18 dB
20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 3610
-8
10-7
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
2 bits/sec/Hz per tone 2 Transmit 2 Receive Antennas over IEEE Channel Model D
SNR in dB
Bit
Err
or R
ate
4-state QPSK STTC4-state 1/2 rate 16 QAM BICM-STBC-OFDM64-state 1/2 rate 16 QAM BICM-STBC-OFDM
BICM-STBC-OFDM
• Multiple antennas can be added at the transmitter and receiver using Space Time Block Codes to BICM-OFDM
• BICM-STBC-OFDM with N transmit and M receive antennas achieves the maximum diversity order of NML in space and frequency over L-tap frequency selective channels
6 dB
8.5 dB
Single Beamforming• The channel is known at the
transmitter• Only one symbol is transmitted at a
time over all the transmit antennas• Single Beamforming achieves the
full spatial diversity of NM over flat fading channels when N transmit and M receive antennas are used
• When used with BICM-OFDM, BBO (BICM-Beamforming-OFDM) achieves the full spatial and frequency diversity order of NML over L-tap frequency selective channels
• Beamforming provides coding gain compared to STBC based systems
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 2810
-7
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
BBO vs BICM-STBC-OFDM over 50 ns channel
SNR in dB
Bit
Err
or R
ate
STCB 16 QAMBBO 4x4 QPSKBICM-STBC-OFDM 2x2BICM-STBC-OFDM 4x4 1/2 rate STBC 16 QAM
6.5 dB
BICM-Multiple Beamforming(BICM-MB)• More than one symbol is
transmitted over N transmit antennas
• The diversity order of uncoded multiple beamforming decreases with increasing number of symbols transmitted. The diversity order of N transmit M receive antennas multiple beamforming system is (N-S+1)(M-S+1) when S symbols are transmitted
• BICM-MB achieves full spatial diversity order of NM while achieving full spatial multiplexing of S=min(N,M). We designed an interleaver/code design criterion which satisfies full spatial diversity while maintaning full spatial multiplexing
10 15 20 25 30 35 4010
-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
BICM-MB vs Zero Forcing with BICM over a flat fading channel
SNR in dB
Bit
Err
or R
ate
ZF w BICM 2x2BICM-MB w 11a int 2x2ZF w BICM 2x3BICM-MB w 11a int 2x3BICM-MB w new Int 2x2BICM-MB w new Int 2x3BICM-MB w new Int 3x3-2subs
> 20 dB18 dB
14 dB
BICM-MB-OFDM• If the channel is
frequency selective, then OFDM is used to combat ISI
• BICM-MB-OFDM can achieve full spatial and frequency diversity of NML while maintaining full spatial multiplexing of S=min(N,M), by using an appropriate convolutional code.
20 25 30 35 40 4510
-8
10-7
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
BICM-MB OFDM vs ZF with BICM-OFDM using new Interleaver Design, 16 QAM 1/2 rate, IEEE Channel Model D
SNR in dB
Bit
Err
or R
ate
BICM-MB-OFDM 2x2BICM-MB-OFDM 2x3BICM-MB-OFDM 3x3 2 streamsZF w BICM-OFDM 2x2ZF w BICM-OFDM 2x3
15 dB9.5 dB
California: Prosperity Through Technology Symposium
May 2005
Ahmed M. Eltawil
State of the Wireless Industry
MobileInternetsubscribers
Subscriptions worldwide (millions)
Mobilesubscribers
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
1995 2000 2005 2010
Mobile
Fixed
Mobile Internet
Fixed Internet• In 2004 mobile
subscribers exceeded fixed subscribers
• Can we do even better ?
• If so, why isn’t the potential fully realized yet ?
Sources: Wireless-world-research organization
State of the Wireless Industry
• 3G Services are an example of a technology that “slipped” by more than two years !!
• There are numerous reasons for this delay.
• A prominent reason is the gap between expected theoretical performance and practical issues.
