setting the scene : research on waste management setting the scene : research on waste management...
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Setting the Scene : Research on Waste Setting the Scene : Research on Waste ManagementManagement
Dr. Tapan Chakrabarti
Integration of Civil Defence Knowledge in Education for Disaster Risk Reduction
Biomedical Waste Management (Disinfection & Certification, Waste to Energy)
Remediation & Restoration
(Bio & Phytoremediation, Active Oxidation Process)
Wastewater TreatmentWastewater Treatment(Physico-Chemical, Biological, Biotechnology, Tertiary
treatment)
Separation Technology
(Solvents & Resins, Electrochemical &
Phyrochemical, Membrane Science & Technology)
Environmental Materials
(Catalysis, Adsorbents,Sensors, Nano-materials)
Hazardous Waste Management
(Thermal destruction, Containment,
Recycle/Reuse/Recover)
Waste Minimization(Cleaner & Greener
Technology, Recycle/Reuse/Recover)
Solid Waste Management
(Composting, Biomethanation, Syngas)
Waste Management Waste Management TechnologyTechnology
Waste Waste Management Management TechnologyTechnology
Wastewater Wastewater TreatmentTreatment
(Physico-Chemical, Biological, (Physico-Chemical, Biological, Biotechnology, Tertiary treatment)Biotechnology, Tertiary treatment)
Wastewater SectorWastewater SectorWastewater SectorWastewater Sector
CETPs CETPs - Genomic Tools for - Genomic Tools for
Functional OrganismsFunctional Organisms
CETPs CETPs - Genomic Tools for - Genomic Tools for
Functional OrganismsFunctional Organisms
Recovery of Usable Recovery of Usable WaterWater
Recovery of Usable Recovery of Usable WaterWater
Recycle of Water Recycle of Water - Ludhiana, Tirupur- Ludhiana, Tirupur
Recycle of Water Recycle of Water - Ludhiana, Tirupur- Ludhiana, Tirupur
Reuse of WaterReuse of Water- HRTS at Amlai- HRTS at Amlai
Reuse of WaterReuse of Water- HRTS at Amlai- HRTS at Amlai
Phytorid System for Phytorid System for Sewage TreatmentSewage Treatment
Phytorid System for Phytorid System for Sewage TreatmentSewage Treatment
CETPs CETPs The design and implementation of Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) for cluster of small scale industries
Chemical industries in Vapi, Gujarat.
Textile industries in Pali and Balotra, Rajasthan.
Heterogeneous industrial clusters in NCT of Delhi.
Wastewater management for small scale industries
Resource recovery- biogas and biomanure in distilleries
Membrane processes and systems for recyclable effluent
Recycle and Reuse of Recycle and Reuse of WastewaterWastewater
Wastewater Management for Wastewater Management for Textile Sector in TirupurTextile Sector in Tirupur
Treatment options implemented in individual ETPsTreatment options implemented in individual ETPs
Primary stage -Primary stage - Chemical precipitation, ozonation, electro-coagulation- Chemical precipitation, ozonation, electro-coagulation- flocculation, wet oxidation, catalytic oxidation & precipitationflocculation, wet oxidation, catalytic oxidation & precipitation
Secondary and tertiary stage -Secondary and tertiary stage - Activated sludge process, chemical Activated sludge process, chemical precipitation, chlorination, ozonation, sand filtration, activated carbon precipitation, chlorination, ozonation, sand filtration, activated carbon adsorption, organic scavenging/iron removal filtration, cartridge adsorption, organic scavenging/iron removal filtration, cartridge filtration, bag filter and ultrafiltration filtration, bag filter and ultrafiltration
Advanced stage Advanced stage - Reverse osmosis and nano-filtration- Reverse osmosis and nano-filtration
Reject management -Reject management - Spray pond evaporation, multiple effect Spray pond evaporation, multiple effect evaporation, crystalizer, centrifuge and dryerevaporation, crystalizer, centrifuge and dryer
DetailsDetails No. of unitsNo. of units
Total no. of dyeing and bleaching industriesTotal no. of dyeing and bleaching industries 729729
Industries with individual ETPsIndustries with individual ETPs 233233
Members of 19 CETPsMembers of 19 CETPs 496496
ResourceResource recoveryrecovery
ParticularParticular ETPsETPs CETPsCETPs TotalTotal Percent Percent recoveryrecovery
O&M costs O&M costs recovery, %recovery, %
Water recoveryWater recovery 25 mld25 mld 53 mld53 mld 78 mld78 mld 8282 4545
Salt recoverySalt recovery 21 t/d21 t/d 84 t/d84 t/d 105 t/d105 t/d 6060 77 Unit operations including membrane system implemented
Recycle and ReuseRecycle and Reuse
““Phytorid” Wastewater Phytorid” Wastewater TreatmentTreatment
The Know-how was transferred to M/s General Techno Services, Thane & Go Green Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Nagpur (Non-exclusive basis Rs. 1.25 lakh)
Patents Filed
1. 1. Indian Patent : An Improved Circular Secondary Clarifier for Wastewater Treatment and an Improved Solids-Liquid Separation Process Thereof. Application No. 2623 Del 2006.
