session title: demystifying efficiency in the data center utilizing airflow as a system
DESCRIPTION
Session Title: Demystifying Efficiency in the Data Center Utilizing Airflow as a System Presented By: Jon deRidder Enabled Energy. Learning Objectives:. Identify how to improve your Power Usage Effectiveness immediately - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Session Title:Demystifying Efficiency in the Data Center
Utilizing Airflow as a System
Presented By:Jon deRidder
Enabled Energy
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Learning Objectives:
• Identify how to improve your Power Usage Effectiveness immediately
• Design an efficient airflow system in a data center and apply to your own facilities
• Measure and verify the savings achieved in efficient data centers
• Identify ASHRAE TC 9.9 and its effect on the ecosystem of the data center
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BackgroundDefining the terms:• Data center
– The room (regardless of size, age, how anyone “feels” about it, the budget that you have [or had] to build or maintain it, or how reliable it is / is not) that houses your computing equipment.
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BackgroundDefining the terms:• Data center• Computing equipment
– Server, network, or storage devices that compute, transport, and store information (data).
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BackgroundDefining the terms:• Data center• Computing equipment• PUE
– Power Usage Effectiveness. Taking the total facility power (feeding your data center) and dividing by your IT load (UPS load will get you close) will give you your PUE. This PUE number will be greater than 1 (hopefully less than 3) and provides a “uniform” way of calculating how much power is going to your IT load vs. how much power you are consuming to accomplish your compute (the “tax”). A PUE of 2 is typical in a “legacy center”, while a PUE of 1.5 is “typical” for a new data center build (many are now becoming very aggressive i.e. 1.1 and 1.2).
Courtesy of a very sad data center experience
Air Movement16%
Electricity Trans-former/ UPS
13%
Lighting, etc.4%
Cooling33%
IT Equipment33%
PUE = 3.0
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BackgroundDefining the terms:• Data center• Computing equipment• PUE• A tax
– Something you pay because you are forced to or because you are not aware of it.
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BackgroundDefining the terms:• Data center• Computing equipment• PUE• A tax• ASHRAE TC 9.9
– The American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers Technical Committee 9.9 brought together many hardware manufacturers, locked them in a room, and came up with the latest “Thermal Guidelines for Data Centers”. This is a GUIDELINE NOT A STANDARD.
– Your equipment warrantee is provided by your equipment manufacturer and ultimately this is who gets to decide if you are or are not “compliant” with housing the equipment in a “proper environment”. Examples: power quality; temperature and humidity controls; particulate type; and size.
– In the end data wins…he or she with the most information is likely going to be the person who controls how, when, who, where, and why.
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BackgroundDefining the terms:• Data center• Computing equipment• PUE• A tax• ASHRAE TC 9.9• Reliability
– The resulting investment of many painstaking strategy sessions (brain cells) coupled with lots of redundant components (which translates to big dollars) allowing for the concurrent maintainability of your entire infrastructure (planned maintenance to avoid system downtime).
– Hope is not a strategy!
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BackgroundDefining the terms:• Data center• Computing equipment• PUE• A tax• ASHRAE TC 9.9• Reliability• Efficiency
– An aggressive pursuit (and an exhausting effort after achieving the appropriate levels of redundancy) to achieve maximum throughput with minimal restriction and waste.
– This starts with doing the best you can with what you have, but working intently and diligently to make it better.– Please note that reliability is and must be first.– Walnuts can be opened with steamrollers, but they don’t need to be and the result isn’t pretty.
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BackgroundDefining the terms:• Data center• Computing equipment• PUE• A tax• ASHRAE TC 9.9• Reliability• Efficiency• Problem
– Opportunity
Self Actualization
Esteem
Social
Safety
Physiological
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BackgroundDefining the terms:• Data center• Computing equipment• PUE• A tax• ASHRAE TC 9.9• Reliability• Efficiency• Problem
– Opportunity
Optimization
Efficiency
Reliability
Strategy
Communication
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Airflow - A Systems Approach
Cause: Meaningful metrics are needed for the data center.Effect: PUE and CUE are now metrics the industry is accepting as “standard” and yet
these are not universally understood or defined.