Sources: Siemens Organization
SourceCoding
Channel Coding
Mod. RF
Wireless Channel
SourceDecoding
ChannelDecoding
Demod. RFADC
DAC
Communication System Design Develop, understand and evaluate comm. algorithms Accurately model transceiver impairments Tradeoffs between performance and constraints
CommunicationSystemDesign
SoC Architectures Identify VLSI architecture Identify memory hierarchy Study Hw/Sw Partitioning
SoCArchitecture
Circuit Architectures Map functionality to optimal circuit topology For example, DDFS, Cordic’s etc. Study performance vs. power vs. area
Circuit Architecture
Device Level? Study feasibility of dynamic power control Voltage and frequency scaling Effects of leakage (e.g. Multi-Vth )
Device Level
Experimental Approach to Wireless Communications
Prototype Testbeds
Diversity Gains for WCDMA• Intention:
– Study the impact of space diversity on WCDMA mobile terminals.
• Issues:– Robustness of
communication algorithms under stress conditions.
– Tradeoff between time and space diversity.
– Power consumption (2 RX chains)
Measured Gains• Speed: 3 Km/h• Ior/Ioc=9 dB
• 384 Kbps DCH• Flat Fading
• Speed: 120 Km/h• Ior/Ioc=9 dB
• 384 Kbps DCH• 3 Multipath
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
-20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4
BL
ER
DPCH_Ec/Ior (dB)
1 Rx2 Rx
10 dB
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
-13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
-13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6
BL
ER
DPCH_EC/Ior (dB)
1 Rx2 Rx
2..5 dB
Current and Future Projects• Opportunistic communication
– Spectrum is highly congested within shared bands and there is a need to study radios that can optimally utilize the available spectrum.
• Co-operative radios within Ad-hoc networks– Within an ad-hoc network, different radios experience different fading
conditions to a base station.
– In a co-operative scheme a multi-hop network can be utilized to improve aggregate throughput.
• Wideband channel modeling and emulation– Increasingly important in advanced wireless standards especially those that
depend on MIMO.
• Yield issues ?– Wireless integrated circuits are becoming dominated with memory,
specially in standards that utilize OFDM.
– Yield issues should be revisited in an effort to improve “effective” yield based on knowledge of desired application, namely wireless.
Novel Ultra-Broadband Communications Circuits
Payam HeydariBroadband IC Lab
UC Irvine EECS/CPCC/Cal-(IT)2
5/23/2005UCI Research Symposium
Challenges in Ultra-Broadband IC Design
• Circuit level: Design of silicon-based RF circuits with
BW >500MHz: challenging The conventional design techniques (e.g.,
matching for the optimum power gain and NF) must be revisited
• Transistor/device level: Parasitics not negligible Lumped models not verified at multi-GHz
frequencies Highly layout dependent Greater accuracy required Passive elements’ losses not negligible Scalable models desired Technology scaling: stacking not possible
Digital AnalogA/D
D/A
p- Epitaxial Layer
p+ Substrate
Non-Uniform Downsized Distributed Amplifiers(2005 IEEE ISSCC)
Ld = Lg = 363pH; Rd = Rg = 50; K = 1.5K=down sizing factor; N = number of stages = 3; VDD=1.8V
; W/L = 180m/0.2m
…
…
…
…
…Vout
Rg
VBIAS
Ld /2KN
CD/KN CD/KN
Ld /2KN
VDD
Vin
Ld /2
Rd
Cc
ISS
(W/L)
CDCD
Ld /2
ISS /K
(W/L)/K
K
Ld 1.
2
Lg /2 Lg /2 K
Lg 1.
2
Measurement Results
Drain-Line InductorsGate-Line Inductors
The die photoArea: 1.025x1.29 mm2
VCLK+
Vin1
VBIAS1
VDD
XY
RD RD
M1 M2
M5
Vout1
VCLK-
M6
M9
VREF
M7 M8
VBIAS1
M10
M3 M4
VBIAS2
M11
Vin2Vout2
Latch 1
Latch 2
A Novel FF-Based Frequency Divider(2004 Transactions on VLSI )
A novel FF-based FD fabricated in a 0.18m CMOS process for a targeting frequency of 40GHz
The latch and the tracking circuits employ two distinct tail currents Makes it possible for simultaneous optimization of delay and gain
Measurement Results
Input signal at 40GHz and output signal at 20GHz
The die photoArea: 650X715m2
Measured input sensitivity vs. frequency
A UWB Mixer Circuit(2005 Trans. VLSI 2005 RFIC Symp.)