2. Circular Secondary Clarifier for Wastewater Treatment and an Improved Solids-Liquid Separation Process Thereof. • US Patent : Application No. 20080135473, 2007. • Australian Patent : Application No. 2007330354, 2007.• European Patent : Application No. 07849687.4, 2007.
3. International Publication : Circular secondary clarifier for the wastewater treatment. Published by World Intellectual Organization under the Patent Cooperation Treaty. No. WO 2008/068773 A1, 2008.
It requires less surface area and operates at low hydraulic retention time, thereby facilitates savings in capital cost
Improved solids-liquid separation and high underflow solids concentration are obtained
Does not require a separate sump cum pump house for sludge recycling/removal, thereby saves capital and recurring costs
The improved secondary clarifier does not require separate flocculation facility, thereby reduces capital and recurring cost.
Development of an Improved Circular Secondary Development of an Improved Circular Secondary Clarifier for Solids-Liquid Separation in Wastewater Clarifier for Solids-Liquid Separation in Wastewater
TreatmentTreatment
Improved Circular Secondary Clarifier-Experimental setup
Advantages of Improved Clarifier over Conventional Clarifier
Immobilization and Containment of Immobilization and Containment of Arsenic Bearing Hazardous WastesArsenic Bearing Hazardous Wastes
Salient Features :
The institute developed a technology for immobilization and containment of highly concentrated arsenic wastes (upto 10% As)
The technology has been awarded US Patent No. 7338429 in March 4, 2008
The technology has been successfully implemented on full scale at Zuari Industries Ltd. Goa,
The discussions are going on for full scale implementation of technology at Brahmaputra Valley Fertilizers Ltd. Namrup and FACT, Kochi, India
Immobilization of As Waste
Containment of Immobilized As Waste
Biomedical Waste Biomedical Waste Management Management
(Disinfection & (Disinfection & Certification, Waste to Energy)Certification, Waste to Energy)
Type Treatment & Disposal
Human anatomical waste Incineration/deep burial
Animal waste Incineration/deep burial
Microbiological wastes Local autoclaving/ micro-waving/ incineration
Waste sharp Disinfections /autoclaving and mutilation/shredding
Discarded medicines Incineration/secure landfill
Soiled waste like blood contaminated item, cottons, plaster, etc.
Incineration/autoclaving/micro-waving
Disposable solid waste like tubings, catheters, intravenous sets, etc.
Disinfections by chemical treatment and autoclaving/mutilation
Liquid waste Disinfections and discharge into drains
Incinerator ash Land disposal
Chemical waste Chemical treatment and discharge into drains
Incineration of Hospital WasteIncineration of Hospital Waste
Minimum operating temperature in main combustion chamber is 800oC
Minimum operating temperature in post combustion chamber is 1050oC
Requirement of auxiliary fuel
Provision for ash disposal
Some Precautions for Some Precautions for IncinerationIncineration
Concentration of particulate matter, nitrogen oxide and hydrogen chloride should meet emission standards
Minimum stack height should be 30 meters
PVC bags should not be incinerated as it leads to emission of dioxin, furan and hydrogen chloride
Red coloured bags should not be incinerated
Autoclaves are used to sterilize equipment and materials
Operating pressure is 15 lbs/in2
Operating temperature is 121oC
Residence time is 15 mins.
Sterilization of Waste Sterilization of Waste : Autoclaves: Autoclaves
Sterilization of Waste : Hydroclaves Sterilization of Waste : Hydroclaves Steam is stored in a double walled jacket
Powerful rotators fragment the waste
Waste is sterilized in 30 mins.