Cause: Delivery systems were developed around outdated guidelines.Effect: Dramatic overcooling of IT equipment!
ASHRAE TC 9.9 published new thermal guideline for data centers(~78.6˚F at the intake of compute equipment).
Cause: Airflow delivery systems are generally unbalanced and full of air-mixing opportunities.
Effect: Typical delivery systems have >50% “bypass” airflow.
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Airflow - A Systems ApproachIt all starts with
Organization Distribution
It falls apart with Poor communication Bad strategy
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DiscoverYour PUE• Calculate how much you are spending now on the system and each part that creates the
total.
Your CRAC/CRAH efficiency• Start with the intake temperature of your server, network & storage equipment.• Then calculate the efficiency of your CRAC/CRAH units
– (CFM * delta temperature) * .9 = BTUs of accomplished cooling.
The path for your airflow• Supply path
– Supply panels– Aisle layout (hot/cold)– Opportunity for recirculation
• Return path– What is the path of least resistance?
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Most Valuable Investment (MVI)
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Source: UpSite
Bypass Airflow
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Most Valuable Investment (MVI)
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Backward-curved blades use blades that curve against the direction of the fan wheel's rotation. The blades are single thickness with 9 to 16 blades inclined away from the direction of rotation. Air leaves the impeller at a velocity less than its tip speed. Relatively deep blades provide efficient expansion with the blade passages. The backward curvature mimics that of an airfoil cross section and provides good operating efficiency with relatively economical construction techniques. Backward-curved fans are much more energy efficient than forward curved fans. The EC Fan design moves the air in more of a straight line.
Forward-curved blades use blades that curve in the direction of the fan wheel's rotation. It has 24 to 64 shallow blades with both the heel and tip curved forward. Air leaves the impeller at velocities greater than the impeller tip speed. Tip speed and primary energy transferred to the air is the result of high impeller velocities and operating most efficiently at lowest speed.
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Forward Curved Fan EC Fan
17”
Reduced AIR
FLOWAREAS
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Most Valuable Investment (MVI)
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Under-Floor Baffle
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Most Valuable Investment (MVI)
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Proportional Distribution Tiles
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Sealing Cable Cutouts
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Most Valuable Investment (MVI)
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Blanking Openings in Cabinets
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Most Valuable Investment (MVI)
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Containment
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Most Valuable Investment (MVI)
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Ducting CRACs to Drop-Ceiling Air Space
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Most Valuable Investment (MVI)
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Optimized
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Thank You!
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7X24 Fall Meeting Airflow secrets revealed
Tom WeissPresident C2
October 23, 2012
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Presentation goals
Provide baseline for analyzing effective airflow cooling in a data center
Provide financial measurements for airflow efficiency
Share common problems and their source Provide information on effective CFD Answer questions regarding airflow
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Let’s start with the science
Air cooling is a method of dissipating Heat!
It works by making the object to be cooled have a larger surface area or an increased flow of air over its surface; or
both!
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Problems with some raised floor cooling!
Advice from Eaton
“As much as 30 to 60 percent of the data center utility bill goes to support cooling systems. If that figure seems too high, it is.”
“Poor airflow management reduces both the efficiency and capacity of computer room cooling equipment.”
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An easy fix?
…. “optimize the existing cooling system through mechanical and room layout changes, using relatively inexpensive devices to redirect and concentrate available airflow”.
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What can we fix? Cold Aisle / Hot Aisle Containment Curtains, blanking panels Close the holes in the floor
We still haven’t determined what happens to the air once it leaves the floor.
So how does the cold aisle really work?
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CFM vs.Usable CFM
Traditional Measurements CFM – Cubic Feet Per Minute Static Pressure and open space
Performance questions How much air are we wasting? How does the air flow out of the tile?Do we need more air or do we need to be more
efficient with the air we have?
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How should it work?