ZLO
VRF ZRF
LRF /2
ZLO
LLOLLO /2
VBIAS, LO
ZIF
+
LIF
LIF /2 LIF
LRF
LLO /2 LLO
VBIAS, RF
Cc
Cc
Cc
VBIAS,LO
LIF /2 LIF /2
LIF /2
LLO /2
LRF /2
VDD
LLO /2
VLO
VLO+
M11
M12
M13
M21
M22
M23
Provides a wideband matching for up to 8.72GHz A two-stage distributed mixer was fabricated in a 0.18μm CMOS Experiments showed a conversion gain of more than 2.5dB The DC power consumption was 10.4mW
Measurement Results
Measured two-tone test of the mixer at RF=5.016GHz and LO=4.488GHz
The die photo
Measured s11
Generalized MIMO: Promises and Limitations
Syed A. Jafar
UC IrvineThe Henry Samueli School of Engineering
Research Symposium 2005May 23, 2005
Research Interests
• Generalized MIMO• Next Generation Technologies• High Mobility Communications• Multi-user Capacity Analysis• Optimality of Simple Transceivers• Low complexity algorithms for optimal
resource allocation.
? ?
Generalized MIMO
• Throughput grows as min(M,N)
M N
M N
M N
M N
M N
Channel Uncertainty, Cooperation and
Usable Degrees of Freedom
– Multiple users, multiple antennas provide additional degrees of freedom.– If these degrees of freedom are usable, tremendous throughput gains
are possible.– The additional degrees of freedom depend on the channel uncertainty at
the transmitter and receiver and the ability to jointly process signals.– With increasing channel uncertainty and without cooperation, the
throughput gains quickly disappear.– Perfect channel estimation, feedback and perfect cooperation are
unrealistic, especially in increasingly mobile scenarios.– The success of future wireless systems requires:
• Shaping the channel uncertainty.• operating at the best point on channel uncertainty-throughput curve.• near-optimal, joint adaptation, resource allocation and scheduling.
Next Gen. Tech. (CDMA, OFDM)
(0,0) (1,0)
(0,1)(1,1)
h1
h2
• Users vary their rates by choosing the spreading factor, number of codes, modulation scheme etc.• Optimal adaptation to maximize throughput ?
• Power loading used to maximize throughput.
• Power loading used to control PAPR.
• Optimal throughput subject to PAPR constraints.
High Mobility Communications
• Rapidly varying channel• Mobility and channel knowledge• Low processing complexity• Comparative analysis of
– Coherent schemes– Non-coherent schemes– Partially coherent schemes
• Impact on cooperative schemes• Optimal transceiver design
Presenter: Li LiuAdvisor: Hamid Jafarkhani
UC IrvineThe Henry Samueli School of Engineering
Research SymposiumMay 23, 2005
Recent Advances inSpace-Time Coding and
Beamforming
Research Focus
• High efficiency coding & modulation schemes for wireless communications.• New algorithms for MIMO systems.• Solutions for both open loop and close loop system.• Simple/low-cost implementation. • Strategy: Space-Time Coding
Open Loop Wireless System
Space-Time Encoder
Space-Time Decoder
Coherent S-T Coding: High cost + High performance
Differential S-T Coding: Simple + lower performance
Differential space-time trellis codes based on extended super-orthogonal codes.
Differential space-time trellis codes based on super-pseudo-orthogonal codes.
Features of the Novel Differential Space-Time Trellis Codes
Two classes of S-T trellis codes with high rate and full diversity.
Superior performance, 1dB gain over previous STTCs.
Simple decoding.
Outperform the differential SOSTTCs as well as TC-DUSTM.
Overall, the state of art on differential space-time modulation.
Closed Loop MIMO System
Beamforming Algorithm
Channel Estimation
ML Decoder
Feedback Channel
Space-Time
Modulator
Superior performance + High complexity.
Traditional Beamforming: Requires accurate channel info.
STC + Beamforming: Robust with partial channel info.
Novel Space-Time Trellis Codes Using Channel Phase Feedback
• Flexible design strategy for any constellation, any rate, and any number of feedback bits.
• Simple feedback, no need for full search on VQ codebook• Simple ML decoding.• Low PAPR.• Good performance, 1.5 dB performance gain over existing
schemes.
The state of art on close loop space-time modulations.