Working pressure and temperature are 15 PSI and 121oC respectively
Secure Landfill System
Secure Landfilling of Bio-Secure Landfilling of Bio-medical Wastemedical Waste
Salient features
• Environment friendly disposal system
• Providing special protection of ground water, air environment, land environment and aesthetic
• Accepts wide ranges of wastes
Design components
• Liner system• Cover system• Leachate
management system• Gas collection
system
A pit or trench of 2 meter deep
Half filled with waste and the remaining covered by lime and soil
Application of soil cover of 10 cm over the waste layer whenever waste is added to the pit
Soil of deep burrial site should be relatively impermeable
Deep Burrial Deep Burrial
Proper segregation at the source
Good operating practices
Environment-friendly recycling
Use of non-PVC plastics
Waste MinimizationWaste Minimization
Solid Waste Solid Waste ManagementManagement(Composting, Biomethanation,
Syngas)
Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) Unsorted / residual waste Materials Recovery Facility (Dirty MRF) Materials Recovery Facility (clean MRF) Energy from Waste Moving Grate Incineration Fluidised Bed Incineration Anaerobic Digestion Composting Windrow and In-vessel Pyrolysis & Gasification Co-Incineration Steam Reformation Processes / Autoclaving Mechanical Separation / Pulverisation Refuse Derived Fuel Plant
Some of the Technologies Currently Some of the Technologies Currently Being Practiced in IndiaBeing Practiced in India
Syngas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, is produced by partial combustion of biomass, that is, combustion with an amount of oxygen that is not sufficient to convert the biomass completely to carbon dioxide and water.. Before partial combustion the biomass is dried, and sometimes pyrolysed.
The resulting gas mixture, syngas, is itself a fuel. Using the syngas is more efficient than direct combustion of the original biofuel; more of the energy contained in the fuel is extracted.
SyngasSyngas
Syngas may be burned directly in internal combustion engines or turbines. The wood gas generator is a wood-fueled gasification reactor mounted on an internal combustion engine. Syngas can be used to produce methanol and hydrogen, or converted via the Fischer-Tropsch process to produce a synthetic diesel substitute, or a mixture of alcohols that can be blended into gasoline. Gasification normally relies on temperatures >700°C. Lower temperature gasification is desirable when co-producing biochar but results in a Syngas polluted with tar.
The Fischer-Tropsch process (or Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis) is a catalyzed chemical reaction in which synthetic gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, is converted into liquid hydrocarbon of various forms. The most common catalysts are based on iron and cobalt, although nickel and ruthenium have also been used. The principal purpose of this process is to produce a synthetic petroleum substitute, typically from coal, natural gas or biomass, for use a synthetic lubrication oil or as synthetic fuel.
Fischer-Tropsch Fischer-Tropsch ProcessProcess
The gasifier plants were funded by the UN’s Global Environment Facility, and supported by the Ministry of Environment and Forests of the Government of India, the Government of Karnataka, and UNDP.
In the gasifiers, wood or coconut shells are reduced to small pieces and burned in a reactor that converts them to combustible gases, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This so-called ‘producer gas’(syn gas) runs the engines, which produce power
It is now necessary to substitute wood or coconut shells with waste derived fuel.
The first plant under the project has provided around 10,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity to four villages since then.
A second plant was commissioned under the project and has the capacity of delivering 250 kilowatts of electricity, with excess power to be sold to the Bangalore Electric Supply Company, according to UNDP.
A third plant, producing 250 kilowatt-hours, will be commissioned soon in Seebirayanapalya and another in Chinnenahalli.
Land SectorLand SectorLand SectorLand Sector
Bio and Phyto Bio and Phyto RemediationRemediation
Bio and Phyto Bio and Phyto RemediationRemediation
Solid Waste Solid Waste Management Studies Management Studies
in 59 Citiesin 59 Cities
Solid Waste Solid Waste Management Studies Management Studies
in 59 Citiesin 59 Cities
Biogas & Syngas from Biogas & Syngas from Solid WasteSolid Waste
Biogas & Syngas from Biogas & Syngas from Solid WasteSolid Waste
Treatment and Treatment and Disposal of Hazardous Disposal of Hazardous
WasteWaste
Treatment and Treatment and Disposal of Hazardous Disposal of Hazardous
WasteWaste
GIS Based ModelingGIS Based ModelingGIS Based ModelingGIS Based Modeling
Hazardous Waste Hazardous Waste ManagementManagement
(Thermal Destruction, Containment, Recycle/Reuse/Recover)
Recycling of non-ferrous metallic wastes,such as zinc dross,brass dross,used lead acid batteries,copper oxide mill scale and used lubricating oil offer attractive options for resource recovery in an environmentally friendly and techno-economically feasible manner.