The three components of cold aisle airflow efficiency:
Cool the upper servers Flow to the serversCome out of every section of the tile
No back flow into the floor!
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Stratification heat!
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Industry white paper
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Tile mixing!
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Air is like water!
Bypass the servers Entrainment Pollute the return air Room mixing
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Stratification
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Short cycle / Jet stream
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950 CFM - Venturi
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Wasted air = wasted energy + hot spots
“Only 28% of the air, in a traditional raised floor system, cools the servers (72% does not cool)”
“2.6 times more cooling than is necessary and yet we still have hot spots”
Lower set points More CRAC units Higher energy costData from Uptime Institute Dr. Bob F. Sullivan and
Kenneth G. Brill – “24 by Forever”
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How expensive?
Cooling costs are 50% of the total bill!
“Data center managers can save 4 percent in energy costs for every degree of upward
change in the set point, according to Mark Monroe, the Director of Sustainable Computing
at Sun Microsystems (JAVA)”
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Data Center costs
OPEX – Energy cost 40%!Asset refresh costs –
Server failure 20% higher!CAPEX– Crac units, more devices!PUE – 2.0 or higher!
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What is going on?
CEETHERM / NSF study
Measure relationship of airflow to rack inlet Analyze air at the particle level Analyze CFD models Provide feedback to the industry
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Tile/Rack Level Air Flow Modeling
05/04/2012
54
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Fan speed setting dial
Perforated floor tiles with dampers
42 U
1.98m.(6'-6")
10 U
10 U
10 U
10 U
0.53m.1'-9"
0.44m.1'-5 1/2"
0.44m.1'-5 1/2"
0.44m.1'-5 1/2"
0.44m.1'-5 1/2"
0.09m.3 1/2"
Server Simulator
55 Rack and Tile Geometry
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3030=900 pores, 0.5”0.5”, Porosity=39%
49=36 pores, 1.25”5.25”, Porosity=41%
88
2084
56
Dampers
Tile top
Rack
Pressure Outlet
Pressure Inlet
TileGrill
Fan
Mass Flow Inlet
Symmetry
4million cells
Details of Tile geometry
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Details of Rack Geometry57
24inch
Mass flow inlet
Symmetry
Pressure inlet (K=10)
Tile top
Pressure outlet
Front View (aisle)
Aisle
Plenum
Dampers
Symmetry
Pressure inlet
24inch
1ft
Mass flow inlet
Symmetry
Tile top
Pressure outlet
Server Simulator
1
Grill
18inch
18inch
18inch
18inch
Server Simulator
2
Server Simulator
3
Server Simulato
r 4
Wall
Wall
Wall
Wall
Wall
Plenum
Aisle
5inch
Side View
Fan
Fan
Fan
Fan
12inch
1inch Dampers
1.5inch9.25inch
Front View (fan)
fan
hub
6inch3inch
9inch
wall
Front View (grill)
wall
open area
0.5inch
1inch
18inch
• Fan: Target mass flow rate boundary condition
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Current CFD Models for Tile Flows
Uniform Velocity
Uniform Velocity
Tile (F)
P
High Pressure
Low Pressure
Vin
• Porous jump model [1]
• Body force model [2] As mass is conserved hence momentum is under
accounted:
Momentum source term specified just above the tile:
mass flow velocity through pores
velocity in porous jump
model
∆𝑀=𝜌 𝐴𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑉 𝑖𝑛×(𝑉 𝑖𝑛
𝐹 −𝑉 𝑖𝑛)
Uniform Velocity
Velocity Profile
Sx
X
58
[1] Patankar, S. V., Airflow and Cooling in a Data Center, Journal of Heat Transfer, 2010, Vol. 132, pp. 073001-1-17.[2] Abdelmaksoud, W. A., Khalifa, H. E., Dang T. Q., Elhadidi, B., Schmidt, R. R., Iyengar, M., Experimental and Computational Study of Perforated Floor Tile in Data Centers, Intersociety Conference on Thermal Phenomena (ITHERM), Jun 2-5, 2010, Las Vegas, USA.