At present,there are 680 recyclers of :
Non-ferrous metal wastes other than lead (12,25,232 MTA)
Lead based wastes (6,43,629 MTA)
Used oil/waste oil (8,92,975 KLA )
Recycling of Hazardous WasteRecycling of Hazardous Waste
E-wastes encompass discarded computers, servers, printers, mobiles, fluorescent tubes, CLFS.
Dismantling and recycling operations require registration and compliances as per the available guidelines.
Centralized facility for recycling/handling e-waste should have an EST.
Import of e-waste can only be considered if the plant’s capacity cannot be met/fully utilized with indigenously generated e-waste.
E-waste RecyclingE-waste Recycling
Use of Cement Kilns for Use of Cement Kilns for Hazardous Waste Hazardous Waste
IncinerationIncineration Subject to implementation of suitable
safeguards,incineration of high calorific value hazardous wastes in cement kilns is one of the safe alternatives for conventional disposal in dedicated waste incinerators.
The high flame temperature of around 2000oC, high material temperature of around 1400oC and large residence time of 4-5 sec. ensure complete combustion.
Sludges from petrochemical and paint industries,oil refinery,ETP sludge from dyes and dye intermediates, tyre chips,TDI and tar residues as supplementary fuels need to be promoted within the purview of EPA,1986.
Illegal dump sites are common in several states and ,therefore, every state should carry out an inventory for identify and characterize such sites.
After inventorization, it is to be decided as to whether the contaminated soil is to be excavated and shifted to the nearest TSDF or an in situ remediation is to be carried out based on techno-economical feasibility.
“Polluter Pays” principle has to be the basis for cost sharing. In case the polluter is unidentifiable, the remedial activity should be funded from the “State level Clean-up Funds (SLCF) raised out of the penalty/fine levied to all violators of HMW Rules.
Illegal Dump Sites and RemediationIllegal Dump Sites and Remediation
Following are the four EBICs that are functioning in India:
Vinyl Sulphone-Sulphuric and Chlorosulphonic acid Single superphosphate
H acid - Reactive Dyes
Viscose rayon - lignosulphonate - Acetylene
Phosphatic fertilizer - Ammonium Sulphate- Cement
Remediation Remediation & &
RestorationRestoration(Bio & Phytoremediation, Active Oxidation Process)
NEERI - XI Five Year NEERI - XI Five Year PlanPlan
CSIR Network Programme Remediation/Ecorestoration and cleanup of contaminated sites
and water resources - Coordinated by NEERI with 9 CSIR labs (Nodal Person: Dr. T. Chakrabarti/ Dr. A. A. Juwarkar)
CSIR Network Programmes (Participation) CO2 Sequestration -Coordinated by NIO (Dr. S. Rayalu) Microbial diversity - Coordinated by IMTECH (Dr. H.J. Purohit) Membranes for waste purification/reclamation - Coordinated by
CSMCRI (Dr. N.N. Rao) Ground water quality assessment -Coordinated by NGRI
(Dr. P.R. Pujari) Supra Institutional Project of NEERI Capacity Building in Molecular Environmental Science (Dr. S.
Rayalu & Dr. H.J. Purohit)
Rural development Projects - 2 Nos.
Distinguished Distinguished BacteriaBacteria(May be engineered)(May be engineered)
Pest specific Pest specific Bio-pesticides Bio-pesticides
Enzymes for New Enzymes for New
ProcessesProcesses
Genes in Genes in EnvironmentEnvironment
Environmental Environmental ProcessesProcesses
(may be forced expression)(may be forced expression)
Gene –specific Gene –specific
Tracking in EIATracking in EIA
Regulated Community Regulated Community DynamicsDynamics
Stress Dependent Stress Dependent Survival of GenesSurvival of Genes in Environmentin Environment
(Basic Curiosities)(Basic Curiosities)
Microbes in Microbes in EnvironmentEnvironment
Tomorrow
Today
Bioremediation – Emerging Bioremediation – Emerging ScienceScience
Bioremediation – Emerging Bioremediation – Emerging ScienceScience
Pilot Scale remediation of mercury Pilot Scale remediation of mercury contaminated site at Hindustan Unilever contaminated site at Hindustan Unilever
Ltd., KodaikanalLtd., KodaikanalObjectives:
Remediation of mercury contaminated soil to a risk based target level of 20 mg/kg.
Salient findings of the study:
Bench scale studies at NEERI on soil washing and thermal retorting
Commissioning and operation of pilot scale soil washing and thermal retort units by HUL, Kodaikanal under the guidance of NEERI
Trial runs indicated remediation of mercury contaminated soil well below the target level using combination of soil washing and retorting
Development of technical protocol and a DPR for site remediation
Work order received for Full scale commissioning and remediation
Site with levels of mercury contamination
Pilot scale soil remediation
Waste MinimizationWaste Minimization(Cleaner & Greener Technology,
Recycle/Reuse/Recover)
In India, a number of industries use fuel for steam generation and/or process heat, with the choice of fuel being determined by cost, fuel availability and environmental regulations.
Waste materials (tyres, plastics, used/waste oil, solvent, sewage sludge, even meat and bones) are being used by a number of industries.
It is estimated that global CO2 emission can be
reduced by 12% through increased use of waste fuels.
Fuel Switching Including the Fuel Switching Including the use of Waste Materials use of Waste Materials
The steel industry has developed technology to use wastes such as plastics as alternate fuels.
Pretreated plastic wastes could be recycled in coke ovens and blast furnaces.
Incineration of wastes (tyres, municipal and hazardous wastes) in cement kilns is one of the most efficient methods of disposal of these materials. Up to 70% waste materials can be used.
Cement companies in India are using non-fossil fuels such as agricultural wastes, sewage sludge, domestic refuse, used tyres, wide range of waste solvents and other organic liquids employing improved burners and burning systems.
Future Future StrategStrateg
yy
A. Paradigm shifts in R&D:
Waste to wealth - Lab to land initiative
Micro to macro WM – CETPs &TSDFs
EIA to LCA
Command and control system to cash flow generation
Traditional environmental science to molecular environmental science
Clinical biochemistry to toxicogenomic approach for health
Service provider to knowledge centre
B. Augmentation of quality water resources to ensure ecological flow in rivers
C. Policy and regulation based on scientific tools (NRA – Polluter pays – Damage assessment – Risk based standards – Remediation)
A. Paradigm shifts in R&D:
Waste to wealth - Lab to land initiative
Micro to macro WM – CETPs &TSDFs
EIA to LCA
Command and control system to cash flow generation
Traditional environmental science to molecular environmental science
Clinical biochemistry to toxicogenomic approach for health
Service provider to knowledge centre
B. Augmentation of quality water resources to ensure ecological flow in rivers
C. Policy and regulation based on scientific tools (NRA – Polluter pays – Damage assessment – Risk based standards – Remediation)
Vision for Environment - Vision for Environment - 20202020
Vision for Environment - Vision for Environment - 20202020
Climate ChangeClimate Change [NEERI’s participation in National Missions ][NEERI’s participation in National Missions ]
Climate ChangeClimate Change [NEERI’s participation in National Missions ][NEERI’s participation in National Missions ]
S.No National Mission NEERI’s Participation
1 Solar Mission Solar to chemical conversion, Hydrogen generation,electro-defluoridation
2 Enhanced energy efficiency
Photocatalysts for hydrogen generation
3 Sustainable Habitat Phytoremediation of oil exploration areas and refineries
4 Water Mission Arsenic removal and Water safety plans
5 Sustainable Himalayan Ecosystem
Deposition of ABC carbon particles in Himalayan Region
6 Green India Carbon sequestration using novel materials and algal systems
7 Sustainable Agriculture
Linking carbon dynamics and carbon credits in agriculture
8 Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change
Carbon nanoparticles for carbon capture, Artificial leaf for CO2 sequestration, Mineral carbonation, Biomimetic carbonation; N2O decomposition, Methane combustion