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Rack Flow = 2594 CFMTile Flow = 0 CFM
(0% of Rack Flow)
[ref] Kumar, P., Joshi, Y., Experimental Investigations on the Effect of Perforated Tile Air Jet Velocity on Server Air Distribution in a High Density Data Center, Intersociety Conference on Thermal Phenomena (ITHERM), Jun 2-5, 2010, Las Vegas, USA.
PIV CFD
Tile Flow = 0% of Rack Flow
Tile
Aisle top
Rac
k
Ais
le c
ente
r
Velocity (m/s) Tile
Aisle top
Rac
k
Ais
le c
ente
r
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Rack Flow = 2594 CFMTile Flow = 496 CFM
(~20% of Rack Flow)
[ref] Kumar, P., Joshi, Y., Experimental Investigations on the Effect of Perforated Tile Air Jet Velocity on Server Air Distribution in a High Density Data Center, Intersociety Conference on Thermal Phenomena (ITHERM), Jun 2-5, 2010, Las Vegas, USA.
Tile Flow = 20% of Rack Flow
PIV CFD
Tile
Aisle top
Rac
k
Ais
le c
ente
r
Velocity (m/s)
Tile
Aisle top
Rac
k
Ais
le c
ente
r
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Rack Flow = 2594 CFMTile Flow = 1598 CFM
(~60% of Rack Flow)
[ref] Kumar, P., Joshi, Y., Experimental Investigations on the Effect of Perforated Tile Air Jet Velocity on Server Air Distribution in a High Density Data Center, Intersociety Conference on Thermal Phenomena (ITHERM), Jun 2-5, 2010, Las Vegas, USA.
PIV CFD
Tile Flow = 60% of Rack Flow
Tile
Aisle top
Rac
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Rack Flow = 2594 CFMTile Flow = 2594 CFM
(100% of Rack Flow)
[ref] Kumar, P., Joshi, Y., Experimental Investigations on the Effect of Perforated Tile Air Jet Velocity on Server Air Distribution in a High Density Data Center, Intersociety Conference on Thermal Phenomena (ITHERM), Jun 2-5, 2010, Las Vegas, USA.
Tile Flow = 100% of Rack Flow
Tile
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PIV CFD
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Rack Flow = 2594 CFMTile Flow = 2594 CFM
(100% of Rack Flow)
[ref] Kumar, P., Joshi, Y., Experimental Investigations on the Effect of Perforated Tile Air Jet Velocity on Server Air Distribution in a High Density Data Center, Intersociety Conference on Thermal Phenomena (ITHERM), Jun 2-5, 2010, Las Vegas, USA.
Tile Flow = 100% of Rack Flow
Porous Jump Model
Body Force Model
Resolving Tile
Geometry
PIVTile
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rTile
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Let’s end with the science
Air cooling is a method of dissipating Heat!
Object to be cooled have a larger surface area – Freeze the room = $
Or an increased flow of air over its surface – Flow to the servers = higher set point savings!
Or both – Flow of cool, non – polluted air, through the rack!
Questions?
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Thank you!
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RMDC Cooling System Adjustments
Kevin DonnellyBuilding Engineer
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Example of TitleExtending to Two Lines
• First Level Bullet– Second level bullet
• Third level bullet– Fourth level bullet
• Fifth level bullet
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<Insert Picture Here>
Program Agenda Example
• Our Understanding of XYZ• Capabilities and Value Drivers• Benefits & Assessments• Oracle Solutions• Oracle Credentials• Appendix
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Appendix<Insert Picture Here>
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Temperature and Humidity Adjustment Results
• Invested $31K for installation of plenum return ductwork.• Server inlet temperature reduced from 80 to 70 degrees• Number of CRAC units humidifying from 11 to 1• Mechanical cooling energy reduced 155 KW (24%)• Annual energy savings of $53K• Payback 7 months
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Other Adjustments
• Seal air gaps (Koldlok)• CRAC temperature setpoint 72 to 76 degrees• Condenser water loop setpoint 75 to 65
degrees
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Questions